Legislative proposal in Italy to facilitate contacts between deceased organ donor families and transplant recipients.

Contacts between organ donors and recipients might be possible in the near future in Italy. As suggested by The Italian Committee of Bioethics "anonymity is requested by the Italian National Transplant Centre" before transplantation anonymity shall be strict in order to grant privacy, gratuity, justice, solidarity and benefits and avoids organ trafficking. Following a period that is ethically correct and justifiable, organ donor families and recipients can meet after signing a valid declaration of consent, expressed on a template valid for the whole country. A third party within the body of the National Health Systems shall control the validity of the consent. The opinion stresses that contacts are not a right but a possibility justifiable on ethical grounds if the procedure is followed appropriately. A legislative proposal has been presented before the Chamber of deputies incorporating all suggestions made by the National Committee of Bioethics. The agreement between parties might be signed a year after transplantation. This is a long enough period of time for the recipients to fully appreciate the benefits of the procedure and for the donor families to see the effects of their decision (the opinion and the Law proposal hit the Zeitgeist, and keep Italy in the regulation of European Union).

ADAM17, a New Player in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder.

The triad composed by α-Klotho, fibroblast growth factor-23, and its receptor are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is a metalloproteinase causing the proteolytic shedding of α-Klotho from the cell membrane, and its role in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder is not yet known. We studied the circulating levels of the above-mentioned mediators in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to uremia, compared to control subjects, as well as in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. We also measured the immunofluorescence pattern of the relevant tissue proteins in specimens obtained from patients undergoing parathyroid surgery for secondary compared to primary hyperparathyroidism. Results showed that α-Klotho tissue levels are reduced, in the presence of increased ADAM17 tissue levels. In addition, we showed increased serum levels of the main product of ADAM17 proteolytic activity, tumor necrosis factor-α. Thus, we found a paradoxical situation, in secondary compared to primary hyperparathyroidism, that is, that in the face of increased tumor necrosis factor-α in circulation, both soluble and tissue α-Klotho are reduced significantly, despite increased tissue ADAM17. In conclusion, tissue and serum levels of α-Klotho seem to have become independent from the regulation induced by ADAM17, which constitutes therefore another tassel in the impaired α-Klotho-FGF23 receptor axis present in uremia.

Role of prophylactic central neck dissection in clinically node-negative differentiated thyroid cancer: assessment of the risk of regional recurrence.

Prophylactic central neck dissection in clinically node-negative patients remains controversial. The aim of this multicenter retrospective study was to determine the rate of metastases in the central neck in clinically node-negative differentiated thyroid cancer patients, to examine the morbidity, and to assess the risk of regional recurrence in patients treated with total thyroidectomy with concomitant bilateral or ipsilateral central neck dissection compared with those undergoing total thyroidectomy alone. 258 consecutive clinically node-negative patients were divided into three groups according to the procedures performed: total thyroidectomy only (group A), total thyroidectomy with concomitant ipsilateral central neck dissection (group B), and total thyroidectomy combined with bilateral central neck dissection (group C). Mean operative time and postoperative stay were shorter in Group A (p < 0.01). The incidence of postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism was lower in Group A (p = 0.03), whereas no differences in the incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism and nerve palsy were present. Postoperative radioactive iodine administration was higher in group B and particularly C (p = 0.03) compared with group A. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of regional recurrence. Differentiated thyroid cancer has a high rate of central lymph node metastasis even in clinically node-negative patients; in the present study there was no statistically significant difference in the rates of locoregional recurrence between the three modalities of treatment. Total thyroidectomy appears to be an adequate treatment for clinically node-negative differentiated thyroid cancer. Prophylactic central neck dissection might be considered for differentiated thyroid cancer patients with large tumor size or extrathyroidal extension.

