Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in Latin American countries: a scoping review / Prevalência e fatores associados à retinopatia diabética em países da América Latina: uma revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective To gather the available evidence in the literature on the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Latin America. Methods This scoping review was developed according to the PRISMA-ScR. Prevalence data were summarized by weighted mean, considering the type of DM and country. For the analysis of associated factors, meta-analyses were performed with the most homogeneous studies, and the ORs and their 95%CIs were calculated. Results Forty-two articles published between 2004 and 2020 were included in this study. The mean prevalence of DR ranged from 15.0% in Costa Rica to 32.7% in Brazil. Conclusion This variation may be related to the diagnostic method, age of the studied population, duration of disease, glycemic control, or other associated factors such as the presence of diabetic nephropathy or hypertension. This review discloses an important burden of DR in Latin America and highlights the need for further in-country studies.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo desta revisão foi reunir as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre a prevalência e os fatores associados à retinopatia diabética na América Latina. Métodos Esta é uma revisão de escopo desenvolvida de acordo com o PRISMA-ScR. Os dados de prevalência foram resumidos por média ponderada, considerando o tipo de diabetes mellitus e o país. Para a análise dos fatores associados, foram realizadas metanálises com os estudos mais homogêneos e calculados as razões de chance e seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados Foram publicados 42 artigos entre 2004 e 2020, os quais foram incluídos neste estudo. A prevalência média de retinopatia diabética variou de 15,0%, na Costa Rica, a 32,7%, no Brasil. Conclusão Essa variação pode estar relacionada ao método de diagnóstico, à idade da população estudada, à duração da doença, ao controle glicêmico ou a outros fatores associados, como a presença de nefropatia diabética ou hipertensão. Esta revisão revelou um ônus importante da retinopatia diabética na América Latina e destaca a necessidade de mais estudos nos países.

Processo de organização do trabalho dos Núcleos Ampliados de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica durante a pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil / Process of organizing the work of the Expanded Family Health and Primary Healthcare Centers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as estratégias para organização e os desafios operacionais para efetivar o processo de trabalho multiprofissional das equipes do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica (Nasf-AB) no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo de revisão integrativa nas bases de dados Lilacs, Science Direct, PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scholar Google e revisão documental de publicações técnicas (protocolos, notas técnicas, ofícios, portarias) no site oficial do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Foram incluídos 13 estudos e não foram localizados documentos técnicos publicados pelo Ministério da Saúde que tratassem diretamente sobre a reorganização do processo de trabalho do Nasf-AB durante a pandemia. Evidenciou-se que os elementos que compõem o processo de trabalho em equipe foram modificados, tais como comunicação e colaboração interprofissional, interdependência das ações e atenção centrada no usuário. No curso da pandemia, notou-se uma predominância da racionalidade gerencial, com maior foco em atividades de rastreio e monitoramento de casos e apoio clínico-assistencial, em detrimento de apoio técnico-pedagógico às equipes de AB, caracterizando um subaproveitamento das potencialidades da equipe multiprofissional no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to identify organizational strategies and operational challenges to implement the multidisciplinary work process of the Expanded Family Health and Primary Healthcare Center (NASF-AB) teams in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This is an integrative review study in the LILACS and Science Direct databases, PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Google Scholar and document review of technical publications (protocols, technical notes, letters, ordinances) on the official website of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Thirteen studies were included and no technical documents published by the Ministry of Health were located which dealt directly with the reorganization of the NASF-AB work process during the pandemic. It was evidenced that the elements that make up the teamwork process have been modified, such as interprofessional communication and collaboration, interdependence of actions and user-centered care. During the course of the pandemic, a predominance of managerial rationality was noted, with a greater focus on case screening and monitoring activities and clinical-assistance support to the detriment of technical-pedagogical support to Primary Care (PC) teams, characterizing an underutilization of the potential of the multiprofessional team within the scope of Primary Health Care.

Vertebroplasty in bone fragility fractures and tumor fractures: risks and benefits / Vertebroplastia em fraturas por fragilidade óssea e tumorais: riscos e benefícios / Vertebroplastia en fracturas por fragilidad ósea y tumorales: riesgos y beneficios

