Functional diversity of bacterial microbiota associated with the toxigenic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum.

Interactions between bacterial microbiota and epibenthic species of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum may define the onset and persistence of benthic harmful algal blooms (bHABs). Chemical ecological interactions within the dinoflagellate phycosphere potentially involve a complex variety of organic molecules, metabolites, and toxins, including undefined bioactive compounds. In this study, the bacterial diversity and core members of the dinoflagellate-associated microbiota were defined from 11 strains of three epibenthic Prorocentrum species, representing three geographically disjunct locations within Mexican coastal waters. Microbiota profiles in stable monoclonal Prorocentrum cultures were obtained by sequencing amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Thirteen classes of bacteria were identified among dinoflagellate clones, where Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidia were consistently dominant. The bacterial community structure exhibited significantly different grouping by the location of origin of dinoflagellate clones. No significant diversity difference was found among free-living or unattached bacteria in the dinoflagellate culture medium (M) compared with those in closer association with the dinoflagellate host cells (H). Twelve taxa were defined as core members of the bacterial assemblage, representing the genera Algiphilus, Cohaesibacter, Labrenzia, Mameliella, Marinobacter, Marivita, Massilia, Muricauda, Roseitalea, and an unclassified member of the Rhodobacteraceae. The core members are inferred to significantly contribute to primary and secondary metabolic functions, but no direct correlation with dinoflagellate toxigenicity was apparent. Overall the bacterial profile and implied gene functionality indicated a suite of positive interactions, suggesting either mutualism or commensalism with the dinoflagellate. The further characterization and interpretation of specific gene functions and interactions between bacteria and dinoflagellates, such as epibenthic members of genus Prorocentrum, are key to understanding their role in toxigenesis and bHAB development.

Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento y seguimiento de personas con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides. Parte I: Vigilancia activa

Introducción: El cáncer de tiroides es una enfermedad frecuente en el mundo, con mayor prevalencia del tipo diferenciado. El diagnóstico temprano y manejo pertinente, individualizado y adaptable puede mejorar su pronóstico. Objetivo: Generar recomendaciones basadas en evidencia sobre el tratamiento y seguimiento de personas adultas con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT). Metodología: Guía de práctica clínica (GPC) a partir de revisión sistemática de literatura (RSL) y consenso de expertos clínicos. El grupo desarrollador definió el alcance y cuatro preguntas que se resolvieron a través de revisión de evidencia de GPC existentes, RSL, estudios primarios publicadas en español o inglés en diferentes fuentes de información desde 2013. Las preguntas de investigación fueron: 1. ¿Cuáles son las indicaciones de la vigilancia activa?, ¿cómo realizarla?, ¿cuándo y con que periodicidad realizarla? 2. ¿Cuál es el tratamiento y su indicación en pacientes con nódulos tiroideos sospechosos de cáncer? 3. ¿Cómo y cuándo realizar seguimiento de pacientes con CDT de acuerdo con el riesgo dinámico? 4. ¿Cuál es el manejo actual de los pacientes iodo refractarios? Se propusieron recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, y analizadas y discutidas por el colectivo experto en sesiones asincrónicas. Se evalúo la calidad de la evidencia y las recomendaciones fueron gradadas en fuerte o condicional y a favor o en contra a partir del análisis de la calidad de la evidencia, contexto de implementación (disponibilidad e implementación) y la experticia clínica. En el presente documento se desarrollada la primera pregunta, referente a vigilancia activa. Resultados: 86 recomendaciones fueron propuestas y acordadas por el grupo desarrollador, categorizadas en tratamiento y seguimiento para resolver las preguntas planteadas. 10 de las recomendaciones corresponden a vigilancia activa y se incluyen en el presente documento. Recomendaciones claves incluyen, brindar información completa y oportuna a pacientes, conformación de equipos multidisciplinarios, análisis individualizado del paciente para la decisión de tratamiento, estadificación rutinaria de riesgo dinámico para evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento y ajustarlo, minimización de procedimientos fútiles o que aportan poco a la supervivencia y calidad de vida de los pacientes. Conclusión: Se presentan recomendaciones que esperan incidir en la estandarización de la práctica clínica cotidiana de pacientes con CDT y mejores resultados en salud.

