Evaluation of olfactory function in patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery with nasoseptal flap / Avaliação da função olfatória nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica da base do crânio com realização de retalho nasosseptal

Abstract Introduction Endoscopic transnasal access to the skull base, both for treatment and reconstruction, can cause olfactory morbidity. Knowing the main consequences of this intervention is essential to have objective criteria for decision-making regarding the appropriate surgical technique. Objectives The aim of this study is to determine the impact on olfactory function of the endonasal endoscopic access to the skull base with the creation of the nasoseptal flap. Methods A prospective research was carried out in which 22 patients who underwent endoscopic transnasal surgery at the skull base, with the creation of a nasoseptal flap. The Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test was applied before and at the 1st, 3rd and 6th postoperative months. Results The results showed that only in the first month of follow-up the mean patient classification was statistically worse than at the other evaluation moments (p < 0.05), but there was no mean difference in the Connecticut score classification between the other moments (p > 0.05); that is, patients showed worsening in the 1st month and returned to the preoperative mean after the 3rd month of follow-up. Conclusion The present study showed that the postoperative decrease in olfaction is transient, since the patient's sense of smell returns to pre-surgical values in the 3rd postoperative month.

Resumo Introdução O acesso transnasal endoscópico à base do crânio, tanto no tratamento quanto na reconstrução, pode ocasionar morbidade olfatória. Conhecer as principais consequências dessa intervenção é fundamental para se dispor de elementos objetivos para a decisão da técnica cirúrgica adequada. Objetivo Determinar o impacto na função olfatória do acesso endoscópico endonasal à base do crânio com confecção do retalho nasosseptal. Método Foi feita pesquisa prospectiva na qual foram incluídos 22 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica transnasal à base do crânio com confecção de retalho nasosseptal. Foi aplicado o teste Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center antes e após o 1°, 3° e 6° meses da cirurgia. Resultados Os resultados evidenciaram que apenas no 1° mês de seguimento a classificação média dos pacientes foi estatisticamente pior do que nos demais momentos de avaliação (p < 0,05), mas entre os demais momentos não houve diferença média na classificação do escore de Connecticut (p >0,05), ou seja, os pacientes pioraram no 1° mês e voltaram à média pré-operatória a partir do 3° mês de seguimento. Conclusão No presente estudo, demonstramos que a diminuição do olfato pós-operatória é transitória, já que, no 3° mês depois da cirurgia, o olfato do paciente retorna aos valores pré-cirúrgicos.

Evaluation of olfactory function in patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery with nasoseptal flap.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic transnasal access to the skull base, both for treatment and reconstruction, can cause olfactory morbidity. Knowing the main consequences of this intervention is essential to have objective criteria for decision-making regarding the appropriate surgical technique. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the impact on olfactory function of the endonasal endoscopic access to the skull base with the creation of the nasoseptal flap. METHODS: A prospective research was carried out in which 22 patients who underwent endoscopic transnasal surgery at the skull base, with the creation of a nasoseptal flap. The Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test was applied before and at the 1st, 3rd and 6th postoperative months. RESULTS: The results showed that only in the first month of follow-up the mean patient classification was statistically worse than at the other evaluation moments (p<0.05), but there was no mean difference in the Connecticut score classification between the other moments (p>0.05); that is, patients showed worsening in the 1st month and returned to the preoperative mean after the 3rd month of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the postoperative decrease in olfaction is transient, since the patient's sense of smell returns to pre-surgical values in the 3rd postoperative month.

Design of a temporoparietal fascial flap after a spontaneous nasal fistula unresolved by conventional approaches / Diseño de un colgajo de fascia temporoparietal después de una fístula nasal espontánea no resuelta por abordajes convencionales

We report the surgical management of a spontaneous and recurrent nasal fistula using a temporoparietal fascial flap for definitive treatment after several failed attempts to close the fistula by conventional approaches. Two formalin-fixed cadaveric human heads were also dissected to study the anatomy and surgical technique involved in the design of the temporoparietal fascial flap (AU)

Reportamos el manejo quirúrgico de una fístula nasal espontánea y recurrente utilizando un colgajo de fascia temporoparietal para el tratamiento definitivo después de varios intentos fallidos de cerrar la fístula mediante abordajes convencionales. También se diseccionaron 2 cabezas de cadáver humano y fijadas con formol para estudiar la anatomía y la técnica quirúrgica que intervienen en el diseño del colgajo de fascia temporoparietal (AU)

Design of a temporoparietal fascial flap after a spontaneous nasal fistula unresolved by conventional approaches.

