Functional significance of microbial diversity in arid soils: biological soil crusts and nitrogen fixation as a model system.

Microbial communities respond to changes in environmental conditions; however, how compositional shifts affect ecosystem processes is still not well-understood and it is often assumed that different microbial communities will function equally under similar environmental conditions. We evaluated this assumption of functional redundancy using biological soil crusts (BSCs) from two arid ecosystems in Mexico with contrasting climate conditions (hot and cold deserts) following an experimental approach both in the field (reciprocal transplants) and in laboratory conditions (common garden), focusing on the community's composition and potential for nitrogen fixation. Potential of nitrogen fixation was assessed through the acetylene reduction assay. Community composition and diversity was determined with T-RFLPs of nifH gene, high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and metagenomic libraries. BSCs tended to show higher potential nitrogen fixation rates when experiencing temperatures more similar to their native environment. Moreover, changes in potential nitrogen fixation, taxonomic and functional community composition, and diversity often depended on an interactive effect of origin of the communities and the environment they experienced. We interpret our results as legacy effects that result from ecological specialization of the BSC communities to their native environment. Overall, we present evidence of nonfunctional redundancy of BSCs in terms of nitrogen fixation.

Land-Use Change and Management Intensification Is Associated with Shifts in Composition of Soil Microbial Communities and Their Functional Diversity in Coffee Agroecosystems.

Despite the central role of microorganisms in soil fertility, little understanding exists regarding the impact of management practices and soil microbial diversity on soil processes. Strong correlations among soil microbial composition, management practices, and microbially mediated processes have been previously shown. However, limited integration of the different parameters has hindered our understanding of agroecosystem functioning. Multivariate analyses of these systems allow simultaneous evaluation of the parameters and can lead to hypotheses on the microbial groups involved in specific nutrient transformations. In the present study, using a multivariate approach, we investigated the effect of microbial composition (16SrDNA sequencing) and soil properties in carbon mineralization (CMIN) (BIOLOG™, Hayward, CA, USA) across different management categories on coffee agroecosystems in Mexico. Results showed that (i) changes in soil physicochemical variables were related to management, not to region, (ii) microbial composition was associated with changes in management intensity, (iii) specific bacterial groups were associated with different management categories, and (iv) there was a broader utilization range of carbon sources in non-managed plots. The identification of specific bacterial groups, management practices, and soil parameters, and their correlation with the utilization range of carbon sources, presents the possibility to experimentally test hypotheses on the interplay of all these components and further our understanding of agroecosystem functioning and sustainable management.

The countercyclical long-term operating accrual-based trading strategy in the Stoxx Europe 600 index: The importance of asset and liability components.

This work uses long-term operating accruals, rather than current, as an accounting measure to identify major anomalies. Past and abundant accounting and financial literature associates anomalies with problems of reliability and assigns lower reliability to long-term operating accruals than to current accruals. We investigate the relation between scaled operating accruals and size-adjusted abnormal returns for nonfinancial firms listed in the Stoxx Europe 600 index for the period 2000-2021. We find consistent evidence of (1) a higher long-term operating accrual anomaly than working capital accrual, especially, when asset and liability components are separated (2) long-short trading strategies aimed at taking advantage of the anomaly that achieves significant annual returns between 2% and 6% and (3) this trading strategy strongly reduces the risk of stock portfolios during an economic crisis due to its countercyclical nature. These findings have important implications not only for academics, but also for asset managers who want to protect the return of their stock portfolios from high market volatility.

Soil microbial composition and carbon mineralization are associated with vegetation type and temperature regime in mesocosms of a semiarid ecosystem.

Transition from historic grasslands to woody plants in semiarid regions has led to questions about impacts on soil functioning, where microorganisms play a primary role. Understanding the relationship between microbes, plant diversity and soil functioning is relevant to assess such impacts. We evaluate the effect that plant type change in semiarid ecosystems has for microbial diversity and composition, and how this is related to carbon mineralization (CMIN) as a proxy for soil functioning. We followed a mesocosm experiment during 2 years within the Biosphere 2 facility in Oracle, AZ, USA. Two temperature regimes were established with two types of plants (grass or mesquite). Soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical and functional parameters, as well as microbial community composition using 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomics (Illumina MiSeq). Our results show the combined role of plant type and temperature regime in CMIN, where CMIN in grass has lower values at elevated temperatures compared with the opposite trend in mesquite. We also found a strong correlation of microbial composition with plant type but not with temperature regime. Overall, we provide evidence of the major effect of plant type in the specific composition of microbial communities as a potential result of the shrub encroachment.

Domestic dog origin of Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 infection in a rescued free-ranging guiña (Leopardus guigna) in Chile.