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is a common disease in the world, with a higher prevalence of the differentiated type. Early diagnosis individualized and adaptive management can improve prognosis. Objective: Generate evidence-based recommendations on the treatment and follow-up of adults with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Methodology: Clinical practice guideline (CPG) based on systematic literature review (RSL) and consensus of clinical experts. The development group defined the range and four questions that were resolved through a review of evidence from existing CPGs, RSLs, primary studies published in Spanish or English in various sources of information since 2013. The research questions were: 1. What are the indications for active surveillance? How to carry it out? When and how often to carry it out? 2. What is the treatment and its indication in patients with thyroid nodules suspicious for cancer? 3. How and when to follow up patients with CDT according to dynamic risk? 4. What is the current management of iodine refractory patients? Evidence-based recommendations analyzed and discussed by the expert group in asynchronous sessions were proposed. The quality of the evidence was evaluated, and the recommendations were graded as strong or conditional and in favor or against based on the analysis of the quality of the evidence, implementation context (availability and implementation) and clinical expertise. In this document, is developed the first question, referring to active surveillance. Results: 86 recommendations were proposed and agreed upon by the development group, categorized into treatment and follow-up to solve the questions raised. 10 of the recommendations correspond to active surveillance and are included in this document. Key recommendations include providing complete and timely information to patients, develop of multidisciplinary teams, individualized patient analysis for treatment decisions, routine dynamic risk staging to evaluate response to treatment and adjust it, minimization of futile procedures or that contribute little to the survival and quality of life of patients. Conclusion: Recommendations are presented that longs to influence the standardization of the daily clinical practice of patients with DTC and better health outcomes.

Thermal optimality and physiological parameters inferred from experimental studies scale latitudinally with marine species occurrences.

Ocean warming is expected to occur due to anthropogenic climate change bringing a spatial shift of marine communities. Experimental data that characterize the aerobic power budget via an aerobic scope, thermal metabolic scope, or thermal preferences have been proposed as tools that can describe species distribution since they characterize species fitness or performance under different temperatures. This study tested the potential relationship between observed occurrences and different physiological studies in the Americas for 11 commercially important species in Mexico. Projections were also developed for Mexico's exclusive economic zone under different climate warming scenarios. The physiological data were fitted from optimum up to pejus temperatures and projected to sea surface temperatures for present (2003-2014) and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5) for the period 2040-2050 and 2090-2100. For species with wide distributions in the Americas, the number of occurrences reported decreases at higher latitudes related to the decrease in species performance calculated from laboratory experiments. In addition, higher species occurrences are usually reported around optimum temperatures. Overall, the results suggest that pejus temperatures likely restrict latitudinal distribution, at least for widely distributed taxons. Regarding Mexican projections, the results varied widely by species. For example, in the Atlantic Ocean, Octopus maya and Panulirus argus are vulnerable to warming scenarios, while Centropomus undecimalis is not. Interestingly, northern Campeche Bank, the Gulf of California, and Western Baja California may act as thermal refugia for marine species indicating they could be assigned as protected areas to support fisheries throughout the Mexican exclusive economic zone. This research adds to the increasing evidence of the relationship between thermal niche and wild population distribution.

RpuS/R Is a Novel Two-Component Signal Transduction System That Regulates the Expression of the Pyruvate Symporter MctP in Sinorhizobium fredii NGR234.

The SLC5/STAC histidine kinases comprise a recently identified family of sensor proteins in two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTS), in which the signaling domain is fused to an SLC5 solute symporter domain through a STAC domain. Only two members of this family have been characterized experimentally, the CrbS/R system that regulates acetate utilization in Vibrio and Pseudomonas, and the CbrA/B system that regulates the utilization of histidine in Pseudomonas and glucose in Azotobacter. In an attempt to expand the characterized members of this family beyond the Gammaproteobacteria, we identified two putative TCSTS in the Alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium fredii NGR234 whose sensor histidine kinases belong to the SLC5/STAC family. Using reverse genetics, we were able to identify the first TCSTS as a CrbS/R homolog that is also needed for growth on acetate, while the second TCSTS, RpuS/R, is a novel system required for optimal growth on pyruvate. Using RNAseq and transcriptional fusions, we determined that in S. fredii the RpuS/R system upregulates the expression of an operon coding for the pyruvate symporter MctP when pyruvate is the sole carbon source. In addition, we identified a conserved DNA sequence motif in the putative promoter region of the mctP operon that is essential for the RpuR-mediated transcriptional activation of genes under pyruvate-utilizing conditions. Finally, we show that S. fredii mutants lacking these TCSTS are affected in nodulation, producing fewer nodules than the parent strain and at a slower rate.

Novel viral RNA genomes of the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus.

