Cyclosporine A in hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients to prevent the development of interstitial lung disease: a pilot randomized clinical trial.

Post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a new entity that frequently causes pulmonary fibrosis and can become chronic. We performed a single-center parallel-group open-label pilot randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine A (CsA) in the development of ILD in the medium term among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive CsA plus standard of care or standard of care alone. The primary composite outcome was the percentage of patients without ILD 3 months after diagnosis of pneumonia and not requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) (response without requiring IMV). The key secondary composite outcomes were the percentage of patients who achieve a response requiring IMV or irrespective of the need for IMV, and adverse events. A total of 33 patients received at least one dose of CsA plus standard of care (n = 17) or standard of care alone (n = 16). No differences were found between the groups in the percentage of patients who achieved a response without requiring IMV or a response requiring IMV. A higher percentage of patients achieved a response irrespective of the need for IMV in the CsA plus standard of care group although the RR was almost significant 2.833 (95% CI, 0.908-8.840; p = 0.057). No differences were found between the groups for adverse events. In hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, we were unable to demonstrate that CsA achieved a significant effect in preventing the development of ILD. (EU Clinical Trials Register; EudraCT Number: 2020-002123-11; registration date: 08/05/2020).

Effectiveness of glucocorticoids in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported the beneficial effect of glucocorticoids in the treatment of cytokine storm that occurs in patients with severe COVID-19. Various glucocorticoids regimens have been proposed. METHODS: Retrospective observational study that includes patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and compares admission to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or death during hospitalization in three groups of patients: no glucocorticoids treatment, use of glucocorticoids doses equivalent to less than 250 mg of prednisone daily and use of equivalent doses greater than or equal to 250 mg of prednisone daily. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression, using the propensity index as a covariant. RESULTS: Of the 259 patients enrolled in the study, 67 (25.9%) had an unfavorable evolution, dying or requiring ICU admission. Comparative analyzes between different glucocorticoids treatments and the association with ICU admission or death were: glucocorticoids treatment (any dose) versus no glucocorticoids treatment (OR: 0.71 [0.30-1.66]), treatment with glucocorticoids (≥250 mg prednisone daily) versus no glucocorticoids treatment (OR: 0.35 [0.11-1.08]) and glucocorticoids treatment (≥250 mg prednisone daily) versus patients with glucocorticoids doses <250 mg prednisone daily or without glucocorticoids treatment (OR: 0.30 [0.10-0.88]). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treated with glucocorticoids pulses with equivalent doses of prednisone greater than or equal to 250 mg have a more favorable evolution (less mortality and less admission to ICU).

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se han comunicado varios trabajos donde se ha demostrado un efecto beneficioso de los glucocorticoides como tratamiento de la tormenta de citocinas que se asocia a los cuadros graves por SARS-CoV-2, plateándose diferentes pautas de glucocorticoides. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluye pacientes con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 y compara el ingreso en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) o fallecimiento durante la hospitalización en 3 grupos de pacientes: sin tratamiento con glucocorticoides, uso de dosis diarias de glucocorticoides equivalentes menores a 250 mg de prednisona y dosis diarias equivalentes mayores o iguales a 250 mg de prednisona. Se realizó un análisis multivariante mediante regresión logística, utilizando el índice de propensión como covariante. RESULTADOS: De los 259 pacientes incorporados al estudio 67 (25,9%) tuvieron una evolución desfavorable, falleciendo o precisando ingreso en UCI. Los análisis comparativos entre diferentes tratamientos con glucocorticoides, y la asociación con ingreso en UCI o fallecimiento fueron: tratamiento con glucocorticoides (cualquier dosis) versus sin tratamiento con glucocorticoides (OR: 0,71 [0,30­1,66]), tratamiento con glucocorticoides (≥250 mg de prednisona al día) versus sin tratamiento con glucocorticoides (OR: 0,35 [0,11­1,08]) y tratamiento con glucocorticoides (≥250 mg de prednisona al día) versus pacientes con dosis de glucocorticoides < 250 mg de prednisona o sin tratamiento con glucocorticoides (OR: 0,30 [0,10­0,88]). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de este estudio muestran que los paciente con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 tratados con pulsos con glucocorticoides con dosis equivalentes de prednisona mayor o igual de 250 mg tienen una evolución más favorable (menos mortalidad e ingreso en UCI).

