Noninfectious causes of alopecia in the pediatric population.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight recent advances in the knowledge base surrounding noninfectious causes of alopecia in the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent developments in the literature included assessments of treatment efficacy, diagnostic utility of trichoscopy, and retrospective studies characterizing the clinical picture of pediatric cases. SUMMARY: These findings will equip practitioners with the recent advances in the field's understanding of noninfectious causes of alopecia in the pediatric population.

The use of biologics and JAK inhibitors in the management of moderate to severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa treatment: a scoping review.

This scoping review aims to characterize the use of biologics and Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKi) in the treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS), which is a chronic inflammatory condition. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed/NCBI, Embase, Web of Science databases, and the Clinicaltrials.gov register. The search included interventional trials assessing the use of biologics or JAKi in HS, with no geographic or time restrictions. Secukinumab and adalimumab were identified as the only two drugs approved by the FDA for treating moderate to severe HS in adults. Several other drug classes showed promising results based on clinical studies reviewed. IL-12/23 inhibitor ustekinumab demonstrated improvements in disease severity scores and HiSCR rates in small trials. IL-17 inhibitors such as brodalumab, bimekizumab, and CJM112 showed preliminary positive responses in early-phase clinical studies and case reports. While evidence was mixed, some TNF-α inhibitors such as infliximab provided benefits according to a randomized controlled trial, though etanercept trials yielded non-significant or inconsistent findings. Larger, well-designed studies are required to further establish their efficacy and safety, but biologics and JAKis show potential as alternative treatment options for moderate to severe HS. The findings of this review contribute to the growing interest among patients and to enhancing the understanding of physician's regarding potential alternative therapeutic options for HS and provide a basis for further research in this field.

Skin and Syntax: Large Language Models in Dermatopathology.

This literature review introduces the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the field of dermatopathology, outlining their potential benefits, challenges, and prospects. It discusses the changing landscape of dermatopathology with the emergence of LLMs. The potential advantages of LLMs include a streamlined generation of pathology reports, the ability to learn and provide up-to-date information, and simplified patient education. Existing instances of LLMs encompass diagnostic support, research acceleration, and trainee education. Challenges involve biases, data privacy and quality, and establishing a balance between AI and dermatopathological expertise. Prospects include the integration of LLMs with other AI technologies to improve diagnostics and the improvement of multimodal LLMs that can handle both text and image input. Our implementation guidelines highlight the importance of model transparency and interpretability, data quality, and continuous oversight. The transformative potential of LLMs in dermatopathology is underscored, with an emphasis on a dynamic collaboration between artificial intelligence (AI) experts (technical specialists) and dermatopathologists (clinicians) for improved patient outcomes.

EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL MEDICINE (EAPM) EUROPEAN MIDWIVES ASSOCIATION (EMA) Joint position statement: Caesarean delivery rates at a country level should be in the 15-20 % range.

While cesarean deliveries performed for health indications can save lives, unnecessary cesareans cause unjustifiable health risks for the mother, newborn, and for future pregnancies. Previous recommendations for cesarean delivery rates at a country level in the 10-15% range are currently unrealistic, and the proposed concept that striving to achieve specific rates is not important has resulted in a confusing message reaching healthcare professionals and the public. It is important to have a clear understanding of when cesarean delivery rates are deviating from internationally acceptable ranges, to trigger the implementation of healthcare policies needed to correct this problem. Based on currently existing scientific evidence, we recommend that cesarean delivery rates at a country level should be in the 15-20% range. This advice is based on the demonstration of decreased maternal and neonatal mortalities when national cesarean delivery rates rise to circa 15%, but values exceeding 20% are not associated with further benefits. It is also based on real-world experiences from northern European countries, where cesarean delivery rates in the 15-20% range are associated with some of the best maternal and perinatal quality indicators in the world. With the increase in cesarean delivery rates projected for the coming years, experience in provision of intrapartum care may come under threat in many hospitals, and recovering from this situation is likely to be a major challenge. Professional and scientific societies, together with healthcare authorities and governments need to prioritize actions to reverse the upward trend in cesarean delivery rates observed in many countries, and to strive to achieve values as close as possible to the recommended range.

Phosphoregulation of the yeast Pma1 H+-ATPase autoinhibitory domain involves the Ptk1/2 kinases and the Glc7 PP1 phosphatase and is under TORC1 control.

Plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases of the P-type family are highly conserved in yeast, other fungi, and plants. Their main role is to establish an H+ gradient driving active transport of small ions and metabolites across the PM and providing the main component of the PM potential. Furthermore, in both yeast and plant cells, conditions have been described under which active H+-ATPases promote activation of TORC1, the rapamycin-sensitive kinase complex controlling cell growth. Fungal and plant PM H+-ATPases are self-inhibited by their respective cytosolic carboxyterminal tails unless this domain is phosphorylated at specific residues. In the yeast H+-ATPase Pma1, neutralization of this autoinhibitory domain depends mostly on phosphorylation of the adjacent Ser911 and Thr912 residues, but the kinase(s) and phosphatase(s) controlling this tandem phosphorylation remain unknown. In this study, we show that S911-T912 phosphorylation in Pma1 is mediated by the largely redundant Ptk1 and Ptk2 kinase paralogs. Dephosphorylation of S911-T912, as occurs under glucose starvation, is dependent on the Glc7 PP1 phosphatase. Furthermore, proper S911-T912 phosphorylation in Pma1 is required for optimal TORC1 activation upon H+ influx coupled amino-acid uptake. We finally show that TORC1 controls S911-T912 phosphorylation in a manner suggesting that activated TORC1 promotes feedback inhibition of Pma1. Our results shed important new light on phosphoregulation of the yeast Pma1 H+-ATPase and on its interconnections with TORC1.

Cervical Chondrocutaneous Branchial Remnant: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

ABSTRACT: Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnant is a rare congenital developmental anomaly typically located on the lateral neck. Histologically, it has the appearance of an accessory tragus demonstrating a central cartilaginous core with surrounding fibrosis located in the subcutaneous tissue. The condition has been associated with a variety of congenital anomalies, particularly involving the auditory, cardiovascular, and visual systems. Given that research-based evidence related to cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnant in dermatology literature is sparse, we present this case to raise more awareness about this entity among dermatopathologists and review the different histopathologic presentations and possible associated anomalies.

Off-Label Use of Baricitinib in Dermatology.

The current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indications for baricitinib include alopecia areata, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. However, increasing evidence indicates that baricitinib is effective in treating a variety of dermatological conditions. This review article comprehensively presents the available literature on this topic and will be of interest to practitioners in the field. These disorders may be broadly classified as connective tissue diseases, eczematous dermatoses, alopecias, vascular disorders, granulomatous diseases, neutrophilic dermatoses, vitiligo, psoriasis, lichenoid disorders, and other miscellaneous disorders. Shah A, Yumeen S, Qureshi A, et al. Off-label use of baricitinib in dermatology. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(8):795-801. doi:10.36849/JDD.7360.

Coffee, Citrus, and Alcohol: A Review of What We Drink and How it May Affect our Risk for Skin Cancer.

Climate change and environmental health are closely linked with agriculture and food supply. The environment influences accessibility, quality, and variety of foods and drinks that are available for consumption, which in turn influences population health. A growing area of research is the role of dietary intake of nutrients and how they may influence risk for skin cancer. In recent years, our group has studied dietary nutrients, particularly those found in commonly consumed beverages, such as those containing caffeine, citrus products, and alcohol, in large prospective cohorts to evaluate how their intake may influence risk for skin cancer. Our data suggest that intake of citrus juices, when consumed around once per day or more, or around 5 to 6 times per week, may be associated with increased risk for both keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) and malignant melanoma (MM). With regards to alcohol consumption, we have found that intake of white wine may be associated with increased risk for both KC and MM, while beer and red wine have not shown such associations. Lastly, our work suggests caffeinated beverages, including coffee, tea, and cola, may be associated with decreased risk for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and MM. While the associations between food intake and skin cancer development are complex, and remain to be further analyzed in future studies, we hope that our summary may help guide individuals to small changes they may make towards potentially reducing their risk for certain skin cancers.

When Surgery Won't Cut It: Successful Management of Eruptive Squamous Atypia With Combination Medical Therapy.

The termeruptive squamous atypia(ESA) is used to describe squamous proliferations that do not present with high-grade histologic features and for which surgical management may exacerbate the condition. Non-surgical management of ESA with radiation, local or systemic chemotherapy, retinoids, or immunotherapy have been reported with variable success. In contrast, combination treatment with retinoids, immunomodulatory or chemotherapeutic agents may result in a more durable response. We report a case of recalcitrant ESA of the lower extremities where complete clinical remission was induced with triple combination medical management with intralesional 5-fluorouracil, field treatment with topical 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod, and oral acitretin. Our case adds to the literature supporting combination medical therapy for challenging cases of ESA.