We report the surgical management of a spontaneous and recurrent nasal fistula using a temporoparietal fascial flap for definitive treatment after several failed attempts to close the fistula by conventional approaches. Two formalin-fixed cadaveric human heads were also dissected to study the anatomy and surgical technique involved in the design of the temporoparietal fascial flap.

Quality-of-life evaluation for patients submitted to nasal endoscopic surgery for resection of pituitary tumours.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the pre- and post-operative quality-of-life of patients submitted to the resection of pituitary adenoma via endoscopic transsphenoidal. METHODS: This was a prospective study on patients submitted to endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery with the harvest of a nasoseptal flap who responded to the questionnaires FV-36 and SNOT-22 in the pre-operative and in months 1, 3 and 6 following the surgical procedure. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients submitted to pituitary adenoma resection surgery via endoscopic transsphenoidal with a nasoseptal flap were recruited. In all of the physical and mental domains (SF-36) evaluated, there was an improvement in the long-term evaluation (6 months), compared to the pre-operative, as well as in the site-specific evaluation (SNOT-22). CONCLUSION: The global and site-specific questionnaires in the 6th post-operative month follow-up presented an important improvement in all the physical and mental domains evaluated, as well as in nasal function in the perception of the patients submitted to pituitary adenoma resection via endoscopic transsphenoidal, demonstrating the safety and efficiency of the procedure.

Closure of Skull Base Defects after Endonasal Endoscopic Resection of Planum Sphenoidale and Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas.

BACKGROUND: The expanded endoscopic endonasal transplanum transtuberculum approach allows tumor removal by minimally invasive procedures. A large dural and bone defect is created during the surgical procedure, increasing the risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe a surgical technique and complications observed in patients undergoing endonasal resection of planum sphenoidale and/or tuberculum sellae meningiomas. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients with planum sphenoidale and/or tuberculum sellae meningiomas after expanded endoscopic endonasal resection between June 2013 and August 2018, in which autologous grafts, fascia lata inlay, and nasoseptal flap onlay were used for closure of skull base defects. RESULTS: Ten patients were included in the analysis. No cases of postoperative CSF leakages or meningitis were reported, whereas two patients evolved with postoperative infectious complications (fungal ball in right frontal sinus and brain abscess). The skull base defect created for resection measured, on average, 3.58 cm2. CONCLUSION: Our experience suggests that closure of skull base defects using combined fascia lata inlay and nasoseptal flap onlay is effective for preventing postoperative CSF leakage in resection of planum sphenoidale and/or tuberculum sellae meningiomas, and offers high reproducibility due to its low cost.

Relationship Between the Bilateral Removal of the Middle Nasal Turbinate and the Olfactory Function in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of endonasal endoscopic access to the skull base on the olfaction sense, involving the harvest of a nasoseptal flap, with the removal of the middle nasal turbinate. METHODS: A study was performed on a prospective cohort of 50 patients who underwent transnasal endoscopic surgery of the anterior skull base, with the harvest of a nasoseptal and reverse flap. The patients were divided into 2 groups: partial unilateral removal of the middle nasal turbinate and bilateral removal. Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center tests were administered before surgery and in months 1, 3, and 6 after surgery. RESULTS: There was no difference in the olfactory sense, when comparing the partial removal of the middle nasal turbinate and the bilateral removal, as well as when comparing the side without the middle nasal turbinate and the side with this structure preserved. There was a worsening in olfaction (P < 0.001) in months 1 and 3 after surgery, returning to baseline in month 6 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral removal of the middle nasal turbinate, compared with unilateral resection, showed no impact on the olfactory function 6 months after surgery. In both groups, there was a transitory decrease in the first month, but this normalized by the sixth postoperative month.