[Effectiveness of glucocorticoids in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia]. / Efectividad de los glucocorticoides en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported the beneficial effect of glucocorticoids in the treatment of cytokine storm that occurs in patients with severe COVID-19. Various glucocorticoids regimens have been proposed. METHODS: Retrospective observational study that includes patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and compares admission to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or death during hospitalization in three groups of patients: no glucocorticoids treatment, use of glucocorticoids doses equivalent to less than 250mg of prednisone daily and use of equivalent doses greater than or equal to 250mg of prednisone daily. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression, using the propensity index as a covariant. RESULTS: Of the 259 patients enrolled in the study, 67 (25.9%) had an unfavorable evolution, dying or requiring ICU admission. Comparative analyzes between different glucocorticoids treatments and the association with ICU admission or death were: glucocorticoids treatment (any dose) versus no glucocorticoids treatment (OR: 0.71 [0.30-1.66]), treatment with glucocorticoids (≥250mg prednisone daily) versus no glucocorticoids treatment (OR: 0.35 [0.11-1.08]) and glucocorticoids treatment (≥250mg prednisone daily) versus patients with glucocorticoids doses <250mg prednisone daily or without glucocorticoids treatment (OR: 0.30 [0.10-0.88]). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treated with glucocorticoids pulses with equivalent doses of prednisone greater than or equal to 250mg have a more favorable evolution (less mortality and less admission to ICU).

Resultados del Programa Nacional de Trasplante Hepático del Uruguay a 10 años de su inicio / Results of the National Program of Liver Transplantation in Uruguay 10 years after it was initiated / Resultados do Programa Nacional de Transplante de Fígado do Uruguai 10 anos após seu início

Resumen: Introducción: el trasplante hepático (TH) constituye el tratamiento de elección en pacientes con enfermedades hepáticas severas e irreversibles, sin opción de tratamientos alternativos eficaces. La medición de indicadores de calidad permite detectar problemáticas susceptibles de ser mejoradas a fin de optimizar los resultados. Objetivo: presentar los resultados del Programa Nacional de Trasplante Hepático (PNTH) del Uruguay a 10 años de su implementación y compararlos con los estándares de calidad internacionales. Material y método: estudio retrospectivo de los TH realizados del 14/7/2009 al 14/7/2019. Resultados: N: 190 TH. Edad promedio: 45 años. Sexo: 60% hombres. MELD promedio al TH: 21. Principales indicaciones: cirrosis (59%) y hepatocarcinoma (21%). Mortalidad posoperatoria: 7,4% y perioperatoria: 2,1% (estándares <10% y 1%). Tasa de retrasplante: precoz 3,7% y tardío 4,2% (estándares <5% y 8%). Tasa de reintervención: 13,1% (estándar <10%) y de no función primaria: 2,6% (estándar <2%). Sobrevida: 86,6% al año, 81,8% a 3, 77,4% a 5 y 63,2% a 10 años (estándares >80, 75, 70 y 60%). Pacientes evaluados en menos de 30 días: 47% (estándar >75%). Tasa de hígados no implantados sin causa objetiva: 0,5% (estándar <1%). El 86% de los usuarios expresaron satisfacción (estándar >80%). Mortalidad en lista: 19% (estándar <15%). Mortalidad precoz con hígado funcionante: 1% (estándar <1%). Conclusiones: el PNTH del Uruguay cumple con la mayoría de los indicadores de calidad, presentando resultados en sobrevida por encima de los estándares internacionales.

Summary: Introduction: liver transplantation constitutes the first therapy chosen by patients with severe and irreversible liver conditions, when no effective alternative options are available. Measurement of quality indicators allow for the detection of problems that may be solved in order to optimize results. Objective: to present the results obtained in the National Program of Liver Transplantation in Uruguay, 10 years after its implementation and to compare them to international quality standards. Method: retrospective study of liver transplantations performed from July 14, 2009 through July 14, 2019. Results: N: 190 Liver transplantations (LT). Average age: 45 years old. Gender: 60% male. MELD average MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) upon LT: 21. Main indications: cirrhosis he(59%) y hepatocarcinoma (21%). Post-surgery mortality: 7.4% and peri-operative mortality 2.1% (standards <10 and 1%). Re-transplantation rate: early 3.7% and late 4.2% (standards <5% and 8%). Reoperation rate: 13.1% (standard <10%) and of non-primary function: 2.6% (standard <2%). Survival: 86.6% per year, 81.8% after 3 years, 77.4% after 5 and 63.2% after 10 years (standards >80, 75, 70 and 60%). Patients assessed in less than 30 days: 47% (standard >75%). Non-implanted livers with no objective cause rate: 0.5% (standard <1%). 86% of users stated they were satisfied (standard >80%). Mortality in the waiting list: 19% (standard <15%). Early mortality with functioning liver: 1% (standard <1%). Conclusions: national Program of Liver Transplantation in Uruguay meets most quality indicators standards, evidencing survival results that are above international standards.

