Detection of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis Isolates, Panama.

We detected Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) in 11 isolates of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis collected during 2014-2019 from patients from different geographic areas in Panama. The distribution suggested a spread of LRV1 in L. (V.) panamensis parasites. We found no association between LRV1 and an increase in clinical pathology.

Postoperative Sensitivity of Composite Replacement of Amalgam Restoration: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the postoperative sensitivity of different resin composite/adhesive materials, placed either by an incremental or bulk-fill technique in posterior resin composite replacement of amalgam restorations. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 47 patients with good overall health and at least four class I or class II amalgam restorations to be replaced participated in this study. The characteristics of 188 cavities were registered and randomly restored using incremental (Z350XT, 3M) or bulk-fill (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M; Sonic Fill, Kerr; and Opus Bulk Fill, FGM) technique. The postoperative sensitivity was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (0-100) after 24 hours, 7 days, and 30 days. Pain scores were temporally analyzed using Friedman test followed by Dunn post hoc test (α=0.05). The frequency of tests was calculated according to the frequency and percentage of the McNemar test. RESULTS: The restorative technique and the bulk-fill system used did not affect the postoperative sensitivity, except for Filtek Bulk Fill group, which presented less postoperative sensitivity after 24 hours (p=0.037). Regardless of the restorative material, the postoperative sensitivity decreased after 24 hours, and no differences were found after 7 and 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: After 1 week, the filling technique and the bulk-fill system have no influence on the postoperative sensitivity.

Evaluation of Novel Plant-derived Monomers-based Pretreatment on Bonding to Sound and Caries-affected Dentin.

This study evaluated the influence of new monomers derived from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) applied for dentin biomodification on resin-dentin bond strength, nanoleakage, and micropermeability to sound and artificially-created caries-affected dentin. Human dentin specimens were assigned to five groups, according to the following dentin pretreatment solutions: Absolute ethanol (control), 2 wt% grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera), 2 wt% cardol [from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)], 2 wt% cardol-methacrylate or 2 wt% cardanol-methacrylate applied on sound and artificial caries-affected dentin. Specimens were analyzed after 24 hour or 1 year of water storage. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) (n=6), interface micropermeability (n=3), and silver nanoleakage (n=6) were assessed using a universal testing machine, confocal laser scanning microscope, and scanning electron microscope, respectively. In sound dentin, no difference in bond strength was observed between the groups in either storage period. In artificial caries-affected dentin, pretreatment with cardol-methacrylate resulted in statistically higher bond strength than all the other treatments in both storage periods. Cardol-methacrylate treatment resulted in less nanoleakage, along with improved interfacial integrity, compared to further treatments in artificial caries-affected dentin. Regarding micropermeability analysis, all treatments depicted deficient sealing ability when applied on artificial caries-affected dentin, with the presence of gaps in the control group. In conclusion, cardol-methacrylate is a promising plant-derived monomer to reinforce the hybrid layer, since it preserved resin-dentin bond strength and improved dentin bonding, especially to caries-affected dentin, a well-known harsh substrate for adhesion longevity.

An overview on the current available treatment for COVID-19 and the impact of antibiotic administration during the pandemic

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused several problems in healthcare systems around the world, as to date, there is no effective and specific treatment against all forms of COVID-19. Currently, drugs with therapeutic potential are being tested, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, immunotherapy, and antibiotics. Although antibiotics have no direct effect on viral infections, they are often used against secondary bacterial infections, or even as empiric treatment to reduce viral load, infection, and replication of coronaviruses. However, there are many concerns about this therapeutic approach as it may accelerate and/or increase the long-term rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We focused this overview on exploring candidate drugs for COVID-19 therapy, including antibiotics, considering the lack of specific treatment and that it is unclear whether the widespread use of antibiotics in the treatment of COVID-19 has implications for the emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

An overview on the current available treatment for COVID-19 and the impact of antibiotic administration during the pandemic.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused several problems in healthcare systems around the world, as to date, there is no effective and specific treatment against all forms of COVID-19. Currently, drugs with therapeutic potential are being tested, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, immunotherapy, and antibiotics. Although antibiotics have no direct effect on viral infections, they are often used against secondary bacterial infections, or even as empiric treatment to reduce viral load, infection, and replication of coronaviruses. However, there are many concerns about this therapeutic approach as it may accelerate and/or increase the long-term rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We focused this overview on exploring candidate drugs for COVID-19 therapy, including antibiotics, considering the lack of specific treatment and that it is unclear whether the widespread use of antibiotics in the treatment of COVID-19 has implications for the emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

In vitro effect of children's toothpaste on brushing abrasion of eroded primary enamel.

