[Right-to-health litigation in three Latin American countries: a systematic literature review]. / Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and evaluate studies that analyzed characteristics of right-to-health litigation in Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica. METHODS: Studies were evaluated that analyzed characteristics of right-to-health litigation identified through a search of PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Scirus (April 2012). Two reviewers evaluated the studies. Variables collected were, among others, grounds for litigation, proportion of lawsuits for benefits covered by the health system, and lawsuits on high-cost technologies. RESULTS: Thirty studies were identified (Brazil 19, Colombia 10, and Costa Rica 1). Judgments were frequently in favor of plaintiffs: Colombia (75%-87%), Costa Rica (89.7%), and Brazil (70%-100%). In Colombia, lawsuits were filed for benefits included in the Compulsory Health Plan (range: 41%-69.9%). In Brazil there was considerable variation in the amount of lawsuits between the Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program (13%-31%) and basic medicines in the Unified Health System (approximately 50%). Lawsuits on drugs varied as a percentage of all lawsuits (Colombia 11.9%-35.6%, Costa Rica 30.2%, and Brazil 49.6%). A study in Brazil found a statistically significant difference when comparing lawsuits on exceptional drugs versus all other drugs, by social class; and in another study, according to lawsuits from municipalities with better socioeconomic indicators. A concentration of lawsuits on drug prescribing by a limited group of physicians was reported. Prescribing was not always supported by scientific evidence. Another study found that in half of the cases, the cost of legal proceedings was higher than the cost of the services being claimed. CONCLUSIONS: There are similarities in the grounds, nature, and impact of litigation in the context of the countries studied. The studies included show weaknesses of health systems to ensure access to different services as well as in the introduction of new health technologies.

Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Right-to-health litigation in three Latin American countries: a systematic literature review

OBJETIVO: Identificar y evaluar estudios que analizaron las características de los litigios por derecho a la salud en Brasil, Colombia y Costa Rica. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron estudios que analizaron las características de los litigios por derecho a la salud identificados mediante una búsqueda en PubMed, LILACS, Biblioteca Cochrane, Scirus (Abril, 2012). Dos revisores evaluaron los estudios. Las variables recabadas fueron, entre otras: causales de litigio, proporción de demandas por beneficios cubiertos por el sistema de salud y demandas por tecnologías de alto costo. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 30 estudios (Brasil 19, Colombia 10 y Costa Rica 1). La decisión judicial fue frecuentemente favorable para los demandantes: Colombia (75%-87%), Costa Rica (89,7%) y Brasil (70%-100%). En Colombia las demandas se efectuaron por beneficios incluidos en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud (rango 41%-69,9%). En Brasil se presentó una variación importante de demandas entre el Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensación Excepcional (13%-31%) y los medicamentos básicos del Sistema Único de Salud (aproximadamente 50%). En relación al total de demandas, las de medicamentos fueron variables (Colombia 11,9%-35,6%, Costa Rica 30,2% y Brasil 49,6%). Un estudio de Brasil encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar las demandas por medicamentos excepcionales versus los demás, según el estrato social; y en otro estudio según las demandas de municipios con mejores indicadores socioeconómicos. Se reportó una concentración de las demandas en la prescripción de medicamentos por un grupo acotado de médicos. La prescripción no fue siempre sustentada por evidencia científica. Otro estudio halló que en la mitad de los casos el costo del proceso judicial resultó ser superior al costo de los servicios demandados. CONCLUSIONES: Existen similitudes en las causales, naturaleza y repercusiones de la judicialización en el contexto de los países estudiados. Los estudios incluidos muestran las debilidades de los sistemas de salud para garantizar el acceso a los distintos servicios así como para la incorporación de las nuevas tecnologías sanitarias.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and evaluate studies that analyzed characteristics of right-to-health litigation in Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica. METHODS: Studies were evaluated that analyzed characteristics of right-to-health litigation identified through a search of PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Scirus (April 2012). Two reviewers evaluated the studies. Variables collected were, among others, grounds for litigation, proportion of lawsuits for benefits covered by the health system, and lawsuits on high-cost technologies. RESULTS: Thirty studies were identified (Brazil 19, Colombia 10, and Costa Rica 1). Judgments were frequently in favor of plaintiffs: Colombia (75%-87%), Costa Rica (89.7%), and Brazil (70%-100%). In Colombia, lawsuits were filed for benefits included in the Compulsory Health Plan (range: 41%-69.9%). In Brazil there was considerable variation in the amount of lawsuits between the Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program (13%-31%) and basic medicines in the Unified Health System (approximately 50%). Lawsuits on drugs varied as a percentage of all lawsuits (Colombia 11.9%-35.6%, Costa Rica 30.2%, and Brazil 49.6%). A study in Brazil found a statistically significant difference when comparing lawsuits on exceptional drugs versus all other drugs, by social class; and in another study, according to lawsuits from municipalities with better socioeconomic indicators. A concentration of lawsuits on drug prescribing by a limited group of physicians was reported. Prescribing was not always supported by scientific evidence. Another study found that in half of the cases, the cost of legal proceedings was higher than the cost of the services being claimed. CONCLUSIONS: There are similarities in the grounds, nature, and impact of litigation in the context of the countries studied. The studies included show weaknesses of health systems to ensure access to different services as well as in the introduction of new health technologies.

Técnica osteoplástica del seno frontal / Osteoplastic technic of the frontal senus

The authors present their experience in osteoplastic surgery wihout obliteration in frontal sinusitis (Macbeth type). They analyze 21 patients; 13 males and 8 female. Twelve patient had a piomucocele or mucocele and 9 had acute complicated sinusitis. The long term results showed minor cosmetic deformities in 2 cases and in other two pacients the disease recurred, one of then underwent a second surgery