Germline Polymorphisms of the VEGF Pathway Predict Recurrence in Nonadvanced Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Context: Tumor angiogenesis is determined by host genetic background rather than environment. Germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway have demonstrated prognostic value in different tumors. Objectives: Our main objective was to test the prognostic value of germline SNPs of the VEGF pathway in nonadvanced differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Secondarily, we sought to correlate analyzed SNPs with microvessel density (MVD). Design: Multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Setting: Four referral centers. Patients: Blood samples were obtained from consecutive DTC patients. Genotyping was performed according to the TaqMan protocol, including 4 VEGF-A (-2578C>A, -460T>C, +405G>C, and +936C>T) and 2 VEGFR-2 (+1192 C>T and +1719 T>A) SNPs. MVD was estimated by means of CD34 staining. Outcome Measures: Rate of recurrent structural disease/disease-free survival (DFS). Difference in MVD between tumors from patients with different genotype. Results: Two hundred four patients with stage I-II DTC (mean follow-up, 73 ± 64 months) and 240 patients with low- to intermediate-risk DTC (mean follow-up, 70 ± 60 months) were enrolled. Two "risk" genotypes were identified by combining VEGF-A SNPs -2578 C>A, -460 T>C, and +405 G>C. The ACG homozygous genotype was protective in both stage I-II (odds ratio [OR], 0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 1.43; P = 0.018) and low- to intermediate-risk (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.01 to 1.13; P = 0.035) patients. The CTG homozygous genotype was significantly associated with recurrence in stage I-II (OR, 5.47; 95% CI, 1.15 to 26.04; P = 0.018) and was slightly deleterious in low- to intermediate-risk (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 0.8 to 14.33; P = 0.079) patients. MVD of primary tumors from patients harboring a protective genotype was significantly lower (median MVD, 76.5 ± 12.7 and 86.7 ± 27.9, respectively; P = 0.024). Conclusions: Analysis of germline VEGF-A SNPs could empower a prognostic approach to DTC.

Pancreatic stump closure after pancreatoduodenectomy in elderly patients: a retrospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula (PF) after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) represents the major source of morbidity. Derivative procedures are preferred by pancreatic surgeons, but the optimal management of remnant pancreatic stump remains controversial. AIMS: The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pancreatic stump closure in selected elderly patients (>65 years). METHODS: Clinical data of 44 PD undergone mechanical closure of the pancreatic stump performed between 2001 and 2014 in two department of general and oncologic surgery were retrospectively collected. Considering the age, patients were divided into two groups: 21 patients of less than 65 years (Group A) and 23 patients of more than 65 years (Group B). RESULTS: A soft pancreatic parenchyma with a not-dilated duct (diameter <3 mm) was reported in all the 44 patients. A grade-A PF, which did not required further treatments, developed in 20 cases (45.4%; 13 in group A and 7 in group B; p < 0.05), grade-B in 5 patients (11.4%; 3 in group A and 2 in group B; statistically not significant) and a grade-C PF was observed only in one patient (2.2%; 1 in group A and 0 in group B). DISCUSSION: In selected "high risk" elderly patients (>65 years) with soft pancreatic texture, the closure of the pancreatic stump can be a useful tool in the surgical armamentarium with the aim to reduce the incidence of age-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective randomized controlled trial to better evaluate PF risk factors is needed.

Role of prophylactic central compartment lymph node dissection in clinically N0 differentiated thyroid cancer patients: analysis of risk factors and review of modern trends.

In the last years, especially thanks to a large diffusion of ultrasound-guided FNBs, a surprising increased incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), "small" tumors and microcarcinomas have been reported in the international series. This led endocrinologists and surgeons to search for "tailored" and "less aggressive" therapeutic protocols avoiding risky morbidity and useless "overtreatment". Considering the most recent guidelines of referral endocrine societies, we analyzed the role of routine or so-called prophylactic central compartment lymph node dissection (RCLD), also considering its benefits and risks. Literature data showed that the debate is still open and the surgeons are divided between proponents and opponents of its use. Even if lymph node metastases are commonly observed, and in up to 90% of DTC cases micrometastases are reported, the impact of lymphatic involvement on long-term survival is subject to intensive research and the best indications of lymph node dissection are still controversial. Identification of prognostic factors for central compartment metastases could assist surgeons in determining whether to perform RLCD. Considering available evidence, a general agreement to definitely reserve RCLD to "high-risk" cases was observed. More clinical researches, in order to identify risk factors of meaningful predictive power and prospective long-term randomized trials, should be useful to validate this selective approach.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Nosography, management and treatment.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) represent about 7% of all NETs, 8.7% of gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP-NETs) and 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. In the last two decades, the increased diagnosis of pNETs has generated great interest and the development of different classifications, grading and staging systems. Recently, several trials were performed in order to improve the knowledge of biomarkers and imaging and to provide an early diagnosis, but their role is still under debate. Nowadays, surgery represents the only curative approach for pNETs. Approximately 90% of pNETs are silent and non-functional; therefore, most patients are diagnosed in late stage and present metastatic (60%) or locally unresectable advanced disease (21%) with a poor prognosis. Not many therapeutic options are available for pNETs, with different treatments for G1-G2 and G3 tumors, because these diseases are still rare and trials are made up of few series of patients. At present, medical treatments is controversial. On these bases, we believe that a multidisciplinary team composed of surgeons, oncologists, endocrinologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists and medicals nuclear is required. This paper presents a review of present state-of-the-art in the field of pNETs.

