ABSTRACT
Despite being considered fragile and fastidious, Campylobacter jejuni is the most prevalent cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis, and chicken meat is considered the main vehicle of transmission to humans. This agent can survive adverse conditions in the form of biofilms, but extreme stress (nutritional, oxidative and thermal) promotes the acquisition of a state called viable but not culturable (VBNC). The emergence of this pathogen worldwide and the recent international requirements in its control instigated us to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate the time required for the acquisition of the VBNC form in 27 strains of C. jejuni, characterize morphological aspects, determine its adaptive and invasive potential and perform comparative metabolomic evaluation. Extreme stress promoted the complete acquisition of the VBNC form in a mean time of 26 days. Starting from an average initial count of 7.8 log CFU/mL, the first four days determined the greatest average reduction of the culturable form of 3.2 log CFU/mL. The scanning and transmission image analyses showed a transition from the typical viable form (VT) to the VBNC form, with initial acquisition of the straight rod shape, followed by loss of the flagella and subdivision into two to 11 imperfect cocci arranged in a chain and rich in cellular content, until their individual release. RT-PCR identified the presence of ciaB and p19 transcripts in the 27 cultivable C. jejuni strains, a character maintained in the VBNC form only for p19 and in 59.3% (16/27) of the VBNC strains for the ciaB gene. The average inoculation of 1.8 log CFU/mL of C. jejuni VBNC into primary chicken embryo hepatocyte cells promoted the occurrence of apoptosis processes significantly after 24 hours of contact by one of the strains tested. In C. jejuni VBNC, we detected higher expression of metabolites linked to protective and adaptation mechanisms and of volatile organic precursor compounds indicative of metabolism interruption. The oscillations in the time of acquisition of the VBNC form together with the presence of transcripts for ciaB and p19, the identification of cell lysis and metabolites that ensure the maintenance of the pathogen alert to the fact that C. jejuni VBNC remains virulent and adapted to stress, which makes evident the potential danger of this latent form, which is not detectable by official methodologies.
Subject(s)
Campylobacter Infections , Campylobacter jejuni , Chick Embryo , Animals , Humans , Campylobacter jejuni/genetics , Campylobacter Infections/microbiology , Biofilms , Adaptation, Physiological , MetabolomicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to understand the experience of discrimination perceived by overweight women. METHODS: a qualitative research conducted at an outpatient clinic in Salvador, Bahia, where eleven women were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and submitted to thematic content analysis. RESULTS: the analysis of the statements expressed three categories: Suffering discrimination in different social contexts: denounced disrespect, hostility, veiled and/or explicit exclusion, prejudice, injustice and insults lived in public transport, at work, in the family environment, in social events and commercial establishments; Experiencing negative feelings about discrimination: revealed inferiority, sadness, shame, fear, anger, frustration, low esteem and discouragement faced by women; Reacting to discrimination: expressed isolation of marital intimacy and social encounters, removal from work, concealment of body and feelings and even illness of women. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the discrimination experienced in various settings has caused suffering, embarrassment, negative feelings, shame, isolation and loss in women's lives.
Subject(s)
Prejudice , Social Stigma , Female , Humans , Overweight , Qualitative Research , Sexual BehaviorABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the experience of discrimination perceived by overweight women. Methods: a qualitative research conducted at an outpatient clinic in Salvador, Bahia, where eleven women were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: the analysis of the statements expressed three categories: Suffering discrimination in different social contexts: denounced disrespect, hostility, veiled and/or explicit exclusion, prejudice, injustice and insults lived in public transport, at work, in the family environment, in social events and commercial establishments; Experiencing negative feelings about discrimination: revealed inferiority, sadness, shame, fear, anger, frustration, low esteem and discouragement faced by women; Reacting to discrimination: expressed isolation of marital intimacy and social encounters, removal from work, concealment of body and feelings and even illness of women. Final considerations: the discrimination experienced in various settings has caused suffering, embarrassment, negative feelings, shame, isolation and loss in women's lives.
RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de discriminación percibida por las mujeres con sobrepeso. Métodos: investigación cualitativa realizada en una clínica ambulatoria en Salvador, Bahia, donde se entrevistó a once mujeres. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y sometidas a Análisis de Contenido Temático. Resultados: el análisis de las declaraciones expresó tres categorías: Sufriendo discriminación en diferentes contextos sociales: denunciando falta de respeto, hostilidad, exclusión velada y/o explícita, prejuicios, injusticias e insultos experimentados en el transporte público, en el trabajo, en el entorno familiar, en eventos sociales y establecimientos comerciales; Experimentar sentimientos negativos sobre la discriminación: inferioridad revelada, tristeza, vergüenza, miedo, ira, frustración, baja estima y desánimo que enfrentan las mujeres; Reacción a la discriminación: aislamiento expresado de la intimidad conyugal y encuentros sociales, retiro del trabajo, ocultación del cuerpo y los sentimientos e incluso enfermedades de las mujeres. Consideraciones finales: la discriminación experimentada en diversos entornos ha causado sufrimiento, vergüenza, sentimientos negativos, vergüenza, aislamiento y pérdida en la vida de las mujeres.
RESUMO Objetivo: compreender a vivência da discriminação percebida por mulheres com excesso de peso. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida em ambulatório, em Salvador, Bahia, onde onze mulheres foram entrevistadas. As entrevistas foram transcritas e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: a análise dos depoimentos expressou três categorias: Sofrendo discriminação em diferentes contextos sociais: denunciou desrespeito, hostilidade, exclusão velada e/ou explícita, preconceito, injustiça e insultos vividos em transportes coletivos, no trabalho, no ambiente familiar, em eventos sociais e estabelecimentos comerciais; Experienciando sentimentos negativos face à discriminação: revelou inferioridade, tristeza, vergonha, medo, raiva, frustração, baixa da estima e desânimo enfrentados pelas mulheres; Reagindo à discriminação: expressou o isolamento da intimidade conjugal e de encontros sociais, o afastamento do trabalho, a ocultação do corpo e de sentimentos e até mesmo adoecimento de mulheres. Considerações finais: a discriminação vivida em diversos cenários causou sofrimento, constrangimento, sentimentos negativos, vergonha, isolamento e perdas na vida das mulheres.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the experience of discrimination perceived by overweight women. Methods: a qualitative research conducted at an outpatient clinic in Salvador, Bahia, where eleven women were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: the analysis of the statements expressed three categories: Suffering discrimination in different social contexts: denounced disrespect, hostility, veiled and/or explicit exclusion, prejudice, injustice and insults lived in public transport, at work, in the family environment, in social events and commercial establishments; Experiencing negative feelings about discrimination: revealed inferiority, sadness, shame, fear, anger, frustration, low esteem and discouragement faced by women; Reacting to discrimination: expressed isolation of marital intimacy and social encounters, removal from work, concealment of body and feelings and even illness of women. Final considerations: the discrimination experienced in various settings has caused suffering, embarrassment, negative feelings, shame, isolation and loss in women's lives.
RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de discriminación percibida por las mujeres con sobrepeso. Métodos: investigación cualitativa realizada en una clínica ambulatoria en Salvador, Bahia, donde se entrevistó a once mujeres. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y sometidas a Análisis de Contenido Temático. Resultados: el análisis de las declaraciones expresó tres categorías: Sufriendo discriminación en diferentes contextos sociales: denunciando falta de respeto, hostilidad, exclusión velada y/o explícita, prejuicios, injusticias e insultos experimentados en el transporte público, en el trabajo, en el entorno familiar, en eventos sociales y establecimientos comerciales; Experimentar sentimientos negativos sobre la discriminación: inferioridad revelada, tristeza, vergüenza, miedo, ira, frustración, baja estima y desánimo que enfrentan las mujeres; Reacción a la discriminación: aislamiento expresado de la intimidad conyugal y encuentros sociales, retiro del trabajo, ocultación del cuerpo y los sentimientos e incluso enfermedades de las mujeres. Consideraciones finales: la discriminación experimentada en diversos entornos ha causado sufrimiento, vergüenza, sentimientos negativos, vergüenza, aislamiento y pérdida en la vida de las mujeres.