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the results of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) in spinal fragility fractures (osteoporosis/tumor), analyzing possible complications. Method: We evaluated 33 patients with spinal fractures (FXV) due to osteoporosis or tumor who underwent PV between January and November 2021. A physical examination was performed, obtaining the history and risk factors for bone fragility/tumor and a radiological evaluation of the spine to verify FXV. Genant's semiquantitative method was used for postoperative classification, the VAS score, and a disability questionnaire (ODI). A radiologist evaluated tomographic control to quantify vertebral filling and extravasation, determining where they occurred. Results: 46 vertebrae of 33 patients were operated on, with a mean age of 71 years, and 11 patients with more than one level of surgery. Of the total, 13 patients had tumor fractures, and 20 had fractures due to insufficiency. PMMA extravasation was observed in 31 vertebrae, most frequently in the External Vertebral Venous Plexus (23), Discal Body (9), Anterior Epidural Recess (4), Pulmonary Vessels (4), Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus (3), Inferior Cava (2), Adipose Plane (2) and Azygos Vein (1). No patient had clinical complications. Furthermore, the mean preoperative VAS was eight, the postoperative one was 3, the mean preoperative ODI was 56, and the postoperative one was 30. Conclusion: PMMA extravasation was frequent in several locations and levels without any clinical complications. VP proved to be effective in improving pain and function. Level III; Longitudinal Retrospective Cohort Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados da vertebroplastia percutânea (VP) em fraturas por fragilidade da coluna (osteoporose/tumoral), analisando possíveis complicações. Método: Foram avaliados 33 pacientes com fratura da coluna vertebral (FXV) por osteoporose ou tumor, entre janeiro e novembro de 2021, submetidos à VP. Foi realizado exame físico junto à obtenção da história e fatores de risco para fragilidade óssea / tumor, além de avaliação radiológica da coluna para constatação de FXV. O método semiquantitativo de Genant foi empregado para a classificação no pós-operatório, além do score EVA e do questionário de incapacidade (ODI). O controle tomográfico foi avaliado por médico radiologista para quantificação do preenchimento vertebral e extravasamento, determinando para onde ocorreram. Resultados: Foram operadas 46 vértebras de 33 pacientes, como média de idade de 71 anos, sendo 11 pacientes com mais de um nível operado. Do total, 13 pacientes apresentavam fraturas tumorais e 20 possuíam fraturas por insuficiência. Observou-se extravasamento do PMMA em 31 vértebras, mais frequentemente para Plexo Venoso Vertebral Externo (23), Corpo Discal (9), Recesso Epidural Anterior (4) Vasos Pulmonares (4), Plexo Venoso Vertebral Interno (3), Cava Inferior (2), Plano Adiposo (2) e Veia Ázigos (1). Nenhum paciente apresentou complicações clínicas. Ainda, o EVA pré-operatório médio foi 8 e o pós-operatório de 3, enquanto o ODI pré-operatório médio foi de 56 e o pós-operatório de 30. Conclusão: O extravasamento de PMMA foi frequente em diversos locais e níveis, sem nenhuma complicação clínica. A VP mostrou-se eficaz na melhora de dor e função. Nível III; Estudo Longitudinal Coorte Retrospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la vertebroplastia percutánea (PV) en fracturas por fragilidad de columna (osteoporosis/tumor), analizando posibles complicaciones. Método: Se evaluaron 33 pacientes con fractura de columna (FXV) por osteoporosis o tumor, entre enero y noviembre de 2021, que fueron sometidos a PV. Se realizó examen físico junto con obtención de antecedentes y factores de riesgo de fragilidad ósea/tumor, además de evaluación radiológica de columna para verificar FXV. Para la clasificación postoperatoria se utilizó el método semicuantitativo de Genant, además de utilizar la escala EVA y un cuestionario de discapacidad (ODI). El control tomográfico fue evaluado por un radiólogo para cuantificar el llenado vertebral y la extravasación, determinando dónde se producían. Resultados: Se operaron 46 vértebras de 33 pacientes, con una edad promedio de 71 años, 11 pacientes con más de un nivel de cirugía. Del total, 13 pacientes presentaron fracturas tumorales y 20 fracturas por insuficiencia. Se observó extravasación de PMMA en 31 vértebras, con mayor frecuencia en el Plexo Venoso Vertebral Externo (23), Cuerpo Discal (9), Receso Epidural Anterior (4), Vasos Pulmonares (4), Plexo Venoso Vertebral Interno (3), Cava Inferior (2), Plano Adiposo (2) y Vena Azygos (1). Ningún paciente presentó complicaciones clínicas. Además, la EVA preoperatoria media fue de 8 y la postoperatoria de 3, mientras que la ODI preoperatoria media fue de 56 y la postoperatoria de 30. Conclusión: La extravasación de PMMA fue frecuente en varias localizaciones y niveles, sin complicaciones clínicas. VP demostró ser eficaz para mejorar el dolor y la función. Nivel III; Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo longitudinal.

Genotoxic Effects of Semi-Synthetic Isodillapiole on Oviposition in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae).