Development of an Experimental Model for Studying the Nasosinusal and Skull Base Arterial and Venous Systems Using Iodinated Contrast and Latex in Cadavers.

BACKGROUND: Cadaver dissection remains one of the most reliable and safest ways to study anatomy, whereas computed tomography angiography (CTA) is an essential technology for enabling students to become familiar with human anatomy and surgical planning. Thus, the convergence of both radiologic and anatomic information is important for surgical success, especially in regions of complex anatomy such as the nasosinusal and skull base regions. Here we propose an experimental model in formalinized cadaver heads consisting of intravascular injection of colored latex and iodinated contrast mixture, followed by CTA scans of the nasosinusal and skull base arterial and venous systems before dissection. METHODS: Six cadaver heads that had been preserved for >5 years in 10% formaldehyde were immersed for 72 hours in a solution containing a dimethyldiethanol mono/dialkyloyl ester quaternary ammonium salt. In 5 of these heads, a mixture composed of latex, tissue ink, and iodinated contrast (Ultravist 300) was injected into the vascular system. CTA scans were performed sequentially after the injection, followed by endonasal and macroscopic dissections. RESULTS: There was good radiologic and macroscopic vessel uptake in 4 specimens, allowing a detailed anatomic study. CONCLUSIONS: An experimental model was made feasible by injecting iodinated contrast and colored latex into formalinized cadavers for CTA evaluation of the nasosinusal and skull base arterial and venous systems before performing dissections.

Endoscopic endonasal double flap technique for reconstruction of large anterior skull base defects: technical note / Técnica endoscópica endonasal utilizando duplo retalho para reconstrução de grandes defeitos da base anterior do crânio: nota técnica

Abstract Introduction: One of the main concerns in endoscopic endonasal approaches to the skull base has been the high incidence and morbidity associated with cerebrospinal fluid leaks. The introduction and routine use of vascularized flaps allowed a marked decrease in this complication followed by a great expansion in the indications and techniques used in endoscopic endonasal approaches, extending to defects from huge tumours and previously inaccessible areas of the skull base. Objective: Describe the technique of performing endoscopic double flap multi-layered reconstruction of the anterior skull base without craniotomy. Methods: Step by step description of the endoscopic double flap technique (nasoseptal and pericranial vascularized flaps and fascia lata free graft) as used and illustrated in two patients with an olfactory groove meningioma who underwent an endoscopic approach. Results: Both patients achieved a gross total resection: subsequent reconstruction of the anterior skull base was performed with the nasoseptal and pericranial flaps onlay and a fascia lata free graft inlay. Both patients showed an excellent recovery, no signs of cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis, flap necrosis, chronic meningeal or sinonasal inflammation or cerebral herniation having developed. Conclusion: This endoscopic double flap technique we have described is a viable, versatile and safe option for anterior skull base reconstructions, decreasing the incidence of complications in endoscopic endonasal approaches.

Resumo Introdução: Uma das principais preocupações em abordagens endoscópicas endonasais da base do crânio tem sido a alta incidência e morbidade associada a fístulas liquóricas. A introdução e o uso rotineiro de retalhos vascularizados permitiram uma acentuada redução dessa complicação, seguida por uma grande expansão nas indicações e técnicas utilizadas nas abordagens endoscópicas endonasais, incluindo grandes tumores e áreas anteriormente inacessíveis da base do crânio. Objetivo: Descrever a técnica cirúrgica realizando uma reconstrução endoscópica multicamadas da base anterior do crânio com duplo retalho, sem craniotomia. Método: Descrição passo a passo da técnica endoscópica com duplo retalho (retalhos vascularizados nasoseptal e pericraniano e enxerto livre de fascia lata), utilizados e ilustrados em dois pacientes com meningioma do sulco olfatório submetidos à cirurgia por via endoscópica endonasal. Resultados: Em ambos os pacientes procedeu-se ressecção total macroscópica seguido de reconstrução da base anterior do crânio com os retalhos nasoseptal e pericraniano onlay e enxerto livre de fáscia lata inlay. Os pacientes apresentaram uma excelente recuperação, sem sinais de fístula liquórica, meningite, necrose do retalho, inflamação meníngea crônica ou sinonasal ou hérnia cerebral. Conclusão: A técnica endoscópica de duplo retalho, como descrita, trata-se de uma opção viável, versátil e segura para as reconstruções da base anterior do crânio, diminuindo a incidência de complicações em abordagens cirúrgicas endoscópicas endonasais.