PURPOSE: Emerging data have suggested that acid erosion has become an increasing clinical problem in pediatric dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the abrasive effects of two commercial toothpastes on primary enamel eroded by orange juice using an in vitro model. METHODS: Thirty enamel slabs were obtained from primary teeth and then randomly assigned to three groups (n = 8) comprising two different toothpastes: G1-control-distilled water; G2-Dentifrice A (containing no fluoride); and G3-Dentifrice B (1.100 ppmF-NaF). Each slab had one half protected to provide a control side, and the other one was subjected to treatments. The slabs were submitted to daily erosive challenges (3×/day, 2 min) in concentrated orange juice (pH 3.38) associated with abrasive challenges using a tooth-brushing machine (150 brush movements for each cycle). During the experimental period, the slabs were kept in 37 °C artificial saliva, and the experiment was carried out for 5 days. The depths of the resulting eroded areas were measured by stylus profilometry. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer test (α = 5%). RESULTS: Tooth loss (µm, mean ± SD) was 2.46 ± 1.18 for G1, 3.32 ± 2.12 for G2 and 2.14 ± 1.03 for G3. Therefore, the NaF dentifrice (Dentifrice B) produced significantly less mineral loss (p = 0.04) than dentifrice A. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that fluoride toothpaste could protect primary enamel against erosion.

SEOM clinical guidelines in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (2019).

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 high penetrance genes account for most hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, although other new high-moderate penetrance genes included in multigene panels have increased the genetic diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families by 50%. Multigene cancer panels provide new challenges related to increased frequency of variants of uncertain significance, new gene-specific cancer risk assessments, and clinical recommendations for carriers of mutations of new genes. Although clinical criteria for genetic testing continue to be largely based on personal and family history with around a 10% detection rate, broader criteria are being applied with a lower threshold for detecting mutations when there are therapeutic implications for patients with breast or ovarian cancer. In this regard, new models of genetic counselling and testing are being implemented following the registration of PARP inhibitors for individuals who display BRCA mutations. Massive sequencing techniques in tumor tissue is also driving a paradigm shift in genetic testing and potential identification of germline mutations. In this paper, we review the current clinical criteria for genetic testing, as well as surveillance recommendations in healthy carriers, risk reduction surgical options, and new treatment strategies in breast cancer gene-mutated carriers.

SEOM clinical guidelines on cardiovascular toxicity (2018).

One of the most common side effects of cancer treatment is cardiovascular disease, which substantially impacts long-term survivor's prognosis. Cardiotoxicity can be related with either a direct side effect of antitumor therapies or an accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases in the presence of preexisting risk factors. Even though it is widely recognized as an alarming clinical problem, scientific evidence is scarce in the management of these complications in cancer patients. Consequently, current recommendations are based on expert consensus. This Guideline represents SEOM's ongoing commitment to progressing and improving supportive care for cancer patients.

Pathology of blackleg in cattle in California, 1991-2015.

Blackleg is an infectious disease of cattle and rarely other ruminants, produced by Clostridium chauvoei and characterized by necrotizing myositis. In most cases of blackleg, the large muscles of the pectoral and pelvic girdles are affected, with other skeletal muscles and the heart involved less frequently. We studied 29 blackleg cases selected from the archives of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, 1991-2015. Immunohistochemistry was also evaluated to detect C. chauvoei in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of cattle. Nineteen animals had gross and/or microscopic lesions in both skeletal muscle and heart, 9 had lesions in the skeletal musculature alone, and 1 in the heart alone. Gross lesions in the skeletal musculature involved the following muscle groups: hindquarters ( n = 8), forequarters ( n = 5), neck ( n = 5), lumbar area ( n = 3), brisket ( n = 2), diaphragm ( n = 2), abdominal wall ( n = 1), thoracic wall ( n = 1), and tongue ( n = 1). Of the 20 animals that had lesions in the heart, 11 had pericarditis and myocarditis; 7 had pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis; and 1 each had pericarditis and myocarditis. Immunohistochemistry was 100% sensitive to detect C. chauvoei in FFPE skeletal muscle and/or heart of cattle with blackleg. Simultaneous lesions in skeletal musculature and heart were relatively common in blackleg cases in California; the most affected skeletal muscles were those of the hindlimbs.