The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret, 1875), is the most important insect pest in growing areas of the grapevine Vitis vinifera L. in several countries, including Mexico. In Mexico, Baja California (B.C.) is the region with the highest production of V. vinifera L. grapes for industrial purposes. Recently, the diversity of viruses infecting insects only (insect-specific viruses) has been broadly explored to elucidate further ecological viral-host interactions in many insect species, which in some cases has resulted in the application of virus-based biological control agents for insect pests. However, a survey of the Pl. ficus virome has not been done yet. In the present study, we pooled Pl. ficus individuals collected through different vineyards of Ensenada, B.C., Mexico and analysed them by meta-transcriptomics. Novel nearly complete genomes of five RNA viruses were retrieved. These viruses were related to the Iflaviridae and Reoviridae families, and to the Picornavirales and Tolivirales orders. A new isolate belonging to the Dicistroviridae family was also found. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these putative viral genomes group with viruses having hemipteran (including a mealybug species) or other insect hosts, or with viruses associated with insects. Our results suggest that the identified novel RNA viruses could be insect-specific viruses of Pl. ficus. This work is the first insight into the Pl. ficus virome; it guarantees further studies aimed to characterize those viruses with potential for application in biological control of this economically important insect.

Environmental conditions drive zooplankton community structure in the epipelagic oceanic water of the southern Gulf of Mexico: A molecular approach.

Zooplankton plays a pivotal role in sustaining the majority of marine ecosystems. The distribution patterns and diversity of zooplankton provide key information for understanding the functioning of these ecosystems. Nevertheless, due to the numerous cryptic and sibling species and the lack of diagnostic characteristics for early developmental stages, the identification of the global-to-local patterns of zooplankton biodiversity and biogeography remains challenging in different research fields. The spatial and temporal changes in the zooplankton community in the open waters of the southern Gulf of Mexico were assessed using metabarcoding analysis of the V9 region of 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI). Additionally, a multiscale analysis was implemented to evaluate which environmental predictors may explain the variability in the structure of the zooplankton community. Our findings suggest that the synergistic effects of dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, and longitude (intended as a proxy for still unidentified predictors) may explain both spatial and temporal zooplankton variability even with low contribution. Furthermore, the zooplankton distribution probably reflects the coexistence of three heterogeneous ecoregions and a bio-physical partitioning of the studied area. Finally, some taxa were either exclusive or predominant with either 18S or COI markers. This may suggest that comprehensive assessments of the zooplankton community may be more accurately met by the use of multilocus approaches.

Enzymatic hydrolysis as a tool to improve total digestibility and techno-functional properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) starch.

Recent studies have indicated that starch from legumes can potentially be used as an alternative to commercial flour with applications in food and biomaterials; however, some modifications may be required first to improve their functionality, as they show relatively lower solubility and functional properties compared to commonly marketed flours (e.g. good water retention capacity). This work used multiple enzymes in flour extracts of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), a legume, to optimize the enzyme hydrolysis process of such extracts by the Response Surface Method (RSM), to increase the digestibility and obtain desirable functional attributes at the nutritional level. The pH, temperature, time and enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio were evaluated, and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was calculated as well as the reducing sugar content (%RS), used as response variable. According to the experimental design, the best pH, temperature, time and E/S ratio were 6.8, 43 °C, 1.84% m/m and 270 min, respectively. The %RS for the samples under optimal conditions was 3.49 ± 0.02%, and the in vitro digestibility yielded values of 39.2 ± 0.4, 58.6 ± 0.3 and 2.2 ± 0.2 for slowly digestible starch (SDS), rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and resistant starch (RS), respectively. Total digestibility (TD) was 97.8 ± 0.5. The statistical analysis revealed a strong positive relationship for E/S ratio followed by pH: (E/S) ratio, temperature and pH. Enzymatic hydrolysis carried out on pigeon pea showed an increase in TD. Viscosity, water retention capacity (WRC) and solubility were evaluated showing good response for future applications at the industrial level.

Acidification stress effect on umbonate veliger larval development in Panopea globosa.

Ocean acidification generates a decrease in calcium carbonate availability essential for biomineralization in organisms such as mollusks. This effect was evaluated on Panopea globosa exposing for 7 days umbonate veliger larvae to two pH treatments: experimental (pH 7.5) and control (pH 8.0). Exposure to pH 7.5 affected growth, reducing larval shell length from 5.15-13.34% compared to the control group. This size reduction was confirmed with electron microscopy, also showing shell damage. The physiological response showed an increase in oxygen consumption in larvae exposed to low pH with a maximum difference of 1.57 nmol O2 h-1 larvae-1 at day 7. The gene expression analyses reported high expression values for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase and Perlucin in larvae at pH 7.5, suggesting a higher energetic cost in this larval group to maintain homeostasis. In conclusion, this study showed that acidification affected development of P. globosa umbonate veliger larvae.