INTRODUCTION: Semi-synthetic dillapiole compounds derived from Piper aduncum essential oil are used as alternative insecticides to control insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of semi-synthetic isodillapiole on the nuclei of neuroblasts (larvae) and oocytes (females) and the mean oviposition rates of the females over four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4) of Ae. aegypti. METHODS: Larvae were captured in the city of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, and exposed to isodillapiole in bioassays (20, 40, and 60 µg/mL) and a negative control (0.05% DMSO in tap water) for 4 h. The cerebral ganglia were extracted from the larvae and oocytes from the adult females to prepare slides for cytogenetic analysis. Breeding pairs were established and eggs counts were quantified taken after the bioassays. RESULTS: The analysis of 20,000 interphase nuclei of neuroblasts and oocytes indicated significant genotoxicity (micronuclei, budding, polynucleated cells, and other malformations) compared to that of the control. Metaphasic and anaphasic nuclei presented chromosomal breaks; however, no significant variation and damage was observed in the negative control. A significant reduction in mean oviposition rates was also recorded following exposure to isodillapiole over the four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4). CONCLUSIONS: The toxic and genotoxic effects of isodillapiole on Ae. aegypti were caused by reduced oviposition in the females and nuclear abnormalities over the four generations of the trials. Further studies are required, rather than our in vitro assays, to verify the efficacy of exposure to this compound for controlling Ae. aegypti.

Strenuous Acute Exercise Induces Slow and Fast Twitch-Dependent NADPH Oxidase Expression in Rat Skeletal Muscle.

The enzymatic complex Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOx) may be the principal source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms are tissue-dependent and are differentially expressed in slow-twitch fibers (type I fibers) and fast-twitch fibers (type II fibers) of skeletal muscle, making them different markers of ROS metabolism induced by physical exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate NOx signaling, as a non-adaptive and non-cumulative response, in the predominant fiber types of rat skeletal muscles 24 h after one strenuous treadmill exercise session. The levels of mRNA, reduced glycogen, thiol content, NOx, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activity, and PPARGC1α and SLC2A4 gene expression were measured in the white gastrocnemius (WG) portion, the red gastrocnemius (RG) portion, and the soleus muscle (SOL). NOx activity showed higher values in the SOL muscle compared to the RG and WG portions. The same was true of the NOX2 and NOX4 mRNA levels, antioxidant enzymatic activities, glycogen content. Twenty-four hours after the strenuous exercise session, NOx expression increased in slow-twitch oxidative fibers. The acute strenuous exercise condition showed an attenuation of oxidative stress and an upregulation of antioxidant activity through PPARGC1α gene activity, antioxidant defense adaptations, and differential gene expression according to the predominant fiber type. The most prominent location of detoxification (indicated by NOX4 activation) in the slow-twitch oxidative SOL muscle was the mitochondria, while the fast-twitch oxidative RG portion showed a more cytosolic location. Glycolytic metabolism in the WG portion suggested possible NOX2/NOX4 non-regulation, indicating other possible ROS regulation pathways.

Genotoxic Effects of Semi-Synthetic Isodillapiole on Oviposition in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Semi-synthetic dillapiole compounds derived from Piper aduncum essential oil are used as alternative insecticides to control insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of semi-synthetic isodillapiole on the nuclei of neuroblasts (larvae) and oocytes (females) and the mean oviposition rates of the females over four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4) of Ae. aegypti. METHODS: Larvae were captured in the city of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, and exposed to isodillapiole in bioassays (20, 40, and 60 µg/mL) and a negative control (0.05% DMSO in tap water) for 4 h. The cerebral ganglia were extracted from the larvae and oocytes from the adult females to prepare slides for cytogenetic analysis. Breeding pairs were established and eggs counts were quantified taken after the bioassays. RESULTS: The analysis of 20,000 interphase nuclei of neuroblasts and oocytes indicated significant genotoxicity (micronuclei, budding, polynucleated cells, and other malformations) compared to that of the control. Metaphasic and anaphasic nuclei presented chromosomal breaks; however, no significant variation and damage was observed in the negative control. A significant reduction in mean oviposition rates was also recorded following exposure to isodillapiole over the four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4). CONCLUSIONS: The toxic and genotoxic effects of isodillapiole on Ae. aegypti were caused by reduced oviposition in the females and nuclear abnormalities over the four generations of the trials. Further studies are required, rather than our in vitro assays, to verify the efficacy of exposure to this compound for controlling Ae. aegypti.

Quality of sorghum silage with leucaena

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of leucaena forage in sorghum: forage. In addition to pure sorghum, it was evaluated different levels of inclusion of leucaena (15, 30 and 50%) at the time of ensiling. Forage was ensiled in PVC tubes (100 mm diameter, 500 mm length) under the density of 500 600 kg m-3, a total of 20 silos were prepared, which were opened 35 days after ensiling. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of leucaena inclusion levels for pH, water activity (Aw) and total ammonia nitrogen (total NH3-N). There was an increasing linear effect (p 0.05) for the content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and lignin that increased from 33.47 to 34.75%, 7.82 to 16.05% and from 7.29 to 9.93%, at the levels from 0 to 50% inclusion of leucaena, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect (p 0.05) for neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFcp) and hemicellulose, which reduced from 56.65 to 48.37% and from 24.07 to 17.67% at the levels of 0 and 50% inclusion, respectively. For the ash content, there was a quadratic effect (p 0.05), with a maximum at 8.3% with 8.9% inclusion of leucaena. The inclusion of up to 50% leucaena into sorghum silage is recommended, because, in addition to maintaining the fermentation quality, it also improved nutritional quality of sorghum silage.

