Consumption of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages: ELSA-Brasil results. / Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e não alcoólicas: Resultados do ELSA-Brasil.

The study aims to describe the consumption of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages according to sociodemographic, health and location variables. Cross-sectional study with ELSA-Brasil data (2008-2010). A questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, food, health data and anthropometry. Descriptive analysis and association with variables of interest were carried out. In the sample, 8% of the total caloric value comes from non-alcoholic beverages (5.6%: sugary drinks), and 4% from alcoholic beverages (2.7%: beer). Consumers of unsweetened and artificially sweetened beverages reported moderate/strong physical activity, former smokers and higher education. The opposite was true for sugary drinks. Eutrophic people reported higher consumption of sugary drinks and those obese, artificially sweetened and beer. Alcohol consumption varied with age (young: beer; elderly: wine/spirits) and education (low education: beer/spirits; higher education: wine). Coffee, natural juice and soda were the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages and beer was the most prevalent alcoholic beverage. Consumption variation was observed according to geographic location. The consumption of sugary and alcoholic beverages is high in Brazil and public health strategies are required.

Objetiva-se descrever o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e não alcoólicas segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde e localização. Estudo transversal com dados do ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). Aplicou-se questionário para coleta de dados sociodemográficos, de alimentação, saúde, além de antropometria. Realizou-se análise descritiva e associação com variáveis de interesse. Na amostra, 8% do valor calórico total é proveniente de bebidas não alcoólicas (5,6%: bebidas açucaradas), e 4% de bebidas alcoólicas (2,7%: cerveja). Os consumidores de bebidas não adoçadas e adoçadas artificialmente realizam atividade física moderada/forte, são ex-fumantes e apresentam escolaridade alta. O oposto foi verificado para as bebidas açucaradas. Indivíduos eutróficos relataram maior consumo de bebidas açucaradas e os obesos, as adoçadas artificialmente e cerveja. O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas variou com a idade (jovens: cerveja; idosos: vinho/destiladas) e escolaridade (baixa: cerveja/destiladas; alta: vinho). Café, suco natural e refrigerante foram as bebidas não alcoólicas mais consumidas e a cerveja a alcoólica mais prevalente. Observou-se variação de consumo segundo a localização geográfica. O consumo de bebidas açucaradas e alcoólicas é alto no Brasil e estratégias de saúde pública são necessárias.

[Sodium/potassium urinary ratio and consumption of processed condiments and ultraprocessed foods]. / Relación sodio/potasio urinario y consumo de condimentos industrializados y alimentos ultraprocesados.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: one of the changes in diet is related to its content of sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Greater use of condiments and processed foods contributes to these changes and the Na/K ratio can be used as a marker of this consumption. Objective: to evaluate the association between Na/K ratio and consumption of industrialized condiments and ultra-processed foods. Methods: a sample of 150 adults underwent an anthropometric examination and answered the questionnaire on life habits, diet and health. Consumption of Na, K and salt was estimated by urinary excretion of 24 hours. Ultraprocessed consumption was estimated by 24-hour food registration. Na/K ratio divided into tertiles. Associations between ultraprocessed foods, use of industrialized condiments and Na/K ratio were tested. p < 0.05 was adopted. Results: the highest proportion was female (65%) and with a higher educational level (77%). Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was observed in men, in those with higher schooling and in non-whites. Those who reported a frequent consumption of industrialized condiments showed a mean sodium of 4.1 ± 1.4 g/day (p = 0.03) and salt of 10.5 ± 3.6 g/day (p = 0.03). Among those who reported frequent use of industrialized condiments, a higher Na/K ratio was found and a lower ratio was observed among those with lower consumption of ultraprocessed foods. Hypertensive and those with salt intake above the recommended one presented higher Na/K ratio. Conclusion: frequent consumption of industrialized condiments is associated with higher salt excretion and Na/K ratio and higher consumption of ultraprocessed products increases Na/K ratio.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: uno de los cambios en la alimentación está relacionado con su contenido en sodio (Na) y potasio (K). El mayor uso de condimentos y alimentos industrializados contribuye a estos cambios y la relación Na/K puede ser utilizada como marcador de ese consumo. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre la relación Na/K y el consumo de condimentos industrializados y ultraprocesados. Métodos: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 150 adultos que fueron sometidos a examen antropométrico y respondieron al cuestionario sobre hábitos de vida, alimentación y salud. El consumo de Na, K y sal fue estimado por excreción urinaria de 24 horas y el consumo de ultraprocesados, por registro alimentario de 24 horas. La relación Na/K fue categorizada en terciles. Se probaron asociaciones entre alimentos ultraprocesados, uso de condimentos industrializados y relación Na/K. Se adoptó una p < 0,05. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes era de sexo femenino (65%) y con alta escolaridad (77%). Se observó un mayor consumo de ultraprocesados entre los hombres, especialmente en los de mayor escolaridad y no blancos. Los individuos que relataron consumo frecuente de condimentos industrializados presentaron un mayor consumo de sodio (4,1 ± 1,4 g/día, p = 0,03) y sal (10,5 ± 3,6 g/día; p = 0, 03). Entre los que relataron uso frecuente de condimentos industrializados se encontró mayor relación Na/K y esta relación fue menor entre los de menor consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados. Los hipertensos y los participantes con un consumo de sal por encima de lo recomendado presentaron mayor relación Na/K. Conclusión: el consumo frecuente de condimentos industrializados está asociado a mayor excreción de sal y relación Na/K, así como el mayor consumo de ultraprocesados aumenta la relación Na/K.