Cuidado espiritual al adulto mayor, elemento del conocimiento y práctica de enfermería / Elder spiritual care, as part of nursing knowledge and practice / Cuidado Espiritual do idoso, elemento do conhecimento e prática de enfermagem

La espiritualidad es un concepto que ha permeado el mundo académico, especialmente en los contextos de los cuidados en salud y particularmente en enfermería. Esta se ha asociado a situaciones tales como el afrontamiento de la muerte, al cuidado paliativo, a la vivencia de la cronicidad y a la adultez mayor. El presente texto aborda una reflexión a la luz de la literatura y la experiencia clínica acerca de la relación entre cuidado espiritual y el rol de la enfermería en la práctica en donde se brinda cuidado a las personas a través del ciclo vital. Se hace una aproximación al estado del arte y a los referentes relacionados con la delimitación del constructo cuidado espiritual, proporcionando un marco de referencia útil para la consulta académica y su inclusión en la práctica de la enfermería.

Spirituality is a concept which has permeated the academic world, especially in the contexts of health care, and particularly, nursing. This has been associated to situations such as facing death, palliative care, and living chronicity and adulthood. This text addresses a reflection, to the light of literature and clinical experience, relating to the relationship between spiritual care and the role of nursing in the practice, where care is provided for people throughout their life cycle. An approximation about the state of the art and the referring related to the delimitations of the spiritual care construct is made, providing a frame of reference that is useful for academic review and its inclusion in the nursing practice.

A espiritualidade é um conceito que tem permeado o mundo acadêmico, especialmente nos contextos dos cuidados na saúde e particularmente, na enfermagem. Têm se associado a situações como o afrontamento da morte, o cuidado paliativo, a viven cia da cronicidade e o envelhecimento. O presente texto faz uma abordagem reflexiva à luz da literatura e a experiência clínica, ao redor da relação entre o cuidado espiritual e o rol de enfermagem na prática, onde se presta cuidados as pessoas através do curso de vida. Faz uma aproximação ao existente e os referentes relacionados com a delimitação do constructo cuidado espiritual, proporcionando um marco de referencia útil para a consulta acadêmica e a inclusão da prática enfermeira.

PARÁMETROS ESTRUCTURALES DE DOS POBLACIONES DE Crassostrea rhizophorae (OSTREIDAE) EN BAHÍA CISPATÁ, CARIBE COLOMBIANO / Structural Parameters of Two Populations of Crassostrea rhizophorae (Ostreidae) in Bahía Cispatá, Colombian Caribbean

RESUMEN La ostra del mangle es una especie de gran importancia ecológica y comercial en muchos lugares del Caribe. En Bahía de Cispatá, Colombia, no obstante, representa el sustento económico de un importante grupo de pescadores se carece de planes de manejo que regulen su extracción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de establecer la estructura poblacional de Crassostrea rhizophorae en Bahía Cispatá, como insumo básico para la formulación futura de planes de manejo de la especie. Debido a las diferencias fenotípicas observadas entre los individuos de los lugares muestreados, se obtuvieron secuencias del gen COI, concluyendo que todos los individuos corresponden a la especie Crassostrea rhizophorae. Con base en las características morfológicas se diferenciaron dos poblaciones, de las que no se evidenció coexistencia en una misma estación de muestreo. A través del programa FiSAT se evaluaron los principales parámetros poblacionales, encontrando que los individuos de la población con concha delgada crecen a mayor velocidad alcanzando mayores tamaños que los individuos de la población de conchas más robustas y fuertes. No obstante, los individuos de concha delgada también presentaron una tasa de mortalidad más alta. Para las dos poblaciones la oferta alimentaria fue muy baja, lo cual pudo haber influido en la baja densidad poblacional encontrada durante 2015. Es necesario resaltar la importancia del recurso ostra en la zona y la ventaja que representa para los pescadores, los especímenes de concha más robusta, los cuales pueden ser mantenidos por más tiempo sin congelar que los de concha delgada.

ABSTRACT The mangrove oyster is a species of great ecological and commercial importance in many places in the Caribbean. In Bahía de Cispatá, Colombia, the oyster represents the economic support of an important group of fishermen lacks management plans for the extraction regulation. The objective of the present study was to establish the population structure of Crassostrea rhizophorae in Bahía Cispatá, as a basic input for the future formulation of management plans. Due to the morphological differences observed among the individuals of the sampled sites, sequences of the COI gene were obtained, concluding that all individuals correspond to the species Crassostrea rhizophorae. Based on the morphological differences, two populations were differentiated, which did not show coexistence in the same sampling station. Through the FiSAT program, the main population parameters were evaluated, finding that individuals of the population with thin shells grow at a faster rate, reaching greater sizes than individuals from the population of more robust and strong shells. However, individuals with thin shells also had higher mortality rates. For both populations, the food supply was very low, which may have influenced the low population density found during 2015. It is important to highlight the importance of this resource in the area and the advantage presented by the more robust oyster's specimens for fishermen since is that it allows them to have it to be stored for longer than the thin shell oyster.