Natural history, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of thyroid microcarcinoma (TMC) A mono-institutional 5 year experience.

Thyroid microcarcinoma (TMC) it's a rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer, which according to the World Health Organization measures 10 mm or less. Accounting 7-16 % of all thyroid carcinomas, it occurs at any age, more frequently in men, with a female to male ratio of 1:3. More frequently histotype is the papillary subset, PTCM. Aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the patients diagnosed with TMC in terms of their clinical and histopathological features. In our institution we collected 23 cases of TMC sampled on 338 plongeant being operated. All the tumors, in our study, were found incidentally during the treatment of benign thyroid diseases. All the sample were analyzed and prepared using the same frozen section technique. Surgical pathology identified 11 papillary microcarcinomas, 10 follicular microcarinomas, 1 oncocytary microcarcinomas and in 1 patient was found only a focal tireocitary transformation. TMC's prognosis and treatment is still a subject of controversy We propose our approch consisting in total thyroidectomy (less than 5 gr residual thyroid tissue), being considered the low rate of post-operative complications, and recurrences: all patients are disease-free at the median follow-up of 78 months (range 96 to 30 months). We have considered either the less malignancy habit of this neoplasia either its well prognosis.

Conservative management and parenchyma-sparing resections of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Literature review.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are uncommon entities. pNETs are often small, slow growing, clinically silent neoplasms. However, they have an almost unpredictable biological behaviour with a not negligible malignant potential. Surgery still represents the treatment of choice, but the high morbidity associated to the enucleation or the formal pancreatectomy should be considered in the decision of the proper treatment. Management of these neoplasms is still debated, and indications for a conservative observational approach and for parenchyma sparing resections are not yet standardized. METHOD: We review the state of art on the indications for the conservative management of pNETs. Searches on MEDLINE database were performed to identify articles reporting prognostic systems, biochemical screening, observational management, medical treatment and surgical strategies for pNETs. DISCUSSION: Currently, an accurate 'wait-and-see' policy is recommended by the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) only for non-functioning pNETs (NF-pNETs) <2 cm. A biochemical screening, based on sampling of serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and chromogranin A, can address to early conservative surgery for MEN-1 associated NF-pNETs <2 cm to prevent their malignant transformation. The subtotal (80%) distal pancreatectomy first proposed by Thompson, often with the enucleation of possible pancreatic head tumors, still represents a good compromise between oncological radicality and prevention of pancreatic endocrine/exocrine insufficiency caused by standard radical resections for the treatment of inherited syndromes associated with NF-pNETs >2 cm and symptomatic F-pNETs of any size. CONCLUSION: More studies are needed to further clarify and predict the biologic behaviour of pNETs and increase the indications for conservative observational management and parenchyma sparing pancreas resections.

Isolated repeated anastomotic recurrence after sigmoidectomy.