Acquired port-wine stains: A report of two cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Acquired port-wine stains (APWS) are rare vascular malformations that share the same clinical and histological features as their congenital counterparts. Rare cases of AWPS secondary to trauma or in association with medications have been reported in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report two cases of APWS. One case appeared at the age of 2 months, the earliest reported in the literature and continued to evolve till the age of 3 years presenting with multifocal distribution mainly affecting the lower face. The second case developed during oral isotretinoin intake and persisted after discontinuation of the treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The second patient declined treatment, but the first patient had a remarkable improvement following treatment with the pulsed dye laser, which remains the standard of care for capillary malformations on the face.

Clear Cell Acanthoma with Malignant Cytologic Features: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Clear cell acanthoma (CCA) is classically considered a benign epidermal tumor, although rare case reports have described CCA with malignant features. Here, we present a case of a patient with a biopsy proven CCA that regrew post-biopsy and was subsequently completely excised. Histologic examination of the tumor in the excision specimen revealed malignant cytologic features that were not present in the initial biopsy. A review of the literature identified five additional cases of CCA with similar malignant cytologic features. On analysis, common histopathologic characteristics included cellular pleomorphism, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, prominent nucleoli, and atypical mitotic figures. We support the designation of atypical clear cell acanthoma for these entities with features of both CCA and significant cytologic atypia. As none of these cases exhibited clinically aggressive behavior, further study is warranted.

A correlation between Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1-H MRS) and the neurodevelopment of two-year-olds born preterm in an EPIRMEX cohort study.

Background: Preterm infants are at risk of neurodevelopmental impairments. At present, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is currently used to evaluate brain metabolites in asphyxiated term infants. The purpose of this study was to identify in the preterm EPIRMEX cohort any correlations between (1H-MRS) metabolites ratio at term equivalent age (TEA) and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years. Methods: Our study included EPIRMEX eligible patients who were very preterm infants (gestational age at birth ≤32 weeks) and who underwent a brain MRI at TEA and 1H-MRS using a monovoxel technique. The volumes of interest (VOI) were periventricular white matter posterior area and basal ganglia. The ratio of N Acetyl Aspartate (NAA) to Cho (Choline), NAA to Cr (creatine), Cho to Cr, and Lac (Lactate) to Cr were measured. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 24 months TEA with ASQ (Ages and Stages Questionnaire). Results: A total of 69 very preterm infants had a 1H-MRS at TEA. In white matter there was a significant correlation between a reduction in the NAA/Cho ratio and a total ASQ and/or abnormal communication score, and an increase in the Lac/Cr ratio and an abnormality of fine motor skills. In the gray nuclei there was a trend correlation between the reduction in the NAA/Cho ratio and sociability disorders; and the increase in the Lac/Cr ratio and an anomaly in problem-solving. Conclusions: Using NAA as a biomarker, the vulnerability of immature oligodendrocytes in preterm children at TEA was correlated to neurodevelopment at 2 years. Similarly, the presence of lactate at TEA was associated with abnormal neurodevelopment at 2 years in the preterm brain.

Alteration of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage Varies According to the Systemic Inflammatory Stimulus in Animal Models That Mimic the Encephalopathy of Prematurity.

Preterm birth before the gestational age of 32 weeks is associated with the occurrence of specific white matter damage (WMD) that can compromise the neurological outcome. These white matter abnormalities are embedded in more global brain damage defining the encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP). A global reduction in white matter volume that corresponds to chronic diffuse WMD is the most frequent form in contemporary cohorts of very preterm infants. This WMD partly results from alterations of the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage during the vulnerability window preceding the beginning of brain myelination. The occurrence of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal events in addition to preterm birth is related to the intensity of WMD. Systemic inflammation is widely recognised as a risk factor of WMD in humans and in animal models. This review reports the OL lineage alterations associated with the WMD observed in infants suffering from EoP and emphasizes the role of systemic inflammation in inducing these alterations. This issue is addressed through data on human tissue and imaging, and through neonatal animal models that use systemic inflammation to induce WMD. Interestingly, the OL lineage damage varies according to the inflammatory stimulus, i.e., the liposaccharide portion of the E.Coli membrane (LPS) or the proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß). This discrepancy reveals multiple cellular pathways inducible by inflammation that result in EoP. Variable long-term consequences on the white matter morphology and functioning may be speculated upon according to the intensity of the inflammatory challenge. This hypothesis emerges from this review and requires further exploration.

Pityriasis Lichenoides et Varioliformis Acuta as a Complication of COVID-19 Infection.

Pityriasis lichenoides is an acute and/or chronic skin disease associated with recurrent erythematous papules that self-resolve. While its etiology is unknown, preceding viral infection may play a role. We present an atypical case of a 40-year-old woman with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta as a complication of a COVID-19 infection.