A historical review of the techniques of recovery of parasites for their detection in human stools.

Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.

A historical review of the techniques of recovery of parasites for their detection in human stools

Abstract Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.

A study of intestinal parasites in children of an urban region with excellent sanitary condition reveals high occurrence of Blastocystis spp

Intestinal parasites are among the major causative agents of diseases that affect animals and humans, especially children. In view of this, the current study evaluated the occurrence of these parasitic agents in 737 children in an urban region with excellent sanitation condition of the city of Pedreira, São Paulo, Brazil. Fecal samples from the children were processed with the use of a technique of high diagnostic efficiency (TF-Test®). The diagnosis of these samples resulted in the detection of 557 parasitic structures among eleven genera of parasites, and of 46.4% (342/737) infected children. Blastocystis spp. was found in 69.6% (238/342) of the positive samples and the monoparasitism was accompanied by symptoms in 44 children. Furthermore, 67.8% (232/342) of the infected children had close contact with pets, suggesting a possible zoonotic transmission. Lastly, this study allowed to perform health education to the children, aiming the reduction of new intestinal parasitic infections.

TF-Test Modified: New Diagnostic Tool for Human Enteroparasitosis.

Intestinal parasitosis is highly prevalent worldwide, being among the main causes of illness and death in humans. Currently, laboratory diagnosis of the intestinal parasites is accomplished through manual technical procedures, mostly developed decades ago, which justifies the development of more sensitive and practical techniques. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop, evaluate, and validate a new parasitological technique referred to as TF-Test Modified, in comparison to three conventional parasitological techniques: TF-Test Conventional; Rugai, Mattos & Brisola; and Helm Test/Kato-Katz. For this realization, we collected stool samples from 457 volunteers located in endemic areas of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, and statistically compared the techniques. Intestinal protozoa and helminths were detected qualitatively in 42.23% (193/457) of the volunteers by TF-Test Modified technique, against 36.76% (168/457) by TF-Test Conventional, 5.03% (23/457) by Helm Test/Kato-Katz, and 4.16% (19/457) by Rugai, Mattos & Brisola. Furthermore, the new technique presented "almost perfect kappa" agreement in all evaluated parameters with 95% (P < 0.05) of estimation. The current study showed that the TF-Test Modified technique can be comprehensively used in the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa and helminths, and its greater diagnostic sensitivity should help improving the quality of laboratory diagnosis, population surveys, and control of intestinal parasites.

Comparative study of five techniques for the diagnosis of canine gastrointestinal parasites / Estudo comparativo de cinco técnicas para o diagnóstico de parasitos gastrointestinais caninos

Differences in the efficacy of diagnostic techniques employed in the parasitological examination of feces are a limiting factor of this laboratory procedure in the field of Veterinary Parasitology. To verify advances in this type of examination in dogs, we conducted a study using a new technique (TFGII/Dog). Fifty naturally infected dogs were housed in individual stalls, and their feces were evaluated comparatively using this technique and four other conventional techniques. The TFGII/Dog showed high levels of sensitivity and efficiency, surpassing the diagnostic accuracy of the other techniques with a kappa concordance index of 0.739 (Substantial), as opposed to 0.546 (Moderate), 0.485 (Moderate), 0.467 (Moderate), and 0.325 (Fair) of the Spontaneous-Sedimentation, Centrifugal-Flotation in Saturated Zinc Sulfate Solution, Centrifugal-Flotation in Saturated Sugar Solution, and Spontaneous-Flotation in Saturated Sodium Chloride Solution techniques, respectively. The combination of positive results of all techniques comprises eight genera of parasites, with Ancylostoma spp. predominating among helminths, and Cystoisospora spp. among protozoa. The TFGII/Dog technique showed better diagnostic performance, and can therefore be considered an important tool for optimizing the results of laboratory routines and for the control of canine gastrointestinal parasites.(AU)