Resumo: Introdução: o transplante de fígado (TH) é o tratamento de escolha em pacientes com doenças hepáticas graves e irreversíveis, sem a opção de tratamentos alternativos eficazes. A medição de indicadores de qualidade permite detectar problemas que podem ser melhorados para otimizar os resultados. Objetivo: apresentar os resultados do Programa Nacional de Transplante de Fígado (PNTH) do Uruguai 10 anos após sua implantação e compará-los com os padrões internacionais de qualidade. Materiais e métodos: estudo retrospectivo do HT realizado de 14/07/2009 a 14/07/2019. Resultados: N: 190 TH. Idade média: 45 anos. Sexo: 60% homens. Escala MELD média no TH: 21. Principais indicações: cirrose (59%) e hepatocarcinoma (21%). Mortalidade pós-operatória: 7,4% e peri-operatória 2,1% (padrões <10 e 1%). Taxa de retransplante: 3,7% inicial e 4,2% tardio (padrão <5% e 8%). Taxa de reintervenção: 13,1% (padrão <10%) e não função primária: 2,6% (padrão <2%). Sobrevivência: 86,6% em 1 ano, 81,8% em 3, 77,4% em 5 e 63,2% em 10 anos (padrões> 80, 75, 70 e 60%). Pacientes avaliados em menos de 30 dias: 47% (padrão> 75%). Taxa de fígados não implantados sem causa objetiva: 0,5% (padrão <1%). 86% dos usuários expressaram satisfação (padrão> 80%). Mortalidade em lista de espera: 19% (padrão <15%). Mortalidade precoce com fígado funcionante: 1% (padrão <1%). Conclusões: o PNTH do Uruguai cumpre a maioria dos indicadores de qualidade, apresentando resultados de sobrevivência acima dos padrões internacionais.

Quiste epidermoide de bazo / Splenic epidermoid cyst

Los quistes de bazo, entre ellos los quistes epidermoides, son una patología infrecuente, la cual ha aumentado su incidencia en los últimos años por el desarrollo de la imagenología. Las indicaciones y la táctica quirúrgica para seguir son motivo de controversia. La indicación de cirugía habitualmente se da por el tamaño, debido al potencial riesgo de infección, la rotura por traumatismos, el sangrado intraquístico, o en caso de presentarse el posible diagnóstico de quiste hidático esplénico. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente tratada en nuestro Servicio, quien fue sometida a una esplenectomía laparoscópica por un quiste esplénico, que se sospechaba fuera hidático. Sin embargo, del análisis patológico surgió que era un quiste epidermoide.

Splenic cysts, including epidermoid cysts, are rare disease; its incidence has increased in recent years as a result of the development of diagnostic imaging. The indications and surgical approach are controversial. Surgery is usually indicated on the basis of the size, due to the potential risk of infection, rupture due to trauma, intracystic bleeding, or possible diagnosis of splenic hydatid cyst. We report the clinical case of a female patient treated in our Service, who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy to remove a splenic cyst suspected to be hydatid. However, the pathological analysis revealed an epidermoid cyst.

Enfermedad quística de la vía biliar principal en una paciente embarazada / Cystic disease of the main bile duct in a pregnant patent

El quiste de colédoco o enfermedad quística de la vía biliar (EQVB) es la malformación benigna más frecuente de la vía biliar, con una incidencia de 1/100 000 habitantes. Se da más a menudo en niños y adolescentes, especialmente en el sexo femenino.En ocasiones permanece silente hasta la adultez, siendo su diagnóstico un hallazgo imagenológico. La dilatación quística de la vía biliar genera estasis biliar, siendo elemento predisponente para la formación de litasis primitivas del colédoco, y en el 17,5% puede presentar en la evolución degeneración maligna. Presentamos un caso de diagnóstico y resolución en nuestro servicio, en una paciente de sexo femenino de 16 años de edad, que consulta por cuadro compatble con colangitis, cursando un embarazo de 16 semanas de gestación.

Choledocus cystic disease is the most frequent benign malformaton of de biliary tract, with an inci-dence of 1/100 000 people. It occurs more ofen in children and teenagers, especially in young women. Occasionally, it remains silent untl adulthood and itis diagnosis may occur as a finding afer an imaging study. Cystic dilataton of the biliary tract produces biliary stasis, which is a predisposing factor for the formaton of primary stones of the common bile duct, and in 17.5% of cases it may present malignant degeneraton. We present a 16 year old female patent who presented with symptoms of cholangitis, being 16 weeks pregnant.

Fístula hepatobronquial: una rara complicación de un absceso hepático / Hepatobronchial fistula: A rare complication of liver abscess

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