Relación sodio/potasio urinario y consumo de condimentos industrializados y alimentos ultraprocesados / Sodium/potassium urinary ratio and consumption of processed condiments and ultraprocessed foods

Introducción: uno de los cambios en la alimentación está relacionado con su contenido en sodio (Na) y potasio (K). El mayor uso de condimentos y alimentos industrializados contribuye a estos cambios y la relación Na/K puede ser utilizada como marcador de ese consumo. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre la relación Na/K y el consumo de condimentos industrializados y ultraprocesados. Métodos: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 150 adultos que fueron sometidos a examen antropométrico y respondieron al cuestionario sobre hábitos de vida, alimentación y salud. El consumo de Na, K y sal fue estimado por excreción urinaria de 24 horas y el consumo de ultraprocesados, por registro alimentario de 24 horas. La relación Na/K fue categorizada en terciles. Se probaron asociaciones entre alimentos ultraprocesados, uso de condimentos industrializados y relación Na/K. Se adoptó una p < 0,05. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes era de sexo femenino (65%) y con alta escolaridad (77%). Se observó un mayor consumo de ultraprocesados entre los hombres, especialmente en los de mayor escolaridad y no blancos. Los individuos que relataron consumo frecuente de condimentos industrializados presentaron un mayor consumo de sodio (4,1 ± 1,4 g/día, p = 0,03) y sal (10,5 ± 3,6 g/día; p = 0, 03). Entre los que relataron uso frecuente de condimentos industrializados se encontró mayor relación Na/K y esta relación fue menor entre los de menor consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados. Los hipertensos y los participantes con un consumo de sal por encima de lo recomendado presentaron mayor relación Na/K. Conclusión: el consumo frecuente de condimentos industrializados está asociado a mayor excreción de sal y relación Na/K, así como el mayor consumo de ultraprocesados aumenta la relación Na/K

Introduction: one of the changes in diet is related to its content of sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Greater use of condiments and processed foods contributes to these changes and the Na/K ratio can be used as a marker of this consumption. Objective: to evaluate the association between Na/K ratio and consumption of industrialized condiments and ultra-processed foods. Methods: a sample of 150 adults underwent an anthropometric examination and answered the questionnaire on life habits, diet and health. Consumption of Na, K and salt was estimated by urinary excretion of 24 hours. Ultraprocessed consumption was estimated by 24-hour food registration. Na/K ratio divided into tertiles. Associations between ultraprocessed foods, use of industrialized condiments and Na/K ratio were tested. p < 0.05 was adopted. Results: the highest proportion was female (65%) and with a higher educational level (77%). Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was observed in men, in those with higher schooling and in non-whites. Those who reported a frequent consumption of industrialized condiments showed a mean sodium of 4.1 ± 1.4 g/day (p = 0.03) and salt of 10.5 ± 3.6 g/day (p = 0.03). Among those who reported frequent use of industrialized condiments, a higher Na/K ratio was found and a lower ratio was observed among those with lower consumption of ultraprocessed foods. Hypertensive and those with salt intake above the recommended one presented higher Na/K ratio. Conclusion: frequent consumption of industrialized condiments is associated with higher salt excretion and Na/K ratio and higher consumption of ultraprocessed products increases Na/K ratio

Estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas por mulheres vítimas de violência / Coping strategies adopted by women victims of violence / Estrategias de enfrentamiento adoptadas por mujeres víctimas de violencia