Correction to: Aspergillus loretoensis, a single isolate from marine sediment of Loreto Bay, Baja California Sur, México resulting as a new obligate halophile species.

In the original publication the Figs. 3 and 4 are published inappropriately. The correct version of Figs. 3 and 4 is provided in this correction.

Transcriptomic response and hydrocarbon accumulation in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to crude oil.

The adverse effect of crude oil on marine invertebrates is well known. To have a better understanding of its effects on marine invertebrates, Crassostrea virginica was exposed to different concentrations (50, 100 and 200 µg/L) of a mixture of super-light and light crude oil for two weeks, evaluating the transcriptomic response of the digestive gland using RNA-Seq and their accumulation in soft tissues. A total of 33,469,374 reads were assembled, which resulted in 61,356 genome assemblies ('Genes'). Trinotate was used for transcript annotation. At the end of this process, 86,409 transcripts were maintained, comprising a broad set of enzymes from xenobiotics metabolism, oxidative stress, stress and immune responses, and energetic metabolism. The enrichment analysis revealed a change in biological processes and molecular functions, finding from 100 to 200 µg/L. Moreover, the differential gene expression analysis showed a dose-dependent transcriptional response, generally up to 100 µg/L and in some cases up to 200 µg/L, which suggested that oysters' response decreased after 100 µg/L; the analysis of crude oil presence in soft tissues indicated that C. virginica is a suitable candidate for ecotoxicology. Finally, these results should contribute to expanding current genomic resources for C. virginica. Furthermore, they will help to develop new studies in aquatic toxicology focused on knowledge in depth of metabolic pathways, jointly with other approaches (such as proteomics) to allow obtaining a complete idea about the eastern oyster response to crude oil.

Aspergillus loretoensis, a single isolate from marine sediment of Loreto Bay, Baja California Sur, México resulting as a new obligate halophile species.

An obligate halophile fungal was isolated from 275 m deep marine sediments and is characterized here for the first time. Its optimal growth was at 15% NaCl even though it was able to grow at 25% and is incapable of growth with no NaCl. Based on its morphological characteristics as conidia chain production in a single phialide, the fungal is related to the genus Aspergillus, subgenus Polypaecilum. Phylogenetic molecular analysis using several markers (ITS1-2; RPB1; RPB2; Cct8; TSR1; CaM; BenA) places the fungal isolate closer to Aspergillus salinarus and A. baarnensis. However, its morphological and molecular differences establish it as a new species, Aspergillus loretoensis sp. nov.

DNA barcoding and morphological taxonomy: identification of lanternfish (Myctophidae) larvae in the Gulf of Mexico.

Accurate identification of fish larval stages is complicated and time-consuming due to the lack of diagnostic morphological characters, especially during early developmental stages. The distribution of lanternfish (Myctophidae) has been described based on the morphological identification of adult stages. Larvae of only a few species of Myctophidae have been described, and the description is not always precise. In this study, larvae were collected and morphologically identified as Diaphus mollis, Hygophum hygomii, H. reinhardtii, H. taaningi, Myctophum obtusirostre and M. selenops. The DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) was determined for all larvae. The COI sequences matched reference barcodes available in GenBank for 14 of the identified larvae. The remaining COI sequences matched reference barcodes for different species of Myctophidae including Centrobranchus nigroocellatus, Diogenichthys atlanticus and Lepidophanes guentheri. This effort demonstrated the importance of integrated morphological and molecular analysis of species diversity and distribution of the Myctophidae in the Gulf of México.

Transcriptomic and metabolic response to chronic and acute thermal exposure of juvenile geoduck clams Panopea globosa.

The Cortes geoduck Panopea globosa is a large bivalve with a high commercial value distributed from the southern Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula to the northern Gulf of California, inhabiting a wide range of subtropical temperatures. A new record of this species in shallower waters suggests that it can tolerate a warmer environment than previously thought. To better understand the whole-body and molecular response mechanisms to different temperatures, we assessed the metabolic rate of juvenile individuals exposed to chronic and acute thermal conditions and analyzed the transcriptomic response in ctenidial tissues. Whole-body metabolic rate measurements showed that juveniles were able to acclimate at least partially within three weeks from 20 °C (C20) to 29 °C (C29), while organisms acutely exposed to 29 °C (A29) significantly increased their metabolic rate. This was coincident with transcriptomic results, as similar gene expression patterns were found in clams chronically exposed to C29 and C20, but different from those acutely exposed to 29 °C (A29) and 31 °C (A31). High degree of expression of genes involved in DNA repair and transcription regulation were found in C29 juveniles, whereas protective genes against oxidative stress were highly expressed in A29 organisms. A high expression of genes involved in protein re-folding was also observed in A31 juveniles. In conclusion, the combined results of whole-body metabolism and transcriptomic expression patterns suggest that P. globosa juveniles have a high physiological plasticity and are well adapted to inhabit an environment with broad temperature fluctuations.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Insights on Male Infertility in Octopus maya Under Chronic Thermal Stress.