Quality of sorghum silage with leucaena

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of leucaena forage in sorghum: forage. In addition to pure sorghum, it was evaluated different levels of inclusion of leucaena (15, 30 and 50%) at the time of ensiling. Forage was ensiled in PVC tubes (100 mm diameter, 500 mm length) under the density of 500 600 kg m-3, a total of 20 silos were prepared, which were opened 35 days after ensiling. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of leucaena inclusion levels for pH, water activity (Aw) and total ammonia nitrogen (total NH3-N). There was an increasing linear effect (p 0.05) for the content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and lignin that increased from 33.47 to 34.75%, 7.82 to 16.05% and from 7.29 to 9.93%, at the levels from 0 to 50% inclusion of leucaena, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect (p 0.05) for neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFcp) and hemicellulose, which reduced from 56.65 to 48.37% and from 24.07 to 17.67% at the levels of 0 and 50% inclusion, respectively. For the ash content, there was a quadratic effect (p 0.05), with a maximum at 8.3% with 8.9% inclusion of leucaena. The inclusion of up to 50% leucaena into sorghum silage is recommended, because, in addition to maintaining the fermentation quality, it also improved nutritional quality of sorghum silage.(AU)

Regulação gênica da via ampk pelo exercício físico: revisão sistemática e análise in silico / Ampk pathway gene regulation by physical exercise: systematic review and in silico analysis / Regulación génica de la vía ampk por el ejercicio físico: revisión sistemática y análisis in silico

RESUMO Introdução: Novos estudos de regulação gênica do exercício físico por meio de técnicas pós-genômicas em ensaios de resistência (endurance) e força caracterizam a transcriptômica do exercício físico. Entre os genes afetados, destacamos a via da proteína quinase ativada por AMP (AMPK), cuja ativação ocorre durante o exercício como resultado das alterações dos níveis de fosfato energético da fibra muscular. Objetivo: Avaliar a via de sinalização da AMPK por revisão sistemática da expressão de genes e análise in silico. Método: Foi efetuada uma revisão sistemática para avaliar a regulação gênica da via de sinalização AMPK, caracterizando os genes estudados na literatura, as variações de regulação obtidas, na forma de fold change e tipos de exercício usados. Resultados: A via de sinalização AMPK mostrou 133 genes no repositório KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), os quais foram confrontados com a revisão sistemática da literatura, totalizando 65 genes. Dezessete genes apresentaram UR e 24 mostraram DR com relação ao seu respectivo controle. Além destes, 20 genes estavam presentes nos trabalhos, apresentando tanto UR e DR e quatro genes não apresentaram dados de regulação. Verificou-se regulação específica em função do tipo de exercício efetuado. Discussão: Dos 133 genes da via AMPK, 48,8% foram amostrados nos trabalhos revisados, indicando que uma parte significativa da via é regulada pelo exercício. O estudo apresentou a regulação gênica básica de dois mecanismos para a recuperação energética, a biogênese mitocondrial e o bloqueio da gliconeogênese. Conclusão: Este trabalho mostrou que o exercício atua ativamente na via de sinalização da AMPK, na importância da regulação via PGC-1α e no papel de outros genes, regulando a expressão de mais da metade dos genes amostrados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: New studies of gene regulation by physical exercise through post-genomic techniques in endurance and strength tests characterize the physical exercise transcriptomics. Among the affected genes, we highlight the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, the activation of which occurs during exercise because of changes in muscle fiber energetic phosphate levels. Objective: To evaluate the AMPK signaling pathway by systematic review of gene expression and in silico analysis. Method: A systematic review was performed in order to assess the gene regulation of AMPK signaling pathway, characterizing the genes studied in the literature, regulation variations obtained in the form of fold change, and types of exercise performed. Results: The AMPK signaling pathway showed 133 genes in the KEGG repository (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), which were compared with the systematic review of the literature, totaling 65 genes. Seventeen genes presented UR and 24 showed DR in relation to their respective control. In addition to these, 20 genes were present in the literature, presenting both UR and DR and four genes showed no regulatory data. Specific regulation was verified according to the type of exercises performed. Discussion: Of the 133 genes of the AMPK pathway, 48.8% were sampled in the revised studies indicating that a significant part of the pathway is regulated by exercise. The study presented the basic gene regulation of two mechanisms for energy recovery, mitochondrial biogenesis, and gluconeogenesis blockade. Conclusion: This work showed that the exercise actively works in the AMPK signaling pathway, in the importance of regulation via PGC-1α and in the role of other genes, regulating the expression of more than half of the genes sampled.