Technique for Latex Injection and Reuse of Human Heads Preserved in Formaldehyde.

Background Understanding the anatomy of the skull base is paramount for every skull base surgeon, particularly in light of the expanded endoscopic endonasal approaches, and of the refined surgical technique used in both medial and lateral approaches. A comprehensive knowledge of anatomy is the cornerstone for a safe surgery, maximizing resection and minimizing complications. The best study method is the careful dissection of fresh human cadaveric heads in a well-equipped anatomy laboratory. In this study, we describe our protocol for preparing cadaveric specimens without vascular injection, which had been preserved in a formaldehyde solution after treating them with a dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride/distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride solution (commercial fabric softener) and injecting the vascular system with latex. Method Six cadaveric specimens underwent our treatment and subsequent injection of the vascular system and dissection. Results All specimens showed a good penetration of the latex and a clear improvement of the malleability of the tissues was noticed. The authors agree that this technique improved the quality of the head and facilitated studying. Conclusion We consider this an effective treatment with latex, reaching small caliber vessels, and a greater malleability and flexibility of tissues, allowing better dissections, and greater anatomical exposure, making them suitable for skull base training, study, and research.

Long Term Follow-up after Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for the Treatment of Cushing's Disease.

Introduction Surgery has been the standard treatment for Cushing's disease. Currently, the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is the most widely used technique. However, among some endocrinologists and neurosurgeons used to the microscope assisted technique, there are still questions about the effectiveness and safety of transitioning to the EEA. We aim to show our initial experience with such transition. Method Retrospective review of medical records of patients, who underwent EEA in our center as a first treatment for Cushing's disease, and with a minimum 18 months of follow-up, from March 2004 to March 2014 Results Our cohort had 16 patients (14 females and 2 males), with a mean age of 33.7 years. The mean follow-up was 52.0 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified an adenoma in 93.8% of the patients (56.2% microadenomas and 37.5% macroadenomas). Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak was observed in two patients (12.5%). No new neurological deficits were present after surgery. The early remission and sustained remission rates after a single procedure were 87.5 and 68.75%, respectively. Weight reduction, improved control of blood pressure, and lower serum glucose levels were documented in 68.75, 60, and 55.5% of patients, respectively, after remission. Conclusion Despite the need for specialized training, equipment and team building by ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) and neurosurgery, the transition from microscope assisted pituitary surgery to endoscopic endonasal approach is possible and safe. The clinical outcomes, even in the early years, are similar to the previous microscope assisted treatment, and over time, with greater experience and knowledge, there is a tendency for improvement.

The Roles of Growth, Maturation, Physical Fitness, and Technical Skills on Selection for a Portuguese Under-14 Years Basketball Team.

This study investigated the roles of growth, maturation, physical fitness, and technical skills on selection onto an under-14 years basketball team. The sample consisted of 150 male players, aged 13.3 ± 0.7 years, divided into selected (SE-top players chosen by coaching staff to form an elite regional team) and non-selected (NSE-remaining players) groups. Anthropometry, body composition, biological maturation, and training experience data were collected using standard procedures. Physical fitness was assessed using the Yo-Yo IE2, sit-ups, handgrip, squat jump, countermovement jump, 3 kg medicine ball throw, 20 m sprint, and T-Test. Technical skills were acquired using the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD)'s basketball-specific test battery. Groups were compared using a Student's t test and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), with training experience and biological maturation as covariates. A forward stepwise discriminant function analysis was employed to identify variables that maximized the separation between groups. The results showed that SE players were taller, had greater fat-free mass, greater strength, power, and agility, and were technically more skillful compared with NSE players (p < 0.05) when controlling for training experience and maturation. It was also found that players were best discriminated by the 3 kg medicine ball throw and control dribble, revealing the importance of qualified training to achieve excellence in youth basketball. 92.7% of the basketballers were correctly classified into their original groups. It is therefore confirmed that the additional effects of training experience and biological maturation positively influenced the performance of young basketball players. We recommend that coaches focus not only on players' body sizes, but also on their skill level, especially during adolescence, when selecting teams in order to promote sustainable long-term development.