Ultra-processed foods consumption among inmates in a women's prison in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods among inmates in a women's prison in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2012/2013 with 1,013 female inmates. A structured interview questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, self-reported morbidity and healthy lifestyles and health-related behaviors data. The inmates' usual diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Foods were classified as either natural or minimally processed, processed or ultra-processed. RESULTS: Inmates age ranged from 18 to 65 years, 51.7% were black, 80.3% had children, 69.5% smoked, 47% were overweight/obese and half of them had high blood triglycerides. The prevalence of daily consumption of natural or minimally processed foods (rice, beans and cassava flour) was 87.7%. The prevalence of daily consumption of green leafy and other vegetables was 63.7%. Almost two-thirds reported consuming milk and fried chicken frequently. A high prevalence of daily consumption of ultra-processed foods was observed in this study. Hot dog bread and sweet bread with margarine were consumed by 86.5% of the interviewees on a daily basis; sugar sweetened beverages by 68.4%, and biscuits as well as candies by 77.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The women's diet in the prison is of low quality, and may lead to metabolic alterations, obesity and other comorbidities. It is recommended that the prison's Food Evaluation Committee considers improvements to the quality of the prisoners' diets.

Gastrointestinal parasite control during prepuberty improves mammary parenchyma development in Holstein heifers.

Parasitism during development impairs normal growth and delays the onset of puberty through altered hormone profiles, including insulin-like growth factor one (IGF-1). As mammary gland development during prepuberty is strongly dependent on IGF-1, we determined if antiparasitic treatment during this stage of growth improved mammary gland development. One group of Holstein heifers was treated monthly, rotationally with antiparasitic drugs from birth to 70 weeks of age, a second group was untreated. Treated heifer calves had between 56% and 65% less EPG counts than untreated ones. Presence of Ostertagia, Cooperia, Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus was demonstrated. Treatment effectively advanced the onset of puberty and increased IGF-1 levels. At 20, 30, 40 and 70 weeks of age biopsies from the mammary gland were taken and histological sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Pictures were analyzed to compare parenchyma area in relation to total mammary tissue between groups. Mammary samples from treated heifers had higher ratios of parenchyma/total area than untreated ones. As mammary development during prepuberty is crucial for mammary performance during lactation, these results add new evidence to the importance of gastrointestinal parasite control in heifers.

PREVALÊNCIA E AVALIAÇÃO EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DA IMUNODEFICIÊNCIA FELINA EM GATOS ATENDIDOS NA UNIDADE HOSPITALAR VETERINÁRIA DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO CEARÁ / PREVALENCE AND EVALUATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN CATS SEEN AT THE ...

A imunodeficiência felina (IF) é uma doença viral, que devido à sua alta morbidade e imunodepressão associada a prováveis infecções oportunistas, a torna uma importante enfermidade infecciosa em gatos domésticos. No Brasil, as taxas de prevalência são variáveis, havendo carência de informações epidemiológicas em diferentes regiões do país. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos para o vírus da IF, utilizando o teste de imunocromatografia rápida (TICR), bem como avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos da doença. Para isso, utilizou-se o kit do TICR da Bioeasy® de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante em 50 gatos da rotina de atendimentos da Unidade Hospital Veterinária da Universidade Estadual do Ceará – UHV/UECE, no período de março a maio do ano de 2013. Verificou-se que a prevalência de animais positivos para IF foi 30% (15/50), sendo que 26,6% (4/15) eram animais assintomáticos e 73,3% (11/15) sintomáticos. As principais manifestações clínicas observa

Prevalência e avaliação epidemiológica da imunodeficiência felina em gatos atendidos na unidade hospitalar veterinária da universidade estadual do ceará / prevalence and evaluation of epidemiological feline immunodeficiency in cats seen at the ..