Objetivo: analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas por mulheres vítimas de violência. Método: descritivo, quantiqualitativo, realizado com 19 mulheres, vítimas de violência, atendidas na Central de Apoio Multidisciplinar em Serra, Espírito Santo, no ano de 2013. Utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada e gravação para coleta de dados socioeconômicos e da violência. Aplicou-se a análise de conteúdo dos depoimentos obtidos. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: prevaleceram mulheres com idade igual e inferior a 39 anos, ensino médio completo, renda própria e familiar de um a dois salários mínimos, evangélicas. As categorias temáticas desveladas a partir dos depoimentos foram: enfrentamento da violência com foco no problema (42,1%), enfrentamento da violência com foco na emoção (26,3%), enfrentamento da violência com foco na emoção e religião (21,1%) e enfrentamento da violência com foco na emoção e no problema (10,5%). Conclusão: as mulheres em situação de violência vivenciam diferentes modalidades de enfrentamento desse agravo, com foco no problema, emoção e religião.

Objective: to examine the coping strategies adopted by women victims of violence. Method: in this quanti-qualitative, descriptive study of 19 women victims of violence, who attended the Multidisciplinary Support Center in Serra, Espírito Santo, in 2013, semi-structured interview and recording were used to collect socioeconomic and violence data. Content analysis was applied to the testimonies. The study was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: the women were predominantly aged 39 years or less, had completed secondary education, had their own income, a family income of 1 to 2 minimum wages, and were Evangelicals. The themes recovered from their accounts were: combating violence by focusing on the problem (42.1%), combating violence by focusing on emotion (26.3%), combating violence by focusing on emotion and religion (21.1%), and combating violence by focusing on emotion and the problem (10.5%). Conclusion: women in situations of violence experienced different manners of coping with this disorder, by focusing on the problem, emotion and religion.

Objetivo: analizar las estrategias de enfrentamiento adoptadas por mujeres víctimas de violencia. Método: descriptivo, cuantitativo y cualitativo, realizado junto a 19 mujeres, víctimas de violencia, atendidas en la Central de Apoyo Multidisciplinario en Serra, Espirito Santo, en 2013. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada y grabación para recolección de datos socioeconómicos y de la violencia. Se aplicó el análisis de contenido de las declaraciones obtenidas. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: prevalecieron mujeres cuya edad es de 39 años o menos, liceo completo, ingresos propios y familiares de uno a dos salarios mínimos familiares y evangélicas. Las categorías temáticas desveladas a partir de las declaraciones fueron: enfrentamiento de la violencia con foco en el problema (42,1%), enfrentamiento de la violencia con foco en la emoción (26,3%), enfrentamiento de la violencia con foco en la emoción y la religión (21,1%) y enfrentamiento de la violencia con foco en la emoción y en el problema (10,5%). Conclusión: las mujeres en situación de violencia experimentan diferentes formas de afrontamiento de esta enfermedad, centrándose en el problema, la emoción y la religión.

Perfil reprodutivo e ginecológico de mulheres em situação de violência / Reproductive and gynecological profile of women in situations of violence / Perfil reproductivos y ginecológico de las mujeres en la situación violencia

Objetivo: Identificar o perfil reprodutivo e ginecológico de mulheres em situação de violência. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico do tipo descritivo. A população foi constituída por mulheres vítimas de violência, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, atendidas em um centro de apoio multidisciplinar. Resultados: Das 42 participantes, cerca de 88,0% já engravidaram. A história de corrimento vaginal foi relatada por 53,4%, a realização do teste de HIV na vida foi feita por 71,4%, e a maioria (88,1%) não usa camisinha nas relações sexuais. Pouco mais da metade (52,4%) revelou que o parceiro já evitou que elas usassem algum método contraceptivo, e, em relação ao exame do Papanicolaou, 95,2% das mulheres relataram já ter realizado. Conclusão: Observa-se um perfil de vulnerabilidade no que tange à não realização de pré-natal e não uso de camisinha nas relações sexuais

Objective: To identify the reproductive and gynecological profile of women in situations of violence. Methods: Descriptive epidemiological study. The population was constituted by women victims of violence, aged 18 or over, attended at a multidisciplinary support center. Results: Of the 42 participants, about 88,0% became pregnant. The history of vaginal discharge was reported by 53.4%, the HIV test in life was performed by 71,4%, and the majority (88,1%) did not use the condom in sexual intercourse. A little more than half (52,4%) reported that the partner had already prevented them from using any contraceptive method, and in relation to the Pap smear, 95,2% of the women reported having already performed. Conclusion: In this group of women in situations of violence, a profile of vulnerability is observed, regarding the failure to perform prenatal care and the non-use of condoms in sexual relationships