Endoscopic endonasal double flap technique for reconstruction of large anterior skull base defects: technical note.

INTRODUCTION: One of the main concerns in endoscopic endonasal approaches to the skull base has been the high incidence and morbidity associated with cerebrospinal fluid leaks. The introduction and routine use of vascularized flaps allowed a marked decrease in this complication followed by a great expansion in the indications and techniques used in endoscopic endonasal approaches, extending to defects from huge tumours and previously inaccessible areas of the skull base. OBJECTIVE: Describe the technique of performing endoscopic double flap multi-layered reconstruction of the anterior skull base without craniotomy. METHODS: Step by step description of the endoscopic double flap technique (nasoseptal and pericranial vascularized flaps and fascia lata free graft) as used and illustrated in two patients with an olfactory groove meningioma who underwent an endoscopic approach. RESULTS: Both patients achieved a gross total resection: subsequent reconstruction of the anterior skull base was performed with the nasoseptal and pericranial flaps onlay and a fascia lata free graft inlay. Both patients showed an excellent recovery, no signs of cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis, flap necrosis, chronic meningeal or sinonasal inflammation or cerebral herniation having developed. CONCLUSION: This endoscopic double flap technique we have described is a viable, versatile and safe option for anterior skull base reconstructions, decreasing the incidence of complications in endoscopic endonasal approaches.

Long term follow-up of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas submitted to endoscopic endonasal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the endoscopic transsphenoidal technique for growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas. METHODS: A retrospective analysis based on medical records of 23 acromegalic patients submitted to endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Biochemical control was defined as basal GH < 1ng/ml, nadir GH < 0.4ng/ml after glucose load and age-adjusted IGF-1 normal at the last follow-up. RESULTS: The overall endocrinological remission rate was 39.1%. While all microademonas achieved a cure, just one third of macroadenomas went into remission. Suprasellar extension, cavernous sinus invasion and high GH levels were associated with lower rates of disease control. The most common complication was diabetes insipidus and the most severe was an ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is a safe and effective technique to control GH-secreting adenomas. The transcavernous approach may increase the risk of complications. Suprasellar and cavernous sinus extensions may preclude gross total resection of these tumors.

Postoperative otorhinolaryngologic complications in transnasal endoscopic surgery to access the skull base / Complicações pós-operatórias otorrinolaringológicas em cirurgias endoscópicas transnasais para acesso a base do crânio

Abstract Introduction: The large increase in the number of transnasal endoscopic skull base surgeries is a consequence of greater knowledge of the anatomic region, the development of specific materials and instruments, and especially the use of the nasoseptal flap as a barrier between the sinus tract (contaminated cavity) and the subarachnoid space (sterile area), reducing the high risk of contamination. Objective: To assess the otorhinolaryngologic complications in patients undergoing endoscopic surgery of the skull base, in which a nasoseptal flap was used. Methods: This was a retrospective study that included patients who underwent endoscopic skull base surgery with creation of a nasoseptal flap, assessing for the presence of the following post-surgical complications: cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis, mucocele formation, nasal synechia, septal perforation (prior to posterior septectomy), internal nasal valve failure, epistaxis, and olfactory alterations. Results: The study assessed 41 patients undergoing surgery. Of these, 35 had pituitary adenomas (macro- or micro-adenomas; sellar and suprasellar extension), three had meningiomas (two tuberculum sellae and one olfactory groove), two had craniopharyngiomas, and one had an intracranial abscess. The complications were cerebrospinal fluid leak (three patients; 7.3%), meningitis (three patients; 7.3%), nasal fossa synechia (eight patients; 19.5%), internal nasal valve failure (six patients; 14.6%), and complaints of worsening of the sense of smell (16 patients; 39%). The olfactory test showed anosmia or hyposmia in ten patients (24.3%). No patient had mucocele, epistaxis, or septal perforation. Conclusion: The use of the nasoseptal flap has revolutionized endoscopic skull base surgery, making the procedures more effective and with lower morbidity compared to the traditional route. However, although mainly transient nasal morbidities were observed, in some cases, permanent hyposmia and anosmia resulted. An improvement in this technique is therefore necessary to provide a better quality of life for the patient, reducing potential complications.