RESUMO Objetivo: compreender a vivência da discriminação percebida por mulheres com excesso de peso. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida em ambulatório, em Salvador, Bahia, onde onze mulheres foram entrevistadas. As entrevistas foram transcritas e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: a análise dos depoimentos expressou três categorias: Sofrendo discriminação em diferentes contextos sociais: denunciou desrespeito, hostilidade, exclusão velada e/ou explícita, preconceito, injustiça e insultos vividos em transportes coletivos, no trabalho, no ambiente familiar, em eventos sociais e estabelecimentos comerciais; Experienciando sentimentos negativos face à discriminação: revelou inferioridade, tristeza, vergonha, medo, raiva, frustração, baixa da estima e desânimo enfrentados pelas mulheres; Reagindo à discriminação: expressou o isolamento da intimidade conjugal e de encontros sociais, o afastamento do trabalho, a ocultação do corpo e de sentimentos e até mesmo adoecimento de mulheres. Considerações finais: a discriminação vivida em diversos cenários causou sofrimento, constrangimento, sentimentos negativos, vergonha, isolamento e perdas na vida das mulheres.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: identificar nos registros de ocorrência de uma Delegacia Especializada no Atendimento à Mulher (DEAM), as situações de violência perpetradas por parceiro íntimo em abuso de álcool contra mulheres no climatério. Método: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, realizada na DEAM de um município do interior baiano. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se o sistema de notificação de ocorrências da DEAM e na análise dos dados foi empregada a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a violência praticada por parceiro íntimo torna-se frequente com o uso abusivo de álcool, sob a forma de violência física, psicológica e sexual e na fase do climatério as agressões foram constantes. Considerações finais: ressalta-se a importância da discussão sobre violência contra as mulheres entre profissionais que atuam na atenção primária à saúde para identificar a violência, realizar atendimento integral e implementar estratégias de prevenção e redução da violência, visando à articulação com os serviços da rede de atenção.
Objective: To identify, in the records of a Women's Police Station (Delegacia Especializada no Atendimento à Mulher, DEAM), violence perpetrated by intoxicated intimate partners against women in the climacteric period. Method: A descriptive qualitative research carried out in the DEAM of a municipality in the inland of Bahia. For data collection and analysis, the DEAM's notification system was used and its content was analyzed. Results: Intimate partner violence and alcohol abuse are frequently related; it happens in the form of physical, psychological and sexual violence. During the climacteric period the aggressions were constant. Final considerations: The importance to discuss violence against women among professionals working in primary health care is highlighted to identify violence, provide integral care and implement strategies to prevent and reduce violence, in order to articulate with the services of primary health care.
Objetivo: identificar, en los registros de ocurrencia, de una Delegacia Especializada no Atendimento à Mulher (DEAM), las situaciones de violencia perpetradas por compañeros íntimos en abuso de alcohol contra mujeres en el climaterio. Método: investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, realizada en la DEAM, de un municipio del interior bahiano. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó el sistema de notificación de ocurrencias de la DEAM y el análisis de los datos se basó en el análisis de contenido. Resultados: la violencia practicada por los compañeros íntimos ocurre frecuentemente con el uso abusivo del alcohol, por la forma de violencia física, psicológica y sexual, en la fase del climaterio las agresiones son constantes. Consideraciones finales: se resalta la importancia de la discusión sobre la violencia contra las mujeres entre profesionales, que actúan en la atención primaria a la salud, para identificar la violencia, realizar atendimiento integral e implementar estrategias de prevención y reducción de la violencia, para la articulación de los servicios de la red de atención.