Repeated anastomotic recurrence (AR) of colonic cancer is uncommon. We report a case of a double-isolated AR after sigmoidectomy. In 2003, a 60-year-old woman underwent stapled sigmoid resection for a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Further rectal bleeding occurred after six months, and colonoscopy detected an AR. Thus, an additional stapled colorectal anastomosis was performed. Ten months later, a colonoscopy detected a circumferential AR that prompted the completion of a second colorectal resection, with a double-stapled colorectal anastomosis. Twenty-four hours after surgery, a massive pulmonary embolism occurred, and the patient died within a few hours. At present, only six cases of repeated isolated AR have been described. Repeated segmental colorectal resections are generally associated with a favourable prognosis, with a median survival rate of 45 mo (range, 13-132 mo). Repeated isolated ARs are rare, and segmental colorectal resections are generally associated with long-term disease-free survival.

Leiomyosarcoma of the thyroid gland: A case report and literature review.

Primary smooth muscle tumors of the thyroid gland are extremely rare neoplasms. Due to their rarity, clinical case studies concerning management are lacking. According to a literature review, only 19 cases of primary thyroid leiomyosarcomas (TLs) have been reported. In the majority of patients, the prognosis is poor since adjuvant radiochemotherapy is ineffective on local recurrence and on long-term survival. In this study, we report the case of a 77-year-old male affected by a rapidly enlarging mass of the anterior neck, associated with bilateral lung metastases, and increasing dysphagia and dyspnea during the previous 6 months. A Tir4 neoplasm fine needle cytological diagnosis of the right thyroid lobe was reached and the patient underwent total thyroidectomy (TT). Definitive histological examination identified a TL. The patient succumbed 40 days later due to respiratory distress. A literature review was performed and TL differential diagnoses, management, including alternative treatment strategies, and adjuvant therapy were analyzed. TL is an aggressive rare mesenchymal malignant tumor. Although an improved multimodal approach is often necessary, TT and neck dissection represent the treatment of choice and are often the only possible therapy. Adjuvant radiochemotherapy appears to be ineffective and a high mortality rate is observed. TL remains a fatal tumor, and innovative and more effective therapeutic strategies to improve management and outcomes are required.

Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Cushing disease.

INTRODUCTION: In the surgical management of the patients with Cushing syndrome (CS), minimal invasive adrenalectomy (MA) has become the procedure of choice to treat adrenal tumors with a benign appearance ≤6 cm in diameter. Authors evaluated medium- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for CS or subclinical CS (sCS), performed for ten years in an endocrine surgery unit. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 21 consecutive patients undergone LA for CS or sCS from 2003 to 2013. Postoperative clinical and cardiovascular status modifications and surgical medium and long-term outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: In each patient surgery determined a normalization of the hormonal profile. There was no mortality neither major post-operative complications. Mean operative time was higher during the learning curve, there was no conversion, and morbidity rate was 6.3%. Regression of the main clinical symptoms occurred slowly in twelve months. CONCLUSIONS: LA is a safe, effective and well-tolerated procedure for the treatment of CS and sCS reducing arterial blood pressure, body weight and fasting glucose levels. Following the learning curve a morbidity rate similar to that reported in the MA series for other adrenal diseases is observed.

Clinicopathological pattern of lymph node recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer. Implications for surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Lymph nodal involvement in papillary thyroid cancers is very common, but the role of lymph node dissection is still controversial. Surgeons are consequently divided between opposed to and in favor of routine central neck dissection associated with total thyroidectomy. METHODS: Clinical records of 210 patients undergoing from January 2000 to December 2006 total thyroidectomy without routine lymph node dissection were retrospectively evaluated. One hundred and ninety eight patients (94.2%) underwent radioiodine ablation as well, followed by Thyroid Stimulating Hormone suppression therapy. In patients with loco regional lymph nodal recurrence, central (VI) and ipsilateral (III-IV) lymph node dissection was performed. RESULTS: Incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism (iPTH < 10 pg/ml) and permanent vocal fold paralysis were respectively 1.4% and 1.9%. After an 8-year mean follow-up, the rate of loco regional recurrence was 4.2%-9/210 patients. In these cases selective lymph node dissection was carried out without complications. DISCUSSION: The role of neck dissection in papillary thyroid cancer management, is still subject of research and controversial regarding routine or therapeutic indications, surgical extension, its impact on local recurrence and survival. CONCLUSION: A low loco regional recurrence rate may be observed after total thyroidectomy without prophylactic lymph node dissection. Lymph nodal recurrences were more frequent in young male patients, sometime affected by follicular variant, in each case less than 2 cm. There is a general agreement about the extension of therapeutic lymph node dissection, while routine central neck dissection is still controversial and may be indicated in high risk patients.

