Predicting the outcome of death by CALL Score in COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the CALL Score tool in predicting the death outcome in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A total of 897 patients were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between characteristics of the CALL Score and the occurrence of death. The relationship between CALL Score risk classification and the occurrence of death was also examined. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify optimal cutoff points for the CALL Score and the outcome. RESULTS: The study revealed that age>60 years, DHL>500, and lymphocyte count ≤1000 emerged as independent predictors of death. Higher risk classifications of the CALL Score were associated with an increased likelihood of death. The optimal CALL Score cutoff point for predicting the death outcome was 9.5 (≥9.5), with a sensitivity of 70.4%, specificity of 80.3%, and accuracy of 80%. CONCLUSION: The CALL Score showed promising discriminatory ability for death outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Age, DHL level, and lymphocyte count were identified as independent predictors. Further validation and external evaluation are necessary to establish the robustness and generalizability of the CALL Score in diverse clinical settings.

Predicting the outcome of death by CALL Score in COVID-19 patients

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the CALL Score tool in predicting the death outcome in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A total of 897 patients were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between characteristics of the CALL Score and the occurrence of death. The relationship between CALL Score risk classification and the occurrence of death was also examined. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify optimal cutoff points for the CALL Score and the outcome. RESULTS: The study revealed that age>60 years, DHL>500, and lymphocyte count ≤1000 emerged as independent predictors of death. Higher risk classifications of the CALL Score were associated with an increased likelihood of death. The optimal CALL Score cutoff point for predicting the death outcome was 9.5 (≥9.5), with a sensitivity of 70.4%, specificity of 80.3%, and accuracy of 80%. CONCLUSION: The CALL Score showed promising discriminatory ability for death outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Age, DHL level, and lymphocyte count were identified as independent predictors. Further validation and external evaluation are necessary to establish the robustness and generalizability of the CALL Score in diverse clinical settings.

Influence of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Gene Polymorphism in Progression of Chagas Heart Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. One-third of infected patients will develop the cardiac form, which may progress to heart failure (HF). However, the factors that determine disease progression remain unclear. Increased angiotensin II activity is a key player in the pathophysiology of HF. A functional polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with plasma enzyme activity. In CD, ACE inhibitors have beneficial effects supporting the use of this treatment in chagasic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We evaluated the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with HF, performing a case-control study encompassing 343 patients with positive serology for CD staged as non-cardiomyopathy (stage A; 100), mild (stage B1; 144), and severe (stage C; 99) forms of Chagas heart disease. For ACE I/D genotyping by PCR, groups were compared using unconditional logistic regression analysis and adjusted for nongenetic covariates: age, sex, and trypanocidal treatment. RESULTS: A marginal, but not significant (p=0.06) higher prevalence of ACE I/D polymorphism was observed in patients in stage C compared with patients in stage A. Patients in stage C (CD with HF), were compared with patients in stages A and B1 combined into one group (CD without HF); DD genotype/D carriers were prevalent in the HF patients (OR = 2; CI = 1.013.96; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results of this cohort study, comprising a population from the Northeast region of Brazil, suggest that ACE I/D polymorphism is more prevalent in the cardiac form of Chagas disease with HF.

Predictors of Post-Discharge 30-Day Hospital Readmission in Decompensated Heart Failure Patients

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is worldwide known as a public health issue with high morbimortality. One of the issues related to the evolution of HF is the high rate of hospital readmission caused by decompensation of the clinical condition, with high costs and worsening of ventricular function. Objective To quantify the readmission rate and identify the predictors of rehospitalization in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Methods Hospital-based historic cohort of patients admitted with acute decompensated HF in a private hospital from Recife/PE, from January 2008 to February 2016, followed-up for at least 30 days after discharge. Demographic and clinical data of admission, hospitalization, and clinical and late outcomes were analyzed. Logistic regression was used as a strategy to identify the predictors of independent risks. Results 312 followed-up patients, average age 73 (± 14), 61% males, 51% NYHA Class III, and 58% ischemic etiology. Thirty-day readmission rate was 23%. Multivariate analysis identified the independent predictors ejection fraction < 40% (OR = 2.1; p = 0.009), hyponatremia (OR = 2.9; p = 0.022) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as the cause of decompensation (OR = 1.1; p = 0,026). The final model using those three variables presented reasonable discriminatory power (C-Statistics = 0.655 - HF 95%: 0.582 - 0.728) and good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.925). Conclusions Among hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure, the rate of readmission was high. Hyponatremia, reduced ejection fraction and ACS as causes of decompensation were robust markers for the prediction of hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; 33(2):175-184)