RESUMEN Introducción: Nuevos estudios de regulación génica del ejercicio físico por medio de técnicas pos-genómicas en ensayos de resistencia (endurance) y fuerza caracterizan la transcriptómica del ejercicio físico. Entre los genes afectados, destacamos la vía de la proteína quinasa activada por AMP (AMPK), cuya activación ocurre durante el ejercicio como resultado de las alteraciones de los niveles de fosfato energético de la fibra muscular. Objetivo: Evaluar la vía de señalización AMPK por revisión sistemática de la expresión de genes y análisis in silico. Método: Se ha efectuado una revisión para evaluar la regulación génica de la vía de señalización AMPK, caracterizando los genes estudiados en la literatura, las variaciones de regulación obtenidas en forma de fold change y tipos de ejercicios utilizados. Resultados: La vía de señalización AMPK mostró 133 genes en el repositorio KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), los cuales fueran confrontados con la revisión sistemática de la literatura, totalizando 65 genes. Diecisiete genes presentaron UR y 24 mostraron DR con respecto a su respectivo control. Además de estos, 20 genes estaban presentes en los trabajos, presentando tanto UR y DR y cuatro genes no presentaron dados de regulación. Se observó una regulación específica en función del tipo de ejercicio efectuado. Discusión: De los 133 genes de la vía AMPK, 48,8% fueron muestreados en los trabajos revisados, indicando que una parte significativa de la vía es regulada por el ejercicio. El estudio presentó la regulación génica básica de dos mecanismos para la recuperación energética, la biogénesis mitocondrial y el bloqueo de la gluconeogénesis. Conclusión: Este trabajo mostró que el ejercicio actúa activamente en la vía de señalización AMPK, en la importancia de la regulación vía factor PGC-1a y en el papel de otros genes, regulando la expresión de más de la mitad de los genes muestreados.

Propagação do capim-pioneiro com o uso de mudas pré-brotadas / Grass pioneer spread with dumb for use pre-budded

Objetivou-se avaliar a propagação do capim-pioneiro a partir de mudas pré-brotadas, sendo dois tratamentos: tratamento 1 minirrebolos com apenas uma gema e o tratamento 2 constituído de estacas contendo duas gemas totalizando 80 unidades experimentais. Com os dados contabilizados foi calculado a porcentagem final de gemas brotadas (PFB), índice de velocidade de brotação (IVB) e o tempo médio de brotação (TMB). O tratamento com apenas uma gema apresentou maior porcentagem final de gemas brotadas (PFB) com 82,5 % aos 30 dias de avaliação, menor índice de brotação e tempo médio de germinação que as estacas com duas gemas.

The objective to evaluate the spread of grass pioneer from pre - sprouted seedlings , two treatments: 1 minirrebolos treatment with one yolk and the treatment consists of two piles containing two gems totaling 80 experimental units . With the recorded data was calculated the final percentage of bud break (PFB) , budding speed index (IVB) and the average time for budburst (TMB) . The treatment with one yolk showed higher final percentage of bud break (PFB) with 82.5 % at 30 -day trial , a lower rate of budding and average germination time the stakes with two gems.

Propagação do capim-pioneiro com o uso de mudas pré-brotadas / Grass pioneer spread with dumb for use pre-budded

Objetivou-se avaliar a propagação do capim-pioneiro a partir de mudas pré-brotadas, sendo dois tratamentos: tratamento 1 minirrebolos com apenas uma gema e o tratamento 2 constituído de estacas contendo duas gemas totalizando 80 unidades experimentais. Com os dados contabilizados foi calculado a porcentagem final de gemas brotadas (PFB), índice de velocidade de brotação (IVB) e o tempo médio de brotação (TMB). O tratamento com apenas uma gema apresentou maior porcentagem final de gemas brotadas (PFB) com 82,5 % aos 30 dias de avaliação, menor índice de brotação e tempo médio de germinação que as estacas com duas gemas.(AU)

The objective to evaluate the spread of grass pioneer from pre - sprouted seedlings , two treatments: 1 minirrebolos treatment with one yolk and the treatment consists of two piles containing two gems totaling 80 experimental units . With the recorded data was calculated the final percentage of bud break (PFB) , budding speed index (IVB) and the average time for budburst (TMB) . The treatment with one yolk showed higher final percentage of bud break (PFB) with 82.5 % at 30 -day trial , a lower rate of budding and average germination time the stakes with two gems. (AU)

Redução do uso de animais através da bioinformática: técnicas in-silico apontam alvos moleculares / Reduction in the utilization of animals through bioinformatics: in-silico techniques point towards molecular targets