Impact of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection on locoregional recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer in clinically node-negative patients: a retrospective study of a large clinical series.

BACKGROUND: In clinically node-negative patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), indications for routine central lymph node dissection (RCLD) are the subject of intensive research, and surgeons are divided between the pros and cons of this surgery. To better define the role of neck dissection in the treatment of DTC, we analyzed retrospectively the results in three centers in Italy. METHODS: The clinical records of 752 clinically node-negative patients with DTC who underwent operative treatment between January 1998 and December 2005 in three endocrine surgery referral units were evaluated retrospectively. The complications and medium- and long-term outcomes of total thyroidectomy (TT) alone (performed in 390 patients: group A) and TT combined with bilateral RCLD (362 patients: group B) were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: The incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism and permanent unilateral vocal folds was 1% and 0.8% in group A and 3.6% and 1.7% in the group B, respectively. Bilateral temporary recurrent nerve palsy was observed in one of the 362 patients in group B. After a follow-up of 9.5 ± 3.5 years (mean ± SD), the locoregional recurrence rate with positive cervical lymph nodes was not substantially significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In our series, TT combined with bilateral RCLD was associated with a greater rate of transient and permanent complications. Similar incidences of locoregional recurrence were reported in the two groups of patients. Considering the recent trend toward routine central lymphadenectomy, further studies are needed to evaluate the benefits of these different approaches.

Controversies in the surgical management of thyroid follicular neoplasms. Retrospective analysis of 721 patients.

The most appropriate surgical management of "follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm" lesions, is still controversial. Analysing and comparing the experience of two units for endocrine surgery, we retrospectively evaluated 721 patients, surgically treated after a follicular neoplasm diagnosis. Total thyroidectomy was routinely performed in one Institution, while in the other one it was selectively carried out. The main criteria leading to hemythyroidectomy were a single nodule, the age ≤45 years, the absence of thyroiditis or clinical/intraoperative suspicion of malignancy. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 402/721 patients (55.7%), hemythyroidectomy in 319/721 cases (44.2%) and a completion thyroidectomy in 51/319 cases (15.9%). The overall malignancy rate was 24% (176/721 patients), respectively 16% (51/319 patients) following hemythyroidectomy, and 31% (125/402 patients) following total thyroidectomy. Definitive recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and permanent hypoparathyroidism were not reported in hemythyroidectomy patients in which lower mean hospitalization and costs were observed. Considering the low-risk of follicular neoplasm solitary lesions, hemythyroidectomy is still the safest standard of care with lower hospitalization and costs. In case of multiglandular disease or thyroiditis, that might be associated with a higher risk of cancer, total thyroidectomy should be recommended. Further investigation is warranted to achieve a better preoperative follicular neoplasm diagnostic accuracy in order to reduce the amount of unnecessary surgical operations with a diagnostic aim.

Suprarenal solitary fibrous tumor associated with a NF1 gene mutation mimicking a kidney neoplasm: implications for surgical management.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare spindle cell neoplasm, usually occurring in the pleura. Pararenal SFT, mimicking an adrenal gland or renal tumor, as here described, is extremely rare. We report a case of a right suprarenal SFT, incidentally discovered by abdominal ultrasound in a 54-year-old woman carrying a point neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) gene mutation. Preoperative diagnostic work-up was ineffective in evaluating its origin, and an open radical right nephrectomy was therefore undertaken. Immunohistochemical assay showed a positivity for CD34, CD99 and Bcl-2, so suggesting a diagnosis of SFT. According to our knowledge, the association between this type of tumor and NF1 gene mutation has never been described. In cases of pararenal tumors, a more detailed preoperative diagnosis could be useful to better plan the extension of resection, allowing, in selected cases, nephron-sparing surgery. More studies are needed to better analyze the relationship between NF1 gene mutation and SFT.

The role of surgery in the current management of differentiated thyroid cancer.

