ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in heart failure (HF) patients, and the involvement of biomarkers in its pathophysiology is suggested, but little has been studied concerning HF sarcopenic patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between inflammatory and humoral markers with sarcopenia, as well as the impact of sarcopenia on quality of life and functional capacity in older HF patients. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 90 outpatient HF patients, aged ≥ 60 years, were evaluated for sarcopenia (EWGSOP2 diagnostic criteria), inflammation (high-sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], Interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) and humoral markers (total testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), and functional capacity (6-minute walk test). The adopted level of significance was p<0.05. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 69.4 ± 7.2 years, 67.8% were male, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35.9 ± 11.9% and 22 (24.4%) were sarcopenic. Age (73.1 ± 8.1 and 68.3 ± 6.5 years; p= 0.006), body mass index (BMI) (23.1 ± 2.8 and 28.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2; p <0.001), and LVEF (29.9 ± 8.8 and 37.9 ± 12.1%; p= 0.005) were different between groups with and without sarcopenia, respectively. After adjusting for age, ethnicity, BMI, LVEF, and the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, sarcopenia was associated with higher serum levels of IL-6 and worse functional capacity. CONCLUSION: In HF patients, sarcopenia was associated with IL-6 levels and functional capacity.
FUNDAMENTO: Sarcopenia é altamente prevalente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), e o envolvimento de biomarcadores em sua fisiopatologia é sugerido, mas poucos estudos foram realizados em relação a pacientes sarcopênicos com IC. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a associação entre marcadores inflamatórios e humorais e sarcopenia, bem como o impacto da sarcopenia na qualidade de vida e na capacidade funcional em pacientes mais velhos com IC. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal, 90 pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, com idade ≥60 anos, foram avaliados quanto a sarcopenia (critérios diagnósticos EWGSOP2), inflamação (Proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade [PCR-as], Interleucina-6 [IL-6], fator de necrose tumoral alfa [TNF-α]) e marcadores humorais (testosterona total e fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1 [IGF-1]), atividade física (Questionário internacional de atividade física), qualidade de vida ( Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire Questionário Minnesota sobre conviver com a insuficiência cardíaca), e capacidade funcional (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos). O nível de significância estatística adotado foi p <0,05. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tinham uma média de idade de 69,4 ± 7,2 anos, 67,8% eram do sexo masculino, com fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (FEVE) de 35,9 ± 11,9% e 22 (24,4%) eram sarcopênicos. Idade (73,1 ± 8,1 e 68,3 ± 6,5 anos; p= 0,006), índice de massa corporal (IMC) (23,1 ± 2,8 e 28,2 ± 4,2 kg/m2; p <0,001), e FEVE (29,9 ± 8,8 e 37,9 ± 12,1%; p= 0,005) eram diferentes nos grupos com e sem sarcopenia, respectivamente. Depois de normalizar em relação à idade, etnia, IMC, FEVE, e o uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina, a sarcopenia foi associada a níveis séricos de IL-6 mais altos e capacidade funcional pior. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com IC, a sarcopenia foi associada aos níveis de IL-6 e à capacidade funcional.
Subject(s)
Heart Failure , Sarcopenia , Humans , Male , Aged , Middle Aged , Female , Stroke Volume , Cross-Sectional Studies , Interleukin-6 , Quality of Life , Ventricular Function, Left , Heart Failure/complicationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia presents an accelerated and accentuated muscle loss in patients with heart failure (HF), leading to a worse prognosis for these patients. This study sought to assess the association of phase angle (PA) values with sarcopenia and its components, as well as to establish a PA cutoff point to predict outcomes such as hospitalization and mortality in older adult patients with HF. METHODS: Sarcopenia diagnosis followed the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria. Anthropometric, bioelectrical impedance (PA and body composition), functional capacity and inflammatory markers were assessed. RESULTS: Included patients were predominantly male (67%) and White, with a mean age of 69 ± 7 years, and a predominance of New York Heart Association I and II functional classes (82.1%) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (70.8%). Of the total sample, 23.6% were identified as sarcopenic. Mean PA values were lower in patients with sarcopenia (4.9 ± 0.9 and 6.0 ± 0.8°; P < 0.001). The cutoff point detected for sarcopenia in the receiver operating characteristic curve was 5.45°, which is an independent predictor for sarcopenia. PA values below this cutoff point were also associated with each of the sarcopenic components evaluated. PA proved to be an independent predictor for hospitalization (P = 0.042) in the entire sample studied. CONCLUSION: PA is associated with diagnostic components of sarcopenia and the cutoff point 5.45° proved to be an independent predictor of sarcopenia and hospitalization >3 years in older adult patients with HF.