Model animals are indispensable in the advancement of life sciences. Computational analyses can save time and reduce the number of animals needed. Bioinformatics offer tools that support research through in-silico evaluations. Our aim was to study the function of exercise-linked genes, focusing on disease pathways, envisaging the discovery of new molecular targets for the use in animal model studies. This research was part of two projects approved by the local Ethics Committee (CEUA/UECE) in 04/2014 (1592060/2014) and 07/2015 (2542310/2015). Human genes linked to physical exercise were classified by the pathways using the enrichment tool Enrichnet. Statistical analyses (ANOVA) were used using the Fisher test (q-value). Strong correlations were found with neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and immunologic diseases. Within neurodegenerative diseases, physical exercise was found to be linked to Parkinsons (q-value 1.6 X10-17), Alzheimers (q-value 3.9 X10-16) and Huntington disease (q-value 1.9 X10-15). Within cardiovascular diseases linked to exercise there is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (q-value 8.5 X10-15). A large number of genes linked to exercise were found to participate in disease linked metabolic pathways. Concluding, after evaluating genes linked to physical exercise and disease pathways, new molecular targets for the use in model animal studies were revealed.(AU)

Resposta curso-temporal da enzima catalase no músculo esquelético de ratos após uma sessão de exercício exaustivo / Time-course response of catalase enzyme in skeletal muscle of rats after exhaustive exercise session

Studies show that exhaustive exercise prints in an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant defense system. One of the enzymes responsible for the defense system is catalase (CAT) which detoxifica hydrogen peroxide in skeletal muscle avoiding possible damage. The aim of this study was to assess the time course of response catalase in skeletal muscle of mice after an exhaustive exercise session. They used 36 male Wistar rats with 60 days old and weighing 220-240g, kept in light / dark 12h / 12h with water and food ad libitum. The animals were divided into six groups: control group; immediately after exercise (0h); 6h; 12h; 24h; 48 hours after exercise. These have been adapted for two weeks on a treadmill for 48 hours after the animals and adaptation undergo a workout. The portions of red gastrocnemius muscle were dissected and stored in liquid nitrogen. The gene expression analysis was performed by PCR in real time. To analyze the enzymatic activity of CAT, the cultures were placed in a spectrophotometer at the absorbance value at 240 nm. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA - oneway) and post Tukey test (p <0.05). The results showed large capacity regulation of this antioxidant enzyme, indicating a significant increase in expression of CAT 6h after exercise (p <0.05), as well as enzyme activity also increased by 6 hours after exercise (p <0.05) compared with the control, concluding that in the first hour after exercise has been possible to identify a defense response in skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise.

Redução do uso de animais através da bioinformática: técnicas in-silico apontam alvos moleculares / Reduction in the utilization of animals through bioinformatics: in-silico techniques point towards molecular targets

Model animals are indispensable in the advancement of life sciences. Computational analyses can save time and reduce the number of animals needed. Bioinformatics offer tools that support research through in-silico evaluations. Our aim was to study the function of exercise-linked genes, focusing on disease pathways, envisaging the discovery of new molecular targets for the use in animal model studies. This research was part of two projects approved by the local Ethics Committee (CEUA/UECE) in 04/2014 (1592060/2014) and 07/2015 (2542310/2015). Human genes linked to physical exercise were classified by the pathways using the enrichment tool Enrichnet. Statistical analyses (ANOVA) were used using the Fisher test (q-value). Strong correlations were found with neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and immunologic diseases. Within neurodegenerative diseases, physical exercise was found to be linked to Parkinson’s (q-value 1.6 X10-17), Alzheimer’s (q-value 3.9 X10-16) and Huntington disease (q-value 1.9 X10-15). Within cardiovascular diseases linked to exercise there is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (q-value 8.5 X10-15). A large number of genes linked to exercise were found to participate in disease linked metabolic pathways. Concluding, after evaluating genes linked to physical exercise and disease pathways, new molecular targets for the use in model animal studies were revealed.

Resposta curso-temporal da enzima catalase no músculo esquelético de ratos após uma sessão de exercício exaustivo / Time-course response of catalase enzyme in skeletal muscle of rats after exhaustive exercise session

Studies show that exhaustive exercise prints in an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant defense system. One of the enzymes responsible for the defense system is catalase (CAT) which detoxifica hydrogen peroxide in skeletal muscle avoiding possible damage. The aim of this study was to assess the time course of response catalase in skeletal muscle of mice after an exhaustive exercise session. They used 36 male Wistar rats with 60 days old and weighing 220-240g, kept in light / dark 12h / 12h with water and food ad libitum. The animals were divided into six groups: control group; immediately after exercise (0h); 6h; 12h; 24h; 48 hours after exercise. These have been adapted for two weeks on a treadmill for 48 hours after the animals and adaptation undergo a workout. The portions of red gastrocnemius muscle were dissected and stored in liquid nitrogen. The gene expression analysis was performed by PCR in real time. To analyze the enzymatic activity of CAT, the cultures were placed in a spectrophotometer at the absorbance value at 240 nm. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA - oneway) and post Tukey test (p <0.05). The results showed large capacity regulation of this antioxidant enzyme, indicating a significant increase in expression of CAT 6h after exercise (p <0.05), as well as enzyme activity also increased by 6 hours after exercise (p <0.05) compared with the control, concluding that in the first hour after exercise has been possible to identify a defense response in skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise.(AU)

