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1.
Health Policy Plan ; 20(4): 222-31, 2005 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15965034

ABSTRACT

Current evidence suggests that sexually transmitted infection (STI) interventions can be an effective means of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention in populations at an early stage of the epidemic. However, evidence as to their cost-effectiveness when targeted at high-risk groups is lacking. This paper assesses the cost-effectiveness of a competitive voucher scheme in Managua, Nicaragua aimed at high-risk groups, who could redeem the vouchers in exchange for free STI testing and treatment, health education and condoms, compared with the status quo (no scheme). A provider perspective was adopted, defined as: the voucher agency and health care providers from the public, NGO and private sectors. The cost of the voucher scheme was estimated for a 1-year period (1999) from project accounts using the ingredients approach. Outcomes were monitored as part of ongoing project evaluation. Costs and outcomes in the absence of the scheme were modelled using project baseline data and reports, and relevant literature. The annual cost of providing comprehensive STI services through vouchers was US$62 495, compared with an estimated US$17 112 for regular service provision in the absence of the scheme. 4815 vouchers were distributed by the voucher scheme, 1543 patients were tested for STIs and 528 STIs were effectively cured in this period. In the absence of the scheme, only an estimated 85 cases would have been cured from 1396 consultations. The average cost of the voucher scheme per patient treated was US$41 and US$118 per STI effectively cured, compared with US$12 per patient treated and US$200 per STI cured in its absence. The incremental cost of curing an STI through the voucher scheme, compared with the status quo, was US$103. A voucher scheme offers an effective and efficient means of targeting and effectively curing STIs in high-risk groups, as well as encouraging quality care practices.


Subject(s)
Cost-Benefit Analysis , Economic Competition , Health Services Accessibility/organization & administration , Preventive Health Services/economics , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Condoms , Female , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Health Education , Humans , Male , Nicaragua , Sex Work , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/drug therapy
2.
Acta Cytol ; 48(1): 23-31, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14969177

ABSTRACT

Given interest from the professionals concerned, an external quality assurance scheme for cervical cytology can successfully be introduced in developing countries. This is a very important precondition if screening programs are to be expanded and decreases in mortality from cervical cancer are to occur in developing countries. Nicaragua and Peru have been experimenting with an external quality assurance system adapted from the Scottish and Northern Ireland scheme. It has been received with enthusiasm and acceptance and has helped cytology laboratories in these countries focusing on quality issues. Nevertheless, a successful quality control scheme that is to result in improvements in the quality of professionals' diagnostic skills needs to be accompanied by a remedial program for subperformers.


Subject(s)
Pathology/standards , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Vaginal Smears/standards , Diagnostic Errors/statistics & numerical data , Diagnostic Errors/trends , Education/standards , Education/statistics & numerical data , Education/trends , Female , Humans , Mass Screening/standards , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Mass Screening/trends , Nicaragua , Pathology/education , Pathology/statistics & numerical data , Pathology Department, Hospital/standards , Pathology Department, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Pathology Department, Hospital/trends , Peru , Quality Control , Reproducibility of Results , United Kingdom , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortality , Vaginal Smears/statistics & numerical data , Vaginal Smears/trends
3.
Article | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-15536

ABSTRACT

En Nicaragua la causa principal de mortalidad infantil es la diarrea, que causa 40 por ciento de las muertes anuales. Ello refleja el poco uso de los servicios de salud y de la terapia de rehidratación en el municipio Villa Carlos Fonseca. En este informe se describen dos de los estudios, uno etnográfico y el otro epidemiológico, realizados en 1989 y 1990, respectivamente, para conocer las crencias y prácticas de salud tradicionales y su influencia en la forma como las madres responden a la diarrea de sus hijos. En el estudio etnográfico se entrevistó a 70 madres con una media de edad de 28 años e hijos menores de 2 años, que representaban dos grupos, uno de alto riesgo de diarrea y otro de bajo riesgo y las formas de tratamiento en uso. En el estudio epidemiológico participaron 391 madres mayores de 14 años con uno o más hijos menores de 5, de los cuales 216 tuvieron diarrea en las 2 semanas anteriores. Los objetivos fueron describir las creencias y prácticas de salud locales y determinar la incidencia de las diarreas de acuerdo con el diagnóstico que hicieran las madres. Se identificaron por lo menos 12 tipos de diarrea con nombres como "empacho" y "sol de vista". En la mayoría de los casos, las madres confiaban más en los tratamientos folklóricos que aplicaban ellas mismas o las curanderas que en los servicios del centro de salud. Esto limitaba su uso de los servicios y de la TRO, pero se observó que en ciertos casos combinaban los tratamientos tradicionales con los de la medicina occidental. Hubo una correlación directa, pero no significativa, entre el nivel de escolaridad de las madres y la frecuencia con que visitaban el centro de salud. Los autores sugieren estudiar los efectos de los masajes, baños de hiebas y otros tratamientos tradicionales para evaluar y adaptarlos en cuanto sea posible a la medicina "moderna". Los prestadores de servicios de salud deben familiarizarse con la nomenclatura y creencias tradicionales para comunicarse mejor con las madres, y reorientar las prácticas perjudiciales hacia mejores resultados en los programas de prevención de la diarrea infantil


Subject(s)
Diarrhea, Infantile , Medicine, Traditional , Epidemiological Monitoring , Nicaragua , Rural Population , Infant Mortality , Fluid Therapy
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