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 is one of the most important pathogens affecting both wild and domestic carnivores. Here, we reported the genetic characterization of canine parvovirus (CPV-2) strains from a rescued guiña (Leopardus guigna) and domestic dogs from Chile. Guiña strain was classified as CPV-2c, and phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding genome showed that the guiña CPV-2c strain shares a recent common ancestor with Chilean domestic dogs' strains. These viruses showed >99% identity and exhibited three changes in the NS1 protein (V596A, E661K and L582F). This is the first detection and genetic characterization of CPV-2c infection in guiña worldwide, and one of the few comparative studies that show the source of infection was domestic dogs. The current findings highlight the fact that guiña is a susceptible species to protoparvovirus infection and that domestic dogs represent an important threat to its conservation. The CPV-2 cross-species transmission between domestic dogs and guiña should be taken into account for protection programmes of this endangered species.

First Molecular Identification of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV2) in Chile Reveals High Occurrence of CPV2c Antigenic Variant.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) is one of the most important intestinal pathogens in dogs and puppies. CPV2 has been evolved into three genetic and antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c), which are distributed worldwide. We reported the first study of genetic diversity of CPV2 in Chile. Sixty-five samples were collected from puppies presenting with severe gastroenteritis and different vaccination statuses. PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and partial sequencing of the coding region of the structural viral protein VP2 was performed. Thirty of a total of 65 samples tested positive by PCR out of which 19 were further classified as CPV2c and one as CPV2a using RFLP and Sanger sequencing. The phylogeny was in concordance with the RFLP analysis. This is the first report of the genetic characterization of CPV2 in Chile and reveals a high occurrence of CPV2c.

Mixed titanium, silicon, and aluminum oxide nanostructures as novel adsorbent for removal of rhodamine 6G and methylene blue as cationic dyes from aqueous solution.

Mixed oxide nanoparticles containing Ti, Si, and Al of 8-15 nm size range were synthesized using a combined sol-gel - hydrothermal method. Effects of composition on the structure, morphology, and optical properties of the nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microRaman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Dye removal abilities of the nanoparticles from aqueous solutions were tested for different cationic dyes. While all the mixed oxide nanoparticles revealed high and fast adsorption of cationic dyes, the particles containing Ti and Si turned out to be the best. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium adsorption behavior of the adsorbate - adsorbent systems could be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. Estimated thermodynamic parameters revealed the adsorption process is spontaneous, driven mainly by the electrostatic force between the cationic dye molecules and negative charge at nanoparticle surface. Highest dye adsorption capacity (162.96 mg MB/g) of the mixed oxide nanostructures containing Ti and Si is associated to their high specific surface area, and the presence of surface Si-O(δ-) groups, in addition to the hydroxyl groups of amorphous titania. Mixed oxide nanoparticles containing 75% Ti and 25% Si seen to be the most efficient adsorbents for removing cationic dye molecules from wastewater.

Contribución al conocimiento de una patología (síndrome parapléjico bovino) de la ganadería extensiva de los Llanos de Venezuela: parte II: estudio etiopatogénico y estrategias de control / Contribution to the knowledge of an illness (paraplegic syndrome) of the livestock at the Venezuela’s plains: part II: etiopathogenic study and strategies for control

En los llanos venezolanos, que abarcan unos 12 millones de hectáreas tienen asiento los sistemas de producción cría-levante y vaca-maute. Los animales pastorean en sabanas de suelos ácidos donde predominan comunidades de pastos del género Trachypogon, Axonopus y Andropogon, para sostener a unos 8 millones de cabezas de mestizo cebú x criollo. Las condiciones ambientales y de manejo de estas llanuras no son las más idóneas para sostener una ganadería de carne fuertemente mestizada, debido a que innovaciones tecnológicas no han sido incorporadas para mejorar el manejo cualitativo de los rebaños y, en general, la eficiencia de estos sistemas de producción. Un modelo de investigación integral, que implicó realizar estrategias de investigación: aplicada, básica y operativa, en fincas de los productores afectados por el síndrome parapléjico bovino (SPB) acompañado de un conjunto de estrategias en un paquete de mínimas tecnologías (PMT) para ser adoptado por los ganaderos. Se evaluó prioritariamentela situación nutricional y el manejo integral de los animales, se corrigieron las deficiencias detectadas; reflejándose su eficacia en indicadores bioproductivos del rebaño como: edad al primer parto, índice de preñez, índice de natalidad e índice de mortalidad. Además, fueron realizados estudios etiopatogénicos basados en estudios submicroscópicos e histoquímicas de fibras musculares de animales enfermos comparadas con las de animales sanos. Los resultados confirmaron: 1. El SPB es un trastorno de origen multifactorial estrechamente vinculado a deficiencia de minerales, especialmente fósforo, 2. La elevación del patrón tecnológico con el paquete de mínima tecnología (PMT) en los sistemas de producción extensiva, además de erradicar el SPB, aumenta significativamente su eficiencia.