Octopus maya endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, is an ectotherm organism particularly temperature-sensitive. Studies in O. maya females show that temperatures above 27°C reduce the number of eggs per spawn, fertilization rate and the viability of embryos. High temperatures also reduce the male reproductive performance and success. However, the molecular mechanisms are still unknown. The transcriptomic profiles of testes from thermally stressed (30°C) and not stressed (24°C) adult male octopuses were compared, before and after mating to understand the molecular bases involved in the low reproductive performance at high temperature. The testis paired-end cDNA libraries were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Then, the transcriptome was assembled de novo using Trinity software. A total of 53,214,611 high-quality paired reads were used to reconstruct 85,249 transcripts and 77,661 unigenes with an N50 of 889 bp length. Later, 13,154 transcripts were annotated implementing Blastx searches in the UniProt database. Differential expression analysis revealed 1,881 transcripts with significant difference among treatments. Functional annotation and pathway mapping of differential expressed transcripts revealed significant enrichment for biological processes involved in spermatogenesis, gamete generation, germ cell development, spermatid development and differentiation, response to stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis. Remarkably, the transcripts encoding genes such as ZMYND15, KLHL10, TDRD1, TSSK2 and DNAJB13, which are linked to male infertility in other species, were differentially expressed among the treatments. The expression levels of these key genes, involved in sperm motility and spermatogenesis were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The results suggest that the reduction in male fertility at high temperature can be related to alterations in spermatozoa development and motility.

Global transcriptional analysis suggests Lasiodiplodia theobromae pathogenicity factors involved in modulation of grapevine defensive response.

BACKGROUND: Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a fungus of the Botryosphaeriaceae that causes grapevine vascular disease, especially in regions with hot climates. Fungi in this group often remain latent within their host and become virulent under abiotic stress. Transcriptional regulation analysis of L. theobromae exposed to heat stress (HS) was first carried out in vitro in the presence of grapevine wood (GW) to identify potential pathogenicity genes that were later evaluated for in planta expression. RESULTS: A total of 19,860 de novo assembled transcripts were obtained, forty-nine per cent of which showed homology to the Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, Neofusicoccum parvum or Macrophomina phaseolina. Three hundred ninety-nine have homology with genes involved in pathogenic processes and several belonged to expanded gene families in others fungal grapevine vascular pathogens. Gene expression analysis showed changes in fungal metabolism of phenolic compounds; where genes encoding for enzymes, with the ability to degrade salicylic acid (SA) and plant phenylpropanoid precursors, were up-regulated during in vitro HS response, in the presence of GW. These results suggest that the fungal L-tyrosine catabolism pathway could help the fungus to remove phenylpropanoid precursors thereby evading the host defense response. The in planta up-regulation of salicylate hydroxylase, intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenase and fumarylacetoacetase encoding genes, further supported this hypothesis. Those genes were even more up-regulated in HS-stressed plants, suggesting that fungus takes advantage of the increased phenylpropanoid precursors produced under stress. Pectate lyase was up-regulated while a putative amylase was down-regulated in planta, this could be associated with an intercellular growth strategy during the first stages of colonization. CONCLUSIONS: L. theobromae transcriptome was established and validated. Its usefulness was demonstrated through the identification of genes expressed during the infection process. Our results support the hypothesis that heat stress facilitates fungal colonization, because of the fungus ability to use the phenylpropanoid precursors and SA, both compounds known to control host defense.

Comportamientos de autocuidado y adherencia terapéutica en personas con enfermedad coronaria que reciben atención en una institución hospitalaria de Ibagué, Colombi / Self-care Behaviors and Therapeutic Adherence in People with Coronary Disease who Receive Care at a Hospital in Ibague, Colombia / Comportamentos de autocuidado e adesão terapêutica em personas com doenças coronárias que recebem atendimento em uma instituição hospitalar de Ibagué, Colômbia