Resumo Introdução: O grande crescimento no número de cirurgias endoscópicas transnasais para a base do crânio ocorreu a partir de um maior conhecimento anatômico da região; do desenvolvimento de materiais e instrumentais específicos e, principalmente, após o uso do retalho nasosseptal como uma barreira entre o trato sinusal (cavidade contaminada) e o espaço subaracnóideo (área estéril), com redução de grandes riscos de contaminação. Objetivo: Avaliar as complicações otorrinolaringológicas nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica da base do crânio, na qual foi usado o retalho nasoseptal. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, no qual foram avaliados os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia da base do crânio por via endoscópica com retalho nasosseptal, quanto à presença no pós-operatório das seguintes complicações: fístula liquórica, meningite, formação de mucocele, sinéquia nasal, perfuração septal (anterior à septectomia posterior), insuficiência de válvula nasal interna, epistaxe e alteração olfatória. Resultados: Foram avaliados 41 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia. Desses, 35 eram portadores de adenomas hipofisários (macro ou microadenomas; selares e extensão supraselar), três meningiomas (dois de tubérculo selar e um da goteira olfatória), dois craniofaringiomas e um abscesso intracraniano. As complicações observadas foram: fístula liquórica (três pacientes - 7,3%), meningite (três pacientes - 7,3%), sinéquia em fossa nasal (oito pacientes - 19,5%), insuficiência de válvula nasal interna (seis pacientes - 14,6%) e queixa de pioria do olfato (16 pacientes - 39%). O teste olfatório evidenciou anosmia ou hiposmia em 10 pacientes (24,3%). Nenhum paciente apresentou mucocele, epistaxe ou perfuração septal. Conclusão: O uso do retalho nasosseptal proporcionou uma revolução na cirurgia da base do crânio por via endoscópica e tornou os procedimentos mais eficazes e com baixa morbidade, comparado com a via tradicional. Porém, passou a ocasionar morbidades nasais principalmente transitórias, mas em alguns casos permanentes, como hiposmia e anosmia. Assim, torna-se necessário um aperfeiçoamento dessa técnica para proporcionar uma melhoria na qualidade de vida do paciente e diminuir possíveis complicações.

Long term follow-up of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas submitted to endoscopic endonasal surgery / Seguimento de longo prazo de adenomas hipofisários secretores do hormônio do crescimento submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica endonasal