Decompensated Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction: Epidemiology and In-Hospital Mortality Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Recently, a new HF entity, with LVEF between 40-49%, was presented to comprehend and seek better therapy for HF with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) and borderline, in the means that HF with reduced LVEF (HFrEF) already has well-defined therapy in the literature. Objective: To compare the clinical-therapeutic profile of patients with HF with mid-range LVEF (HFmrEF) with HFpEF and HFrEF and to verify predictors of hospital mortality. Method: Historical cohort of patients admitted with decompensated HF at a supplementary hospital in Recife/PE between April/2007 - August/2017, stratified by LVEF (< 40%/40 - 49/≥ 50%), based on the guideline of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2016. The groups were compared and Logistic Regression was used to identify predictors of independent risk for in-hospital death. Results: A sample of 493 patients, most with HFrEF (43%), HFpEF (30%) and HFmrEF (26%). Average age of 73 (± 14) years, 59% men. Hospital mortality 14%, readmission within 30 days 19%. In therapeutics, it presented statistical significance among the 3 groups, spironolactone, in HFrEF patients. Hospital death and readmission within 30 days did not make difference. In the HFmrEF group, factors independently associated with death were: valve disease (OR: 4.17, CI: 1.01-9.13), altered urea at admission (OR: 6.18, CI: 1.78-11.45) and beta-blocker hospitalization (OR: 0.29, CI: 0.08-0.97). In HFrEF, predictors were: prior renal disease (OR: 2.84, CI: 1.19-6.79), beta-blocker at admission (OR: 0.29, CI: 0.12-0.72) and ACEI/ ARB (OR: 0.21, CI: 0.09-0.49). In HFpEF, only valve disease (OR: 4.61, CI: 1.33-15.96) and kidney disease (OR: 5.18, CI: 1.68-11.98) were relevant. Conclusion: In general, HFmrEF presented intermediate characteristics between HFrEF and HFpEF. Independent predictors of mortality may support risk stratification and management of this group.

Influence of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Gene Polymorphism in Progression of Chagas Heart Disease

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. One-third of infected patients will develop the cardiac form, which may progress to heart failure (HF). However, the factors that determine disease progression remain unclear. Increased angiotensin II activity is a key player in the pathophysiology of HF. A functional polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with plasma enzyme activity. In CD, ACE inhibitors have beneficial effects supporting the use of this treatment in chagasic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We evaluated the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with HF, performing a case-control study encompassing 343 patients with positive serology for CD staged as non-cardiomyopathy (stage A; 100), mild (stage B1; 144), and severe (stage C; 99) forms of Chagas heart disease. For ACE I/D genotyping by PCR, groups were compared using unconditional logistic regression analysis and adjusted for nongenetic covariates: age, sex, and trypanocidal treatment. RESULTS: A marginal, but not significant (p=0.06) higher prevalence of ACE I/D polymorphism was observed in patients in stage C compared with patients in stage A. Patients in stage C (CD with HF), were compared with patients in stages A and B1 combined into one group (CD without HF); DD genotype/D carriers were prevalent in the HF patients (OR = 2; CI = 1.013.96; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results of this cohort study, comprising a population from the Northeast region of Brazil, suggest that ACE I/D polymorphism is more prevalent in the cardiac form of Chagas disease with HF.

Follow-up brain imaging of 37 children with congenital Zika syndrome: case series study.