A imunodeficiência felina (IF) é uma doença viral, que devido à sua alta morbidade e imunodepressão associada a prováveis infecções oportunistas, a torna uma importante enfermidade infecciosa em gatos domésticos. No Brasil, as taxas de prevalência são variáveis, havendo carência de informações epidemiológicas em diferentes regiões do país. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos para o vírus da IF, utilizando o teste de imunocromatografia rápida (TICR), bem como avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos da doença. Para isso, utilizou-se o kit do TICR da Bioeasy® de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante em 50 gatos da rotina de atendimentos da Unidade Hospital Veterinária da Universidade Estadual do Ceará – UHV/UECE, no período de março a maio do ano de 2013. Verificou-se que a prevalência de animais positivos para IF foi 30% (15/50), sendo que 26,6% (4/15) eram animais assintomáticos e 73,3% (11/15) sintomáticos. As principais manifestações clínicas observa

Angiomatosis cavernosa cerebral múltiple en pediatria / Cavernous angiomatosis in children

Las malformaciones vasculares intracraneanas en niños son lesiones congénitas debidas a alteraciones en el desarrollo de la red arteriocapilar. Se presentan por orden de frecuencia: malformaciones arteriovenosas, angiomas cavernosos o cavernomas, angiomas venosos y telangiectasias. Se describe el caso de un paciente de 3 años de edad con diagnostico de angiomatosis cavernosa cerebral múltiple derecha, con variadas manifestaciones clínicas, como crisis convulsivas focales complejas motoras, alteración en la marcha, hemiparesia izquierda, entre otras que están relacionadas con esta patología. Los casos descritos de angiomatosis cavernosa múltiple son en pacientes adultos, es evidente entonces que este caso clínico contribuye a una identificación en la literatura por sus características especiales de presentación clínica y manejo en pacientes pediátricos.

Intracranial vascular malformations are congenital lesions due to alterations in network development arterioca-pillary. Are presented in order of frequency, arteriovenous malformations, cavernous angiomas or cavernomas, venous angiomas and telangiectasias. This paper describe the case of a 3 year old boy diagnosed with multiple peripheral cerebral cavernous angio-matosis right with different clinical symptoms such as focal motor seizures, left hemiparesis, among others related to this pathology. Multiple cavernous angiomatosis has been described in adult patients, it is clear then that the case report contributes to the literature identifying special characteristics of clinical presentation and management in pediatric patients.

Infection with a Hepatozoon sp. closely related to Hepatozoon felis in a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex -Pseudalopex -gymnocercus) co-infected with canine distemper virus.

A species of Hepatozoon closely related to Hepatozoon felis found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) is described. The fox was euthanized after showing severe incoordination. On necropsy and histopathology there was bilateral, diffuse, severe, sub-acute, necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. Canine distemper virus was detected by immunohistochemistry in the bronchiolar epithelium, syncytial cells, alveolar macrophages and pneumocytes. The skeletal muscle and myocardium contained multiple round to oval protozoan cysts ranging from 64 µm × 75 µm to 98 µm × 122 µm, with a central eosinophilic meront-like core surrounded by concentric rings of mucinous material resembling Hepatozoon americanum cysts but smaller in size. Macrophages within rare pyogranulomas and monocytes/macrophages in adjacent sinusoidal blood vessels in the skeletal muscle contained intracytoplasmic round protozoa consistent with merozoites or developing gamonts of Hepatozoon. Hepatozoon sp. infection was confirmed by PCR of skeletal muscle and the sequenced 18S rRNA PCR product was found to be 99% identical to H. felis by BLAST analysis and deposited in GenBank as accession number HQ020489. It clustered together in the phylogenetic analysis with published H. felis sequences and separately from H. canis, H. americanum and other Hepatozoon species. However, the close relatedness of the fox Hepatozoon to H. felis does not rule out infection with a different and possibly unknown Hepatozoon species.

Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related emergency department visits.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can have recurrent disease exacerbations triggered by several factors, including air pollution. Visits to the emergency respiratory department can be a direct result of short-term exposure to air pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the daily number of COPD emergency department visits and the daily environmental air concentrations of PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), CO and O(3) in the City of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The sample data were collected between 2001 and 2003 and are categorised by gender and age. Generalised linear Poisson regression models were adopted to control for both short- and long-term seasonal changes as well as for temperature and relative humidity. The non-linear dependencies were controlled using a natural cubic spline function. Third-degree polynomial distributed lag models were adopted to estimate both lag structures and the cumulative effects of air pollutants. RESULTS: PM(10) and SO(2) readings showed both acute and lagged effects on COPD emergency department visits. Interquartile range increases in their concentration (28.3 microg/m(3) and 7.8 microg/m(3), respectively) were associated with a cumulative 6-day increase of 19% and 16% in COPD admissions, respectively. An effect on women was observed at lag 0, and among the elderly the lag period was noted to be longer. Increases in CO concentration showed impacts in the female and elderly groups. NO(2) and O(3) presented mild effects on the elderly and in women, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that air pollution affects health in a gender- and age-specific manner and should be considered a relevant risk factor that exacerbates COPD in urban environments.

Prolonged effect of a mother-child caries preventive program on dental caries in the permanent 1st molars in 9 to 10-year-old children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of caries in the permanent 1st molars of a group of 9 to 10-year-old children, and to determine the long-term effect of a mother-child preventive dental program (PDP) that started when the women were pregnant and continued until the children were 6 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The permanent 1st molars of 37 children in the PDP group were evaluated for caries, both clinically and radiographically, and compared with those of a control group of 42 children who had not participated in the PDP. RESULTS: Of children in the PDP group, 70% were caries free compared to 33% in the control group (p<0.001). Of permanent 1st molars in the PDP group, 87% were caries-free compared to 61% in the control group (p<0.001). The mean DFS of the PDP children 10 years of age was 0.519+/-0.93 versus 1.57+/-1.38 for the control children (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Examination of children 4 years after discontinuation of a caries preventive program reflected a long-term reduction in the DFS score of permanent 1st molars.

A 2-year clinical evaluation of sealed noncavitated approximal posterior carious lesions in adolescents.

The objective was to evaluate the clinical performance of a therapeutic sealant to arrest the progression of noncavitated approximal posterior carious lesions. The study population comprised 50 adolescents in whom bitewing radiographs had been taken for diagnosis of caries. Approximal noncavitated lesions in premolars and molars (4d-7m) were selected. One group (n=17) had a sealant placed after tooth separation on all enamel lesions. A second group (n=7) received sealant and fluoride varnish in a split-mouth design. A control group (n=26) received a standard fluoride varnish treatment without tooth separation. Follow-up radiographs were taken after 2 years and were analyzed together with the baseline radiographs in a blind study setting. About 93% of the sealed initial carious lesions showed no progression. The corresponding value for the fluoride varnish control group was 88%. In the split-mouth study, 92 and 88% of the surfaces with enamel caries showed no progression after sealant or fluoride varnish treatment, respectively. The difference between the two treatment procedures was not statistically significant. The incidence rate for the transition from enamel caries to dentin caries or fillings was 3.5-3.9 surfaces/100 years in the sealant groups and 5.9-6.1 surfaces/100 years in the fluoride varnish groups. The results show the potential of sealants to act as a noninvasive treatment of early approximal enamel lesions.

Effects of HEMA/solvent combinations on bond strength to dentin.

Re-expansion of dried demineralized dentin is required to optimize resin adhesion. This study tested the hypothesis that bond strengths to dentin depend upon the ability of experimental HEMA(2-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate)/solvent primers to re-expand the matrix. Dentin surfaces were acid-etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 sec, air-dried for 30 sec, primed with either 35/65% (v/v) HEMA/water, HEMA/methanol, HEMA/ethanol, or HEMA/propanol for 60 sec, and bonded with 4-META-TBBO(4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride-tri-n-butyl borane) adhesive. After storage in water for 1 day at 37 degrees C, the samples were prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. We used transmission electron microscopy to measure the width of interfibrillar spaces in the hybrid layers. The HEMA/ethanol primer and the HEMA/propanol primer produced the highest and the lowest bond strengths, respectively (p < 0.05). Bond strengths were directly correlated with the width of the interfibrillar spaces (p < 0.05). Bond strengths are related to the ability of the primer to maintain the re-expansion of collapsed demineralized dentin matrix.