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the endoscopic transsphenoidal technique for growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas. Methods A retrospective analysis based on medical records of 23 acromegalic patients submitted to endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Biochemical control was defined as basal GH < 1ng/ml, nadir GH < 0.4ng/ml after glucose load and age-adjusted IGF-1 normal at the last follow-up. Results The overall endocrinological remission rate was 39.1%. While all microademonas achieved a cure, just one third of macroadenomas went into remission. Suprasellar extension, cavernous sinus invasion and high GH levels were associated with lower rates of disease control. The most common complication was diabetes insipidus and the most severe was an ischemic stroke. Conclusion The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is a safe and effective technique to control GH-secreting adenomas. The transcavernous approach may increase the risk of complications. Suprasellar and cavernous sinus extensions may preclude gross total resection of these tumors.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do estudo é analisar os resultados da cirurgia de ressecção endoscópica transesfenoidal para adenomas secretores do hormônio do crescimento (GH). Métodos Revisão retrospectiva baseada em análise de prontuários de 23 pacientes acromegálicos submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica. Remissão foi definida por GH < 1ng/ml, nadir de GH ≤ 0,4ng/ml no teste oral de tolerância a glicose e IGF-1 normal para idade. Resultados A taxa de remissão endocrinológica foi 39,1%. Enquanto todos microadenomas alcançaram controle hormonal, apenas um terço dos macroadenomas obtiveram remissão. Extensão suprasselar, invasão do seio cavernoso e altos níveis de GH foram associados a menores taxas de controle da doença. A complicação mais comum foi diabetes insipidus e a mais grave foi acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico. Conclusão A abordagem endoscópica transesfenoidal é segura e efetiva para controle de adenomas hipofisários secretores de GH. A abordagem ao seio cavernoso pode aumentar a morbidade da cirurgia. Extensões suprasselares e no seio cavernoso podem dificultar a ressecção completa e o controle da doença.

Postoperative otorhinolaryngologic complications in transnasal endoscopic surgery to access the skull base.

INTRODUCTION: The large increase in the number of transnasal endoscopic skull base surgeries is a consequence of greater knowledge of the anatomic region, the development of specific materials and instruments, and especially the use of the nasoseptal flap as a barrier between the sinus tract (contaminated cavity) and the subarachnoid space (sterile area), reducing the high risk of contamination. OBJECTIVE: To assess the otorhinolaryngologic complications in patients undergoing endoscopic surgery of the skull base, in which a nasoseptal flap was used. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that included patients who underwent endoscopic skull base surgery with creation of a nasoseptal flap, assessing for the presence of the following post-surgical complications: cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis, mucocele formation, nasal synechia, septal perforation (prior to posterior septectomy), internal nasal valve failure, epistaxis, and olfactory alterations. RESULTS: The study assessed 41 patients undergoing surgery. Of these, 35 had pituitary adenomas (macro- or micro-adenomas; sellar and suprasellar extension), three had meningiomas (two tuberculum sellae and one olfactory groove), two had craniopharyngiomas, and one had an intracranial abscess. The complications were cerebrospinal fluid leak (three patients; 7.3%), meningitis (three patients; 7.3%), nasal fossa synechia (eight patients; 19.5%), internal nasal valve failure (six patients; 14.6%), and complaints of worsening of the sense of smell (16 patients; 39%). The olfactory test showed anosmia or hyposmia in ten patients (24.3%). No patient had mucocele, epistaxis, or septal perforation. CONCLUSION: The use of the nasoseptal flap has revolutionized endoscopic skull base surgery, making the procedures more effective and with lower morbidity compared to the traditional route. However, although mainly transient nasal morbidities were observed, in some cases, permanent hyposmia and anosmia resulted. An improvement in this technique is therefore necessary to provide a better quality of life for the patient, reducing potential complications.

[Technical and functional aspects of catheterization of inferior petrosal sinuses in ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome]. / Aspectos técnicos e funcionais da cateterização dos seios petrosos inferiores na síndrome de Cushing ACTH dependente.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze technique for bilateral catheterization of inferior petrosal sinus in our service, discussing the difficulties and success rates found. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with suspected Cushing's syndrome underwent bilateral inferior petrosal sinuses (IPS) catheterization between 2009 and 2012. The technique for catheterization and for hormone analysis were described. RESULTS: The procedure was well tolerated by all patients, and adequate catheterization was achieved in 92.85% of cases. The diagnosis of Cushing's disease was confirmed in 10 cases. The result of IPS catheterization after CRH infusion was coherent in all cases, without false negatives. CONCLUSION: The catheterization of IPS, despite being an invasive technique, is a safe procedure. The objectives can be done properly in most cases. When well indicated, this procedure remains the gold standard in distinguishing the ectopic form to pituitary source in Cushing's syndrome.