Bioterápicos de Candida albicans induzem alterações nos índices de adesão e na respiração celular / Biotherapics of Candida albicans induce changes in the levels of adhesion and in cellular respiration

Introdução: O gênero Candida spp é responsável por cerca de 80% das infecções fúngicas no ambiente hospitalar e constitui causa relevante de infecções sistêmicas em pacientes hospitalizados, especialmente em doentes graves e em imunocomprometidos, com predominância da Candida albicans. A adesão das leveduras às células epiteliais do hospedeiro é um potente estimulador para a formação de hifas, forma invasiva do fungo [1]. Os bioterápicos são medicamentos preparados a partir de produtos biológicos, elaborados conforme a Farmacopeia Homeopática Brasileira (FHB)[2], indicados para tratamento de infecções de etiologia conhecida, empregados com grande sucesso no tratamento clínico destas infecções. Os bioterápicos RC, desenvolvidos pelo médico brasileiro Roberto Costa (RC) são preparados a partir do agente etiológico íntegro e, segundo suas pesquisas, possuem maior capacidade de estimular o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro.

Avaliação funcional da disfunção temporomandibular após bioestimulação associado à cinesioterapia / Functional evaluation of temporomandibular joint disorders after bioestimulation combined with kinesiotherapy

A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é altamente debilitantee causa alteração na realização de algumas funções importantescomo mastigar alimentos ou falar adequadamente. Esta disfunçãogeralmente segue uma trajetória de eventos progressivos, podendodesencadear uma condição articular degenerativa. Diante disso, otratamento fisioterapêutico se destaca, por ser um tratamento nãomedicamentoso e não invasivo. Há uma escassez de artigos na literaturasobre a utilização de técnicas cinesioterapêuticas associadascom aplicação de laser de baixa intensidade. Diante deste contexto,o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o quadro clínico depacientes portadores de DTM, após intervenção fisioterapêutica.Cinco pacientes receberam tratamento fisioterapêutico, associandotécnicas cinesioterapêuticas e aplicação de laser de baixa intensidade.Foram realizadas três sessões semanalmente, durante dois meses. Paraverificar o quadro clínico, foi realizada avaliação da amplitude demovimento e aplicação dos questionários: questionário de Fonseca,índice de disfunção clínica craniomandibular, índice temporomandibulare o SF36. Através dos resultados deste estudo, a associação dasduas técnicas de tratamento demonstrou um aumento da amplitudede movimento articular e melhora nos escores de funcionalidade,correlacionados com a melhora importante dos aspectos sociais eemocionais. Assim, este é um importante indicador para o surgimentode novos estudos que enfatizem esta associação de técnicas.

The temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a debilitating diseasethat causes changes in some important functions such as to chewfood or speak properly. This disorder usually develops a progressivetrajectory of events, which can lead to a degenerative joint disease.Therefore, physical therapy stands out for being a non-medicationand noninvasive treatment. There is little articles in the literatureconcerning the use of kinesiotherapy techniques associated withlow level laser. This study aimed to verify the clinical picture of patientswith TMD, after physical therapy intervention. Five patientsunderwent physical therapy combining kinesiotherapy and lowlevel laser application. Three sessions were held weekly during twomonths. In order to verify clinical current status, we carried out anevaluation of range of motion and used the following questionnaires:Fonseca questionnaire, Clinical Craniomandibular dysfunctionIndex, Temporomandibular Index and SF36. From the results ofthis study we observed that the combination of the two treatmenttechniques showed an increase in range of motion and improvementin functional scores, correlated with significant improvement ofsocial and emotional aspects. Thus, new studies emphasizing thecombination of the two techniques should be conducted.