Objetivo: Valorar comportamientos de autocuidado y de adherencia terapéutica en tratamientos de un grupo de personas con enfermedad coronaria que recibieron atención en Ibagué, Colombia, en el 2013. Método: Estudio descriptivo-transversal en una muestra de 55 pacientes con enfermedad coronaria, atendidos en el servicio de consulta externa de una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de cuarto nivel de atención en la ciudad de Ibagué, entre septiembre y noviembre del 2013. La información se recogió utilizando la Escala Europea de Autocuidado (ajustada) y el Instrumento de Adherencia, tercera versión, de Bonilla y De-Reales, y el análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS v. 19. Resultados: El promedio de autocuidado resultado de la muestra fue de regular autocuidado con 32 puntos (DE: 7,04); distribuidos en 7,27% para bajo autocuidado, 61,81% para regular autocuidado y 30,3% para buen autocuidado. Al analizar la adherencia se obtuvo un promedio de 53,96 puntos (DE: 5,01) de riesgo de no adherencia a los tratamientos; es decir, el 3,63% de las personas no tiene adherencia, el 65,45% está en riesgo de no adherencia y el 30,9% está en ventaja de adherencia. Conclusiones: Los comportamientos de autocuidado que se relacionan con una regular agencia de autocuidado afectan especialmente la realización de actividades diarias, como pesarse todos los días, disminuir la ingesta de líquidos y hacer ejercicio regularmente. Así, más de la mitad de la población encuestada se encuentra en riesgo de no adherencia, manifestada en la dificultad de realizar acciones para seguir recomendaciones de tipo farmacológico y no farmacológico. Y la medición de los fenómenos de autocuidado y de adherencia en grupos específicos de pacientes sirve como elemento orientador del cuidado de enfermería, por lo cual es necesario realizar estudios similares en poblaciones mayores.

Objective: To assess self-care behaviors and adherence to treatment of a group of people with coronary heart disease who received care in Ibague, Colombia, in 2013.Method: descriptive cross-sectional study in a sample of 55 patients with coronary artery disease treated at the outpatient service at a fourth-level health providing institution in the city of Ibague, between September and November 2013. The information was collected using the The European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior scale(adjusted) and the Instrument of Adhesion, third version by Bonilla and De-Royal, and the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program v 19. Results: The average selfcare generated from the sample was: ordinary self-care with 32 points (SD 7.04); Distributed in 7.27% to low self- care, ordinary self-care 61.81% and 30.3% for good self-care. By analyzing adherence an average of 53.96 points (SD: 5.01) of risk to nonadherence to treatment was obtained; ie 3.63% of people have no compliance, 65.45% are at risk of non-adherence and 30.9% are in advantage of adhesion. Conclusions: self-care behaviors that relate to an ordinary self-care performance especially affect the development of daily activities such as weighing every day, reducing fluid intake and exercising regularly. Thus, more than half of the surveyed population is at risk of non-adherence, manifested in the difficulty of taking action to follow pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic recommendations. And measuring the phenomena of selfcare and adherence to specific patient groups serves as a guiding element of nursing care, and therefore it is important to carry out similar studies in larger populations.

Objetivo: Valorar comportamentos de autocuidado e adesão terapêutica em tratamentos do pessoal com doenca coronária que receberam atendimento em Ibagué, Colômbia, em 2013. Método: Estudo descritivo-transversal com amostra de 55 pacientes com doença coronária, atendidos no serviço de consulta externa em uma instituição prestadora de serviços de saúde de quarto nível de atendimento na cidade de Ibagué, entre setembro e novembro de 2013. A informação foi coletada utilizando a Escala Europeia de Autocuidado (ajustada) e o Instrumento de Adesão, terceira versão, de Bonilla e De-Reales, e a análise estatística foi realizada com o programa SPSS v. 19. Resultados: O autocuidado médio resultante da amostra foi de regular autocuidado com 32 pontos (DE: 7,04); distribuídos em 7,27% para baixo autocuidado, 61,81% para regular autocuidado e 30,3% para bom autocuidado. Na análise da adesão foi obtida uma média de 53,96 pontos (DE: 5,01) de risco de não adesão aos tratamentos; ou seja, 3,63% do pessoal não tem adesão, 65,45% está em risco de não adesão e 30,9% está em vantagem de adesão. Conclusões: Comportamentos de autocuidado relacionados com uma agência regular de autocuidado afetam especialmente a realização de atividades diárias, como pesar-se todo dia, diminuir a ingesta de líquidos e fazer exercício regularmente. Assim, mais da metade da população pesquisada encontra-se em risco de não adesão, manifesta na dificuldade de realizar ações para seguir recomendações de tipo farmacológico e não-farmacológico. E a aferição de fenômenos de autocuidado e adesão em grupos específicos de pacientes serve como elemento norteador do cuidado de enfermagem, por tanto é preciso realizar estudos semelhantes em populações maiores.