Objective To compare initial brain computed tomography (CT) scans with follow-up CT scans at one year in children with congenital Zika syndrome, focusing on cerebral calcifications.Design Case series study.Setting Barão de Lucena Hospital, Pernambuco state, Brazil.Participants 37 children with probable or confirmed congenital Zika syndrome during the microcephaly outbreak in 2015 who underwent brain CT shortly after birth and at one year follow-up.Main outcome measure Differences in cerebral calcification patterns between initial and follow-up scans.Results 37 children were evaluated. All presented cerebral calcifications on the initial scan, predominantly at cortical-white matter junction. At follow-up the calcifications had diminished in number, size, or density, or a combination in 34 of the children (92%, 95% confidence interval 79% to 97%), were no longer visible in one child, and remained unchanged in two children. No child showed an increase in calcifications. The calcifications at the cortical-white matter junction which were no longer visible at follow-up occurred predominately in the parietal and occipital lobes. These imaging changes were not associated with any clear clinical improvements.Conclusion The detection of cerebral calcifications should not be considered a major criterion for late diagnosis of congenital Zika syndrome, nor should the absence of calcifications be used to exclude the diagnosis.

Comparação do perfil clínico-epidemiológico entre homens e mulheres na síndrome coronariana aguda / Comparison of clinical and epidemiological profiles among men and women with acute coronary syndrome

Fundamentos: A doença isquêmica do coração é a principal causa de morte entre homens e mulheres no Brasil e em vários países de diferentes continentes. Verifica-se um crescimento acelerado da mortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento, sendo esta considerada uma das questões mais relevantes em saúde pública atualmente. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de homens e mulheres na síndrome coronariana aguda.Métodos: Avaliado o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de 927 pacientes (60,0% homens), com média de idade 67,0±12,0 anos com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), internados na unidade coronariana de um hospital da rede suplementar de saúde, de referência em cardiologia, na cidade de Recife, PE, Brasil, no período de setembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2012.Resultados: Dentre os fatores de risco, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e o sedentarismo foram mais frequentes nas mulheres (p=0,001), enquanto o tabagismo e o alcoolismo foram mais frequentes nos homens (p=0,01). Ainda nos homens foram mais frequentes: o infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento do ST ou cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio prévios (p=0,011) e também os níveis de troponina (p=0,006). Durante a hospitalização, os desfechos adversos e óbito foram mais frequentes nas mulheres (p=0,177).Conclusão: As mulheres com SCA apresentaram maior prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e sedentarismo e a maior ocorrência de desfechos adversos, indicando a necessidade de intervir mais precocemente e estimular o controle nos fatores de risco, visando a reduzir as complicações e a mortalidade hospitalar.

Background: Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death among men and women in Brazil and in several countries on different continents. A sharp upsurge in mortality rates has been noted in the developing countries, today constituting a major public health issue.Objective: To analyze and compare the clinical and epidemiological profiles of men and women with acute coronary syndrome.Methods: We studied 927 patients (60.0% men) with an average age of 67.0±12.0 years diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and admitted to the coronary unit of a cardiology reference hospital in the supplementary healthcare network between September 2009 and December 2012 in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil.Results: Among the risk factors, hypertension and sedentary lifestyles were more frequent among women (p=0.001), while smoking and alcoholism were more frequent among men (p=0.01). Men also had more frequent acute myocardial infarctions with elevation of the ST segment or previous coronary artery bypass grafting (p=0.011) and higher troponin levels (p=0.006). During hospitalization, adverse outcomes and deaths were more frequent among women (p=0.177).Conclusion: Women with ACS present higher rates for hypertension and sedentary lifestyles, with more adverse outcomes among women underscoring the need for earlier intervention and encouragement for controlling risk factors, in order to lower in-hospital mortality rates with fewer complications.

[Visual impairment impact on the quality of life of the elderly population that uses the public health care system from the western countryside of Pernambuco State, Brazil]. / Impacto do déficit visual na qualidade de vida em idosos usuários do sistema único de saúde vivendo no sertão de Pernambuco.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of visual impairment on the quality of life of the elderly population living in the western countryside of Pernambuco State, located in northeast of Brazil. METHODS: Five hundred and eighty subjects over 59 years of age were interviewed using the Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ). All subjects underwent complete eye examination. The results of the quantitative parameters were expressed by mean ± SD. The results of categorical parameters were expressed by their frequencies. RESULTS: Mean age was of 70 ± 8.1 years. About 86% of the interviewed elderly were illiterate or had incomplete education. The mean complaints were low visual acuity (71.1%) and itching/burning (69.0%). The visual acuity was not normal in 37.4% of the elderly. About 75.0% of the subjects reported to have regular or bad health, and 77.0% reported to have regular or bad vision. The reported quality of life decreased according to the worsening of the visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Visual impairment had a negative impact on the quality of life of the elderly population from the western countryside of Pernambuco State.