Subject(s)
Heart Failure , Sarcopenia , Humans , Male , Aged , Middle Aged , Female , Sarcopenia/diagnosis , Sarcopenia/epidemiology , Sarcopenia/etiology , Stroke Volume , Ventricular Function, Left , Prognosis , Heart Failure/complicationsABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamento Sarcopenia é altamente prevalente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), e o envolvimento de biomarcadores em sua fisiopatologia é sugerido, mas poucos estudos foram realizados em relação a pacientes sarcopênicos com IC. Objetivos Avaliar a associação entre marcadores inflamatórios e humorais e sarcopenia, bem como o impacto da sarcopenia na qualidade de vida e na capacidade funcional em pacientes mais velhos com IC. Métodos Neste estudo transversal, 90 pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, com idade ≥60 anos, foram avaliados quanto a sarcopenia (critérios diagnósticos EWGSOP2), inflamação (Proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade [PCR-as], Interleucina-6 [IL-6], fator de necrose tumoral alfa [TNF-α]) e marcadores humorais (testosterona total e fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1 [IGF-1]), atividade física (Questionário internacional de atividade física), qualidade de vida ( Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire - Questionário Minnesota sobre conviver com a insuficiência cardíaca), e capacidade funcional (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos). O nível de significância estatística adotado foi p <0,05. Resultados Os pacientes tinham uma média de idade de 69,4 ± 7,2 anos, 67,8% eram do sexo masculino, com fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (FEVE) de 35,9 ± 11,9% e 22 (24,4%) eram sarcopênicos. Idade (73,1 ± 8,1 e 68,3 ± 6,5 anos; p= 0,006), índice de massa corporal (IMC) (23,1 ± 2,8 e 28,2 ± 4,2 kg/m2; p <0,001), e FEVE (29,9 ± 8,8 e 37,9 ± 12,1%; p= 0,005) eram diferentes nos grupos com e sem sarcopenia, respectivamente. Depois de normalizar em relação à idade, etnia, IMC, FEVE, e o uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina, a sarcopenia foi associada a níveis séricos de IL-6 mais altos e capacidade funcional pior. Conclusão Em pacientes com IC, a sarcopenia foi associada aos níveis de IL-6 e à capacidade funcional.
Abstract Background Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in heart failure (HF) patients, and the involvement of biomarkers in its pathophysiology is suggested, but little has been studied concerning HF sarcopenic patients. Objectives To evaluate the association between inflammatory and humoral markers with sarcopenia, as well as the impact of sarcopenia on quality of life and functional capacity in older HF patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 90 outpatient HF patients, aged ≥ 60 years, were evaluated for sarcopenia (EWGSOP2 diagnostic criteria), inflammation (high-sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], Interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) and humoral markers (total testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), and functional capacity (6-minute walk test). The adopted level of significance was p<0.05. Results Patients had a mean age of 69.4 ± 7.2 years, 67.8% were male, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35.9 ± 11.9% and 22 (24.4%) were sarcopenic. Age (73.1 ± 8.1 and 68.3 ± 6.5 years; p= 0.006), body mass index (BMI) (23.1 ± 2.8 and 28.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2; p <0.001), and LVEF (29.9 ± 8.8 and 37.9 ± 12.1%; p= 0.005) were different between groups with and without sarcopenia, respectively. After adjusting for age, ethnicity, BMI, LVEF, and the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, sarcopenia was associated with higher serum levels of IL-6 and worse functional capacity. Conclusion In HF patients, sarcopenia was associated with IL-6 levels and functional capacity.
ABSTRACT
Frailty commonly coexists with heart failure and although both have been associated with neurohormonal dysregulation, inflammation, catabolism, and skeletal muscle dysfunction, there are still no defined biomarkers to assess frailty, especially from the perspective of populations with cardiovascular diseases. This is a cross-sectional study with 106 outpatients with heart failure, aged ≥60 years, which aimed to assess frailty through a physical (frailty phenotype) and multidimensional (Tilburg Frailty Indicator) approach and to analyze its association with inflammatory and humoral biomarkers (high sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-1, and total testosterone), clinical characteristics, and functional capacity. In univariate analysis, hs-CRP was associated with frailty in both phenotype and Tilburg Frailty Indicator assessment (PR = 1.005, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.001 to 1.009, p = 0.027 and PR = 1.015, 95% CI 1.006 to 1.024, p = 0.001, respectively), which remained significant in the final multivariate model in the frailty assessment by the phenotype (PR = 1.004, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.008, p = 0.025). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for other biomarkers analyzed. Frailty was also associated with worse functional capacity, nonoptimized pharmacological treatment and a greater number of drugs in use, age, female gender, and a greater number of comorbidities. In conclusion, frailty is associated with higher levels of hs-CRP, which can indicate it is a promising frailty biomarker.