Significado del autocuidado en la persona que vive con enfermedad coronaria / Meaning of self in the person living with coronary heart disease

Objetivo: Esta investigación describe qué significa el autocuidado para las personas que viven con enfermedad coronaria en la ciudad de Ibagué (Colombia) durante junio de 2011. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo, muestreo aleatorio por conveniencia, tomando las direccionesde la base de datos de personas que consultan en el Hospital Federico Lleras Acosta. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: tener un diagnóstico médico de enfermedad coronaria hace más de 5 años, contar con aval institucional de la Universidad del Tolima y el Hospital Federico Lleras. Previa cita y consentimiento informado para la participación en la investigación, se entrevistó a 8 personas. Resultados: Se destaca que el significado del autocuidado en las personas con enfermedad coronaria se enmarca en cinco dimensiones: cambio en el estilo de vida, espiritual y de apoyo familiar, farmacológico, nutricional, actividad en la casa y ejercicio físico. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que todos los pacientes no aprenden de la misma forma; lo anterior depende de que realmente haya un cambio de actitud y, específicamente, que las personas entiendan que son ellos y cada uno los responsables de mejorar su condición de salud a través de las acciones de autocuidado.

Objective: This research describes self-care means for people living with heart disease in the city of Ibague during the month of June 2011. Materials and methods:A qualitative approach for convenience random sampling, taking the address of the database of people consulting Federico Lleras Acosta Hospital. Inclusion criteria were: Having a medical diagnosis of coronary heart disease more than five years ago, has institutional endorsement of the University of Tolima and Federico Lleras Hospital. By appointment and informed consent for participation in research, were interviewed 8 people. Results: highlighted that the meaning of self-care in people with coronary heart disease falls into five dimensions: change in lifestyle, spiritual and family support, pharmacological, nutritional, household activity and exercise. Conclusions:We found that all patients do not learn in the same way, the above depends really have a change of attitude and speciically that people understand that they are each responsible and improve their health status through actions self-care.

Evaluación de la respuesta glucemica post-ingesta de la hoja de coca (Erythroxylum coca) en personas sin antecedente patológico metabólico / Evaluation of the glycemic response post-intake coca leaf (Erythroxylum coca) in people without metabolic pathologic background

Considerando la veracidad de los beneficios de la hoja de Coca (Erythroxylum coca), este estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar la respuesta glucémica post ingesta de hoja de coca en personas sin previa patología metabólica. La metodología empleada es experimental, tipo ensayo clínico de campo. De una población de 345 personas de la Escuela Militar de Sargentos del Ejército de la ciudad de Cochabamba - Bolivia, se seleccionaron a 90 personas, de sexo masculino entre 18 a 25 años, sin antecedentes personales patológicos, con índices antropométricos normales y glucemia en ayunas de 60 a 100 mg/dl . La muestra se dividió en un grupo control, un grupo post-ingesta de mate de 5 gr. de hoja de coca y otro grupo post-masticación de 5 gr. de hoja de coca, durante una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa, evaluada por la toma glucemia capilar en ayunas y dos horas postprandial. Se analizaron: el promedio, desviación estándar y prueba t student. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: Glucemia postprandial del grupo control 100,4 (± 11,9) mg/dl y (p=2,129), en el grupo de mate de coca 81,8 (±7,5) mg/dl y (p=0,003), y en el grupo de masticación de hoja de coca 82,07 (± 8,8) mg/dl y (p=0,082). Se concluye que la hoja de coca (Erythroxylum coca) reduce la glucemia postprandial en este grupo, siendo estadísticamente significativa en las dos formas de consumo mate y masticación en comparación que el grupo control.

Considering the veracity of the benefits of coca leaf (Erythroxylum coca), this study aims to evaluate the glycemicresponse post ingestion of coca leaf in people without metabolic pathologic background. It was used an experimental field trial type study. In a population of 345 people from the Military Academy Army of Sergeants in Cochabamba - Bolivia, 90 male people of 18 to 25 years old were selected with no medical history, normal anthropometric measures normal glucose on of 60 to 100 mg/dl.The sample was divided in a control group post-intake mate of 5 gr. coca and a post-chewing group 5 gr. coca leaf during an oral glucose tolerance test assessed by fasting capillary blood glucose two hours postprandial. It has been analyzed the mean, standard deviation and test student t. Most important result was: In the control group a postprandial glycemic of 100.4 (± 1 1.9) mg / dl (p = 2.129), the coca tea group was 81.8 (± 7.5) mg / dl (p = 0.003), group the chewing coca leaf was 82.07 (± 8.8) mg / dl (p = 0.082). It was been concluded that Coca (Erythroxylon coca) reduces postprandial glycemic in people without metabolic pathologic background, and it's statistically significant in the two ways of cultural consumption in the compering groups.