Aspectos técnicos e funcionais da cateterização dos seios petrosos inferiores na síndrome de Cushing ACTH dependente / Technical and functional aspects of catheterization of inferior petrosal sinuses in ACTH dependent Cushing’s syndrome

Objetivo Descrever e analisar a técnica empregada para a cateterização bilateral dos seios petrosos inferiores (SPI) em nosso serviço, discutindo as dificuldades e as taxas de sucesso encontradas. Sujeitos e métodos Entre 2009 e 2012, foram submetidos ao cateterismo bilateral dos SPI 14 pacientes com suspeita de síndrome de Cushing, sendo descrita a técnica empregada para o cateterismo e para a análise hormonal. Resultados O procedimento foi bem tolerado por todos os pacientes, sendo alcançada a cateterização adequada dos SPI em 92,85% dos casos. O diagnóstico de doença de Cushing foi firmado em 10 casos, sendo o resultado do cateterismo dos SPI após estímulo com CRH coerente em todos, não havendo falso-negativos. Conclusão O cateterismo dos SPI, apesar de ser uma técnica invasiva, é um procedimento seguro. A sua realização pode ser feita de forma adequada na maioria dos casos e, quando bem indicada, permanece como padrão-ouro na distinção da forma hipofisária da ectópica na síndrome de Cushing. .

Objective To describe and analyze technique for bilateral catheterization of inferior petrosal sinus in our service, discussing the difficulties and success rates found. Subjects and methods Fourteen patients with suspected Cushing’s syndrome underwent bilateral inferior petrosal sinuses (IPS) catheterization between 2009 and 2012. The technique for catheterization and for hormone analysis were described. Results The procedure was well tolerated by all patients, and adequate catheterization was achieved in 92.85% of cases. The diagnosis of Cushing’s disease was confirmed in 10 cases. The result of IPS catheterization after CRH infusion was coherent in all cases, without false negatives. Conclusion The catheterization of IPS, despite being an invasive technique, is a safe procedure. The objectives can be done properly in most cases. When well indicated, this procedure remains the gold standard in distinguishing the ectopic form to pituitary source in Cushing’s syndrome. .

Locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer treated with intermittent androgen monotherapy or maximal androgen blockade: results from a randomised phase 3 study by the South European Uroncological Group.

BACKGROUND: Few randomised studies have compared antiandrogen intermittent hormonal therapy (IHT) with continuous maximal androgen blockade (MAB) therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether overall survival (OS) on IHT (cyproterone acetate; CPA) is noninferior to OS on continuous MAB. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This phase 3 randomised trial compared IHT and continuous MAB in patients with locally advanced or metastatic PCa. INTERVENTION: During induction, patients received CPA 200 mg/d for 2 wk and then monthly depot injections of a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH; triptoreline 11.25 mg) analogue plus CPA 200 mg/d. Patients whose prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was <4 ng/ml after 3 mo of induction treatment were randomised to the IHT arm (stopped treatment and restarted on CPA 300 mg/d monotherapy if PSA rose to ≥20 ng/ml or they were symptomatic) or the continuous arm (CPA 200 mg/d plus monthly LHRH analogue). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Primary outcome measurement was OS. Secondary outcomes included cause-specific survival, time to subjective or objective progression, and quality of life. Time off therapy in the intermittent arm was recorded. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We recruited 1045 patients, of which 918 responded to induction therapy and were randomised (462 to IHT and 456 to continuous MAB). OS was similar between groups (p=0.25), and noninferiority of IHT was demonstrated (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-1.07). There was a trend for an interaction between PSA and treatment (p=0.05), favouring IHT over continuous therapy in patients with PSA ≤1 ng/ml (HR: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.02). Men treated with IHT reported better sexual function. Among the 462 patients on IHT, 50% and 28% of patients were off therapy for ≥2.5 yr or >5 yr, respectively, after randomisation. The main limitation is that the length of time for the trial to mature means that other therapies are now available. A second limitation is that T3 patients may now profit from watchful waiting instead of androgen-deprivation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Noninferiority of IHT in terms of survival and its association with better sexual activity than continuous therapy suggest that IHT should be considered for use in routine clinical practice.