Avaliação do pico de fluxo expiratório em idosos autônomos institucionalizados e não institucionalizados / Evaluation of peak expiratory flow in autonomous and institutionalized or non institutionalized elderly

Introdução: A avaliação do pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE)apresenta-se reduzida nos idosos devido às alterações ocorridas como envelhecimento. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar o pico de fluxoexpiratório máximo em idosos institucionalizados e não institucionalizados.Material e métodos: Estudo analítico, observacional etransversal constituído de 61 idosos, divididos em 02 grupos: grupo1 (GC) constituído de 24 idosos da Clínica Escola de Fisioterapia daUnigranrio e o grupo 2 (GM) constituído de 37 idosos recrutadosno asilo Mansão Esperança. Foram coletadas três amostras do PFE(l/min) com os idosos na posição sentada, os quais foram orientadosa expirar forçadamente partindo da capacidade pulmonar total. Resultados:Observou-se que o GM apresentou idade significativamentemaior; peso, PFE máximo observado e médio significativamentemenores; delta absoluto do PFE máximo e médio, assim como,delta relativo do PFE máximo e médio significativamente maioresquando comparado ao GC. Conclusão: Os dois grupos apresentaramqueda no PFE em relação ao mínimo esperado, porém de formadiferenciada. O grupo institucionalizado apresentou queda significativamentemaior que o não institucionalizado.

Introduction: The peak expiratory flow (PEF) is reduced in theelderly due to aging changes. Objective: To evaluate and comparemaximum peak expiratory flow in autonomous institutionalizedand non-institutionalized elderly. Methods: Transversal analyticobservational study consisting of 61 elderly, divided into 02 groups:group 1 (CG) consisted of 24 elderly from the School of PhysicalTherapy Clinic Unigranrio and group 2 (GM) consisting of 37 elderlyenrolled in the asylum Mansão Esperança. Three samples werecollected PEF (l/min) with the elderly in sitting position, and theywere instructed to expire forcefully at total lung capacity. Results: Itwas observed that the GM had significantly higher age; weight, andmaximum and average PEF were significantly lower; absolute deltaof maximum and average PEF, as well as relative delta of maximumand average PEF was significantly higher when compared to CG.Conclusion: The 2 groups showed a decrease in PEF in relation tothe minimum expected, but differently. The PEF decrease was significantlymore important in the institutionalized group.

Brincar como instrumento terapêutico / Play as therapeutical instrument

Objetivo e Método: A experiência da hospitalização na infância é traumática, sendo assim, foi realizada uma investigação qualiquantitativana unidade de pediatria do Hospital da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNIFENAS. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram crianças de ambos os gêneros e 14 sujeitos, pai (n=5), mãe (n=5)e tia (n=4). Resultados: Catorze (100%) sujeitos apresentaram melhora no humor, 13 (93%), aumento da disposição; 12 (86%), redução daansiedade; 11 (78%), diminuição do choro; 10 (71%), aumento no apetite; 10 (71%), diminuição da irritação; três (21%) aderiram melhor ao tratamento. Conclusão: Sugere-se que as atividades lúdicas durante a hospitalizaçãopromovam a melhora do humor, favoreçam a distração, reduzam a ansiedade e o choro, aumentando o apetite e levando à melhora à adesão ao tratamento.

Objective and Methods: The experienceof hospitalization in childhood is traumatic, so an investigation was undertaken into the qualitative-quantitative Pediatrics Hospital Schoolof Medical Sciences UNIFENAS. The subjects were children of both genders and 14 subjects, father (n = 5), mother (n = 5) and aunt (n = 4). Results:Fourteen (100%) subjects reported improvement in mood, 13 (93%) increase in provision, 12 (86%)reduction of anxiety, 11 (78%) decrease in crying, 10 (71%) increased appetite; 10 (71%) decrease irritation;three (21%) adhered to treatment. Conclusion: It is suggested that leisure activities during hospitalization promote improved mood, promote distraction, reduce anxiety and crying, increased appetite and improves adherence to treatment.

Prevalência e susceptibilidade in vitro a Itraconazol e Anfotericina B de isolados clínicos de Candida / Prevalence and in vitro susceptibility to Itraconazole and Amphotericin B of clinical Candida isolates

Foram avaliadas 58 cepas de Cândida spp. Recuperada de sangue e cateter de pacientes hospitalizados admitidos em dois hospitais terciários na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, num período de três anos. Os isolados foram identificados empregando-se técnicas micológicas de rotina e apresentaram a seguinte distribuição: Cândida parasilosis (47,1%), C. albicans (38,0%), C. tropicalis (6,9%), C. guilliermondii (6,9%), C. iamata (3,4%) e C. globrata (1,7%). Um método de disco-difusão em Agar para estudo de susceptibilidade e antifúngicos foi analisado. Discos de papel com itraconaazol (10g) e anfotericina B (100g) foram depositados sobre o Agar Mueller-Hinton com 2% de glicose e 0,5g/mL de azul de metilene para os ensaios de susceptibilidade. AS cepas foram classificadas como susceptíveis, intermediárias e resistentes pela mensuração dos diâmetros dos halos de inibição. O percentual de susceptibilidade encontrado foi o seguinte: itraconazol, susceptíveis: 91,4% e intermediárias: 8,6%; anfotericina B, susceptíveis: 100%. Cepas resistentes não foram detectadas por este método.