Efeito da terapia antirretroviral e dos níveis de carga viral no complexo médio-intimal e no índice tornozelo-braço em pacientes infectados pelo HIV / Antirretroviral therapy effect in the intima-medio complex and ankle-brachial index in patients infected by HIV

OBJETIVOS: Identificar precocemente a prevalência de aterosclerose, por causa do espessamento do complexo médio-intimal das carótidas comuns e do índice tornozelo-braço. Essas medidas foram relacionadas com os fatores de risco clássicos de aterosclerose e os específicos dos infectados pelo HIV (tempo de doença, tempo de tratamento, tipo de tratamento, tipo de terapia antirretroviral utilizada, CD4 e carga viral). MÉTODOS: Setenta casos infectados com o HIV foram avaliados pela medida automática do complexo médio-intimal nas carótidas e do índice tornozelo-braço. Consideraram-se os fatores de risco clássicos de aterosclerose (idade, sexo, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, tabagismo, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, obesidade e história familiar de evento cardiovascular), as medidas antropométricas e as variáveis relacionadas ao HIV. O nível de significância assumido foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de diagnóstico do HIV foi de 104,9 meses e de tratamento foi de 97,9 meses. Quanto ao tipo de tratamento, 47 (67,1%) fizeram uso de inibidor de protease por mais de seis meses e 36 (51,4%) estão em uso atualmente. O índice tornozelo-braço estava aumentado em um único paciente (0,7%) e não se evidenciou espessamento do complexo médio-intimal em nenhum indivíduo. Não existiu associação significante da medida do complexo médio-intimal da carótida comum direita com nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. CONCLUSÕES: Indivíduos jovens, sob o uso de terapia antirretroviral por cinco anos ou mais, não apresentaram espessamento do complexo médio-intimal ou aumento do índice tornozelo-braço. Não houve diferença do espessamento do complexo médio-intimal associada ao tipo de esquema antirretroviral utilizado ou nível de carga viral.

OBJECTIVES: To precociously identify the prevalence of atherosclerosis caused by thickening of the intima-media complex of the common carotid arteries and of the ankle brachial index. These measurements were associated with the classical risk factors of atherosclerosis and the specific factors of those infected by HIV (duration of disease, length of treatment, kind of treatment, kind of antiretroviral therapy used, CD4 and viral load). METHODS: Seventy cases infected by HIV were assessed by automatic measurement of the intima-media complex in the carotids and of the ankle brachial index. The classical risk factors of atherosclerosis (age, gender, systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and family history of cardiovascular events), anthropometric measurements and the variables related to HIV were taken into consideration. The adopted level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: The mean time of HIV diagnosis was 104.9 months, mean duration of treatment was 97.9 months. As regard to the type of treatment, 47 (67.1%) used protease inhibitor for more than six months and 36 (51.4%) are using it recently. The ankle brachial index was increased in one patient (0.7%), and the intima-media complex was not thickened in any individual. There was no significant association of the measurement of the intima-media complex of the right common carotid with any of the variables analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Young individuals under the use of antiretroviral therapy for five years or more did not show increase in thickness of the intima-media complex or increase in the ankle brachial index, and there was no difference in the intima-media complex thickness associated with the therapeutical scheme of antiretroviral used or the viral load level.