As diferenças na eficácia de técnicas de diagnóstico empregadas no exame parasitológico das fezes é um factor limitante desse procedimento de laboratório no campo da Medicina Veterinária. Com o objetivo de confirmar avanços desse tipo de examinação em cães, a abordagem desse trabalho foi apresentar um estudo com o uso de uma nova técnica (TFGII/Dog). Cinquenta cães naturalmente infectados foram alojados em baias individuais, e suas fezes foram avaliadas comparativamente, usando-se a nova técnica e outras quatro técnicas convencionais. O TFGII/Dog apresentou altos níveis de sensibilidade e eficiência, superando o diagnóstico de outras técnicas com um índice de concordância kappa de 0,739 (Substancial), em oposição a 0,546 (Moderado), 0,485 (Moderado), 0,467 (Moderado) e 0,325 (Pobre) de Sedimentação-Espontânea, Centrífugo-Flutuação em Solução Saturada de Sulfato de Zinco, Centrífugo-Flutuação em Solução Saturada de Açúcar, e Flutuação-Espontânea em Solução Saturada de Cloreto de Sódio, respectivamente. A combinação de resultados positivos das técnicas mostrou oito gêneros de parasitos, com Ancylostoma spp. predominando entre helmintos, e Cystoisospora spp. entre os protozoários. A técnica de TFGII/Dog apresentou melhor desempenho diagnóstico e, portanto, pode ser considerada uma importante ferramenta para otimizar os resultados de rotinas de laboratório e o controle de parasitos gastrintestinais de cães.(AU)

Comparative study of five techniques for the diagnosis of canine gastrointestinal parasites / Estudo comparativo de cinco técnicas para o diagnóstico de parasitos gastrointestinais caninos

Differences in the efficacy of diagnostic techniques employed in the parasitological examination of feces are a limiting factor of this laboratory procedure in the field of Veterinary Parasitology. To verify advances in this type of examination in dogs, we conducted a study using a new technique (TFGII/Dog). Fifty naturally infected dogs were housed in individual stalls, and their feces were evaluated comparatively using this technique and four other conventional techniques. The TFGII/Dog showed high levels of sensitivity and efficiency, surpassing the diagnostic accuracy of the other techniques with a kappa concordance index of 0.739 (Substantial), as opposed to 0.546 (Moderate), 0.485 (Moderate), 0.467 (Moderate), and 0.325 (Fair) of the Spontaneous-Sedimentation, Centrifugal-Flotation in Saturated Zinc Sulfate Solution, Centrifugal-Flotation in Saturated Sugar Solution, and Spontaneous-Flotation in Saturated Sodium Chloride Solution techniques, respectively. The combination of positive results of all techniques comprises eight genera of parasites, with Ancylostoma spp. predominating among helminths, and Cystoisospora spp. among protozoa. The TFGII/Dog technique showed better diagnostic performance, and can therefore be considered an important tool for optimizing the results of laboratory routines and for the control of canine gastrointestinal parasites.

As diferenças na eficácia de técnicas de diagnóstico empregadas no exame parasitológico das fezes é um factor limitante desse procedimento de laboratório no campo da Medicina Veterinária. Com o objetivo de confirmar avanços desse tipo de examinação em cães, a abordagem desse trabalho foi apresentar um estudo com o uso de uma nova técnica (TFGII/Dog). Cinquenta cães naturalmente infectados foram alojados em baias individuais, e suas fezes foram avaliadas comparativamente, usando-se a nova técnica e outras quatro técnicas convencionais. O TFGII/Dog apresentou altos níveis de sensibilidade e eficiência, superando o diagnóstico de outras técnicas com um índice de concordância kappa de 0,739 (Substancial), em oposição a 0,546 (Moderado), 0,485 (Moderado), 0,467 (Moderado) e 0,325 (Pobre) de Sedimentação-Espontânea, Centrífugo-Flutuação em Solução Saturada de Sulfato de Zinco, Centrífugo-Flutuação em Solução Saturada de Açúcar, e Flutuação-Espontânea em Solução Saturada de Cloreto de Sódio, respectivamente. A combinação de resultados positivos das técnicas mostrou oito gêneros de parasitos, com Ancylostoma spp. predominando entre helmintos, e Cystoisospora spp. entre os protozoários. A técnica de TFGII/Dog apresentou melhor desempenho diagnóstico e, portanto, pode ser considerada uma importante ferramenta para otimizar os resultados de rotinas de laboratório e o controle de parasitos gastrintestinais de cães.