Objetivo: Identificar el perfil reproductivo y ginecológico de las mujeres en situaciones de violencia. Método: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo. La población estuvo constituida por mujeres víctimas de la violencia, edad mayor o igual a 18, tratado en un centro de apoyo multidisciplinario. Resultados: De los 42 participantes, alrededor de 88,0% ya está embarazada. La historia de la secreción vaginal fue informada por el 53,4%, el logro de la prueba del VIH en la vida era de 71,4%, y la mayoría (88,1%) no utilizaron un condón durante las relaciones sexuales. Más de la mitad (52,4%) reveló que la pareja ha impedido que iban a utilizar un método anticonceptivo y en relación con el examen de Papanicolaou, el 95,2% de las mujeres informaron de que habían hecho. Conclusión: Observó un perfil de vulnerabilidad, con respecto a la no realización de la atención prenatal y el no uso de preservativos durante las relaciones sexuales

Validation of single measurement of 12-hour urine excretion for estimation of sodium and potassium intake. A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of sodium and potassium intake can be carried out using different methods. Biological markers are able to capture intra and inter-individual variability and are used as separate measurements of consumption. The aim of this study was to test the validity of a single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium excretion as representative of habitual intake. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study, federal university. METHODS: Food consumption data from a sample of adult university students and public servants (25 to 74 years old) were collected through 24-hour records and 12-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion at five different times over a one-year period. The dietary data were entered into a nutritional research data software system and the sodium and potassium intakes were estimated. The variables were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate means. Correlations between measurements using Pearson or Spearman coefficients were calculated. The degree of agreement between the five measurements was given by the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Satisfactory agreement was found between the five measurements of urinary sodium and potassium excretion over a year, with little variability in consumption. CONCLUSION: A single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium accurately estimated the usual average consumption of these electrolytes. This can be used in population-based studies.

Validation of single measurement of 12-hour urine excretion for estimation of sodium and potassium intake. A longitudinal study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Evaluation of sodium and potassium intake can be carried out using different methods. Biological markers are able to capture intra and inter-individual variability and are used as separate measurements of consumption. The aim of this study was to test the validity of a single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium excretion as representative of habitual intake. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study, federal university. METHODS: Food consumption data from a sample of adult university students and public servants (25 to 74 years old) were collected through 24-hour records and 12-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion at five different times over a one-year period. The dietary data were entered into a nutritional research data software system and the sodium and potassium intakes were estimated. The variables were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate means. Correlations between measurements using Pearson or Spearman coefficients were calculated. The degree of agreement between the five measurements was given by the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Satisfactory agreement was found between the five measurements of urinary sodium and potassium excretion over a year, with little variability in consumption. CONCLUSION: A single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium accurately estimated the usual average consumption of these electrolytes. This can be used in population-based studies.

Consumption of alcohol and blood pressure: Results of the ELSA-Brasil study.

BACKGROUND: Prevention and reduction of excessive use of alcohol represents damages to society in general. In turn, arterial hypertension is the main attributable risk factor premature life lost years and disability. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and high blood pressure in participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODOLOGY: A baseline data of total of 7,655 participants volunteers between 35 and 74 years of age, of both genders, in six educational and research institutions of three different regions of the country were interviewed between 2008-2010. Socioeconomic, haemodynamic, anthropometric and health data were collected in the research centers of ELSA-Brasil. The presence of high blood pressure was identified when the systolic blood pressure was ≥140 mm Hg and/or the diastolic was ≥90 mm Hg. Alcohol consumption was estimated and categorized regarding consumption and pattern of ingestion. The Student's t-test, chi-squared and logistic regression tests were used for analysis, including potential co-variables of the model, and a 5% significance level was adopted. RESULTS: A dose-response relation was observed for the consumption of alcohol (g/week) in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Alcohol consumption was associated with high blood pressure in men who reported moderate (OR = 1.69; 95%CI 1.35-2.11) and excessive (OR = 2.70; 95%CI 2.04-3.59) consumption. Women have nearly three times more chance of presenting elevated blood pressure when presenting excessive consumption (OR = 2.86, 95%CI 1.77-4.63), and binge drinkers who drink more than 2 to 3 times a month have approximately 70% more chance of presenting with elevated blood pressure, after adjusting for consumption of drinks with meals. CONCLUSION: The consumption of alcohol beverages increases the odds of elevated blood pressure, especially among excessive drinkers. Therefore alcohol consumption needs a more robust regulation in view of its impact on population health.