Impacto do déficit visual na qualidade de vida em idosos usuários do sistema único de saúde vivendo no sertão de Pernambuco / Visual impairment impact on the quality of life of the elderly population that uses the public health care system from the western countryside of Pernambuco State, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto das doenças oculares sobre a qualidade de vida de uma população idosa do sertão de Pernambuco, localizado na região nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 580 indivíduos acima de 59 anos, por meio do questionário de avaliação de qualidade de vida "Visual Functioning Questionnaire" (VFQ). Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo. Os resultados das variáveis quantitativas foram expressos por suas médias e desvios- padrão. Os resultados das variáveis qualitativas foram expressos por suas frequências absolutas e relativas. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 70 ± 8,1 anos. Cerca de 86,0% dos entrevistados declararam ser analfabetos ou ter o ensino fundamental incompleto. As principais queixas foram: baixa visual (71,1%) e ardor/prurido (69,0%). A acuidade visual não era normal em 37,4% dos idosos. Por volta de 75,0% dos entrevistados relataram ter saúde regular ou ruim, e 77,0% diziam ter uma visão regular ou ruim. A qualidade de vida foi considerada pior conforme a piora da condição visual do idoso. CONCLUSÃO: O déficit visual representou um impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida dos idosos do sertão Pernambucano.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of visual impairment on the quality of life of the elderly population living in the western countryside of Pernambuco State, located in northeast of Brazil. METHODS: Five hundred and eighty subjects over 59 years of age were interviewed using the Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ). All subjects underwent complete eye examination. The results of the quantitative parameters were expressed by mean ± SD. The results of categorical parameters were expressed by their frequencies. RESULTS: Mean age was of 70 ± 8.1 years. About 86% of the interviewed elderly were illiterate or had incomplete education. The mean complaints were low visual acuity (71.1%) and itching/burning (69.0%). The visual acuity was not normal in 37.4% of the elderly. About 75.0% of the subjects reported to have regular or bad health, and 77.0% reported to have regular or bad vision. The reported quality of life decreased according to the worsening of the visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Visual impairment had a negative impact on the quality of life of the elderly population from the western countryside of Pernambuco State.

[Serum globulin levels and intensity of hepatic fibrosis in patients with mansonic schistosomiasis]. / Níveis séricos de globulinas e a intensidade da fibrose hepática em pacientes com esquistossomose mansônica.

BACKGROUND: A correlation between the levels of serum globulins and the hepatic fibrosis degree in chronic hepatitis was described, but reports in schistosomiasis mansoni have not been found. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the serum globulins and IgG levels, and periportal fibrosis intensity measured by ultrasound in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. METHODS: Between November, 2006 and February 2007, 41 patients which were eligible, filled them a questionnaire and had their levels of serum IgG measured by immunoturbidimetry and globulins indirectly measured by the Biuret method. The ultrasound was carried out by a single researcher, according to the Cairo and Niamey protocols. RESULTS: The average age was 41 years old and 25 female patients (61%). Ten patients (24%) from 41 showed serum globulins levels raised and 21 (51%) presented elevated IgG levels. According to the Cairo classification, 21 patients showed grade I of fibrosis, 18 grade II and 2 grade III; and by the Niamey classification 8 showed standard C, 20 D, and 13 E. Those with grade II or III of fibrosis had higher IgG levels than the ones with grade I (P = 0.047), as well as those who showed standards D and E as compared to C (P = 0.011). There was no association between the globulins levels and the intensity of fibrosis. CONCLUSION: In patients with schistosomiasis mansoni, an increase of the IgG serum levels was observed according to the progression from periportal fibrosis intensity, but the same was not founded with globulins levels.

Níveis séricos de globulinas e a intensidade da fibrose hepática em pacientes com esquistossomose mansônica / Serum globulin levels and intensity of hepatic fibrosis in patients with mansonic schistosomiasis