In the last decades, a surprising increased incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), along with a precocious diagnosis of "small" tumors and microcarcinomas have been observed. In these cases, better oncological outcomes are expected, and a "tailored" and "less aggressive" multimodal therapeutic protocol should be considered, avoiding an unfavorable even if minimal morbidity following an "overtreatment." In order to better define the most suitable surgical approach, its benefits and risks, we discuss the role of surgery in the current management of DTCs in the light of data appeared in the literature. Even if lymph node metastases are commonly observed, and in up to 90 % of DTC cases micrometastases are reported, the impact of lymphatic involvement on long-term survival is still argument of intensive research, and indications and extension of lymph node dissection (LD) are still under debate. In particular, endocrine and neck surgeons are still divided between proponents and opponents of routine central LD (RCLD). Considering the available evidence, there is agreement about total thyroidectomy, therapeutic LD in clinically node-positive DTC patients, and RCLD in "high risk" cases. Nevertheless, indications to the best surgical treatment of clinically node-negative "low risk" patients are still subject of research. Considering on the one hand, the recent trend toward routine central lymphadenectomy, avoiding radioactive treatment, and on the other hand, the satisfactory results obtained reserving prophylactic LD to "high risk" patients, we think that further prospective randomized trials are needed to evaluate the best choice between the different surgical approaches.

Current concepts of pheochromocytoma.

Pheochromocytoma (PCC), a rare neuroendocrine tumor, shows a prevalence ranging between 0.1% and 0.6% in individuals suffering from hypertension. To date, an increasing number of patients with hereditary forms or subclinical PCCs have been diagnosed. We reviewed the main controversies and the most recent updates, especially inheritance genetics and surgical management. According to the "rule of 10", in 1/10 patients with pheochromocytoma it is malignant, in 1/10 of cases the tumor is bilateral, in 1/10 extra-adrenal and in 1/10 familial. Surgical resection, the only curative treatment, carries a high risk of hypertensive crises due to massive catecholamine release. Alpha 1 blocker therapy, alone or in combination with beta blockers, calcium antagonists, and plasma volume expansion, is the most commonly used preoperative treatment protocol. Minimally invasive adrenalectomy (laparoscopic and retro-peritoneoscopic) allows earlier mobilization and recovery, reducing the risk of pulmonary infections and thromb-oembolic complications, and is associated with lower morbidity and mortality rates than traditional surgery; it is currently considered the gold standard for the treatment of adrenal tumors ≤6 cm in diameter and weighing < 100 g. Genetic testing will increasingly be the key factor in estimating the life-long risk for development of recurrent disease, contralateral disease or malignant dedifferentiation, thus influencing follow-up protocols.

Preoperative workup in the assessment of adrenal incidentalomas: outcome from 282 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies.

BACKGROUND: To confirm the efficacy of preoperative workup, the authors analyse the results of a multicentre study in a surgical series of patients diagnosed with an adrenal incidentaloma. METHODS: The retrospective review of a prospectively collected database was conducted. The data was obtained by six surgical units operating in the Campania Region, Italy. Five-hundred and six (506) adrenalectomies performed between 1993 and 2011 on 498 patients were analysed. Final histology in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of incidentaloma and studied according to guidelines (230/282 patients group A) was compared with final histology coming from patients presenting the same preoperative diagnosis but studied not according to guidelines (52/282 patients group B). RESULTS: In group A preoperative diagnosis was confirmed at final histology in 76/81 (93.8%) cases of subclinical functioning lesions presenting as an incidentaloma. The preoperative detection of pheochromocytoma and primary adrenocortical cancer (ACC) reached 91.6% and 84.6% respectively. In group B conversion rate to open surgery was higher than in group A (p = 0.02). One pheochromocytoma was missed at preoperative diagnosis whereas one ACC smaller than 4 centimetres (cm) and coming from an incidental lesion was discovered. In both groups a significant association between increasing dimensions of incidentaloma and cancer has been observed (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This surgical series confirm the high efficacy of suggested guidelines. A significant preoperative detection rate of adrenal lesions presenting as incidentaloma is observed. The unnecessary number of adrenalectomies performed in understudied patients, causing higher morbidity, was not associated to a higher detection rate of primary adrenocortical cancer.