Contribución al conocimiento del síndrome parapléjico de la ganadería extensiva de los llanos de Venezuela parte I: estrategias diagnósticas / Contribution of the knowledge of the livestock paraplegic syndrome in the Venezuelan plains I: diagnostic strategies

Establecimientos ganaderos fundados en ecosistemas de sabanas en los llanos venezolanos desde la Colonia dieron origen a los tradicionales sistemas de producción extensiva-extractiva (SPE), conocidos como vaca-maute y cría-levante, base de explotación de la ganadería de carne en Venezuela. En estos sistemas de producción, los rebaños quedaron expuestos a la adversidad del ambiente durante siglos frente a depredadores, plagas y enfermedades, así como al ciclo lluvia-sequía, característicos de estas llanuras que abarcan unos 12 millones de hectáreas, donde predominan suelos ácidos y comunidades de pastos del género Trachypogon que sostienen a unos 8 millones de cabezas de mestizo cebú x criollo. Las condiciones ambientales y de manejo para sostener una ganadería de carne eficiente, no son las más idóneas, debido a escasa innovación tecnológica que es necesario incorporar para mejorar la eficiencia de estos sistemas de producción. Por lo que es necesario considerar que en el origen del Síndrome Parapléjico Bovino (SPB) han estado jugando papel fundamental las condiciones ambientales descritas. Con un modelo que implicó integrar varios niveles de investigación: aplicada, básica y operativa; ésta última realizada en fincas de los productores afectados por el SPB y que fue ejecutada por un equipo multidisciplinario e interinstitucional, se evaluó prioritariamente la situación nutricional y el manejo integral de los animales en la cadena ecológica del sistema-suelo-planta-animal. Los resultados confirmaron que el SPB es un trastorno de origen multifactorial y estrechamente vinculado a deficiencia de minerales, especialmente de fósforo.

New preparation method of gold nanoparticles on SiO2.

It is shown that adsorption of the [Au(en)(2)](3+) cationic complex can be successfully employed for the deposition of gold nanoparticles (1.5 to 3 nm) onto SiO(2) with high metal loading, good dispersion, and small Au particle size. When the solution pH increases (from 3.8 to 10.5), the Au loading in the Au/SiO(2) samples increases proportionally (from 0.2 to 5.5 wt %), and the average gold particle size also increases (from 1.5 to 2.4 nm). These effects are explained by the increase in the amount of negatively charged sites present on the SiO(2) surface, namely, when the solution pH increases, a higher number of [Au(en)(2)](3+) species can be adsorbed. Extending the adsorption time from 2 to 16 h gives rise to an increase in the gold loading from 3.3 to 4.0 wt % and in the average particle size from 1.8 to 2.9 nm. Different morphologies of gold nanoparticles are present as a function of the particle size. Particles with a size of 3-5 nm show defective structure, some of them having a multiple twinning particle (MTP) structure. At the same time, nanoparticles with an average size of ca. 2 nm exhibit defect-free structure with well-distinguishable {111} family planes. TEM and HAADF observations revealed that Au particles do not agglomerate on the SiO(2) support: gold is present on the surface of SiO(2) only as small particles. Density functional theory calculations were employed to study the mechanisms of [Au(en)(2)](3+) adsorption, where neutral and negatively charged silica surfaces were simulated by neutral cluster Si(4)O(10)H(4) and negatively charged cluster Si(4)O(10)H(3), respectively. The calculation results are totally consistent with the suggestion that the deposition of gold takes place according to a cationic adsorption mechanism.

Un caso de Extrofia vesical / A vesical case of extrofia

Los autores presentan un caso de Extrofia vesical variedad incompleta, que de acuerdo a la literatura médica resulta más rara que la forma completa, en un recién nacido gemelo de sexo femenino. Se hace una revisión sobre las causas embriológicas que originan esta alteración, comentando la frecuencia muy rara con que se presenta en nuestro medio el único caso en 20 años, finalmente se describe la intervención quirúrgica efectuada para corregir esta alteración

Anomalias Congenitas del Riñon / Anomalies congenital of the kidney

Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica referente a las anomalias congenitas del riñon, esbozando los conceptos embriológicos, analizando detenidamente la clasificación de las malformaciones congénitas. Ilustramos con casos representativos los hallazgos más frecuentes en los estudios radiológicos realizados en los Servicios de Nefrourología y Radiología del Hospital "Jaime Mendoza" dependiente de la Seguridad Social