CONTEXTO: Tem sido descrita correlação entre os níveis séricos de globulinas e o grau de fibrose hepática nas hepatites crônicas, mas não se encontram relatos na esquistossomose mansônica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os níveis séricos de globulinas e de IgG, e a intensidade da fibrose periportal mensurada pela ultrassonografia em pacientes com esquistossomose mansônica. MÉTODOS: Entre novembro de 2006 e fevereiro de 2007, foram estudados 41 pacientes que preencheram ficha clínica e realizaram dosagens de IgG por imunoturbidimetria e de globulinas indiretamente pelo método do biureto. A ultrassonografia foi realizada por um único pesquisador, seguindo os protocolos do Cairo e de Niamey. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 41 anos, sendo 25 pacientes (61 por cento) do sexo feminino. Dez dos 41 pacientes (24 por cento) apresentaram elevação dos níveis séricos de globulinas e 21 (51 por cento) dos de IgG. Conforme a classificação do Cairo, 21 pacientes apresentaram grau I de fibrose, 18 grau II e 2 grau III, e pela classificação de Niamey 8 apresentavam padrão C, 20 D e 13 E. Aqueles com graus II ou III de fibrose tiveram maiores níveis de IgG do que os de grau I (P = 0,047), assim como aqueles que apresentaram padrões D e E em relação ao C (P = 0,011). Não houve associação entre os níveis de globulinas e o grau ou padrão de fibrose. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com esquistossomose mansônica, observou-se elevação dos níveis séricos de IgG de acordo com a progressão do grau e do padrão de fibrose periportal, mas o mesmo não se observou com os níveis de globulinas.

BACKGROUND: A correlation between the levels of serum globulins and the hepatic fibrosis degree in chronic hepatitis was described, but reports in schistosomiasis mansoni have not been found. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the serum globulins and IgG levels, and periportal fibrosis intensity measured by ultrasound in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. METHODS: Between November, 2006 and February 2007, 41 patients which were eligible, filled them a questionnaire and had their levels of serum IgG measured by immunoturbidimetry and globulins indirectly measured by the Biuret method. The ultrasound was carried out by a single researcher, according to the Cairo and Niamey protocols. RESULTS: The average age was 41 years old and 25 female patients (61 percent). Ten patients (24 percent) from 41 showed serum globulins levels raised and 21 (51 percent) presented elevated IgG levels. According to the Cairo classification, 21 patients showed grade I of fibrosis, 18 grade II and 2 grade III; and by the Niamey classification 8 showed standard C, 20 D, and 13 E. Those with grade II or III of fibrosis had higher IgG levels than the ones with grade I (P = 0,047), as well as those who showed standards D and E as compared to C (P = 0,011). There was no association between the globulins levels and the intensity of fibrosis. CONCLUSION: In patients with schistosomiasis mansoni, an increase of the IgG serum levels was observed according to the progression from periportal fibrosis intensity, but the same was not founded with globulins levels.

Dados antropométricos e de tensão arterial em idosos atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Salgueiro – Sertão de Pernambuco / Antropometric data and arterial blood pressure in elderly cared for by the Brazilian National Health Service in Salgueiro – western countyside of Pernambuco State, Brazil

Com o objetivo de mapear a saúde visual dos idosos atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, em Pernambuco, a Fundação Altino Ventura iniciou o desafio pela cidade de Salgueiro – Sertão do Estado. Foram envolvidos nesta investigação preliminar, 434 idosos, de ambos os sexos, que atenderam, de forma aleatória, ao convite. O tamanho da amostra foi representativo da população de idosos do município; tanto da zona urbana como rural. Inicialmente, foram descritos os dados epidemiológicos para descrição do perfil desses cidadãos. A seguir, foram aferidos os dados antropométricos e de pressão arterial que são objeto do presente estudo. A análise dos dados demonstra que os idosos residentes na cidade de Salgueiro apresentam, predominantemente, estatura mediana ou baixa (média 1,55±0,08m), têm alta freqüência de sobrepeso e obesidade (62,2), aproximadamente a metade deles com perímetro abdominal aumentado. A freqüência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica é muito alta (81 e, na grande maioria, não controlada. Os dados antropométricos indicam que esses idosos, embora pobres, apresentam características da transição epidemiológica que vem ocorrendo nos países desenvolvidos e, também, no Brasil. A alta prevalência de hipertensão arterial nesses cidadãos pode indicar baixo grau de instrução e pouca procura aos serviços de saúde, assistência médica deficiente, particularmente no que diz respeito à prevenção. Por outro lado, indica a necessidade de maior assistência do Estado e da sociedade.

Perfil epidemiológico dos idosos atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Salgueiro - Sertão de Pernambuco / Epidemiological profile of the elderly cared for by the Braziliam National Health System in Salgueiro city - Western Countryside of Pernambuco State

Com o objetivo de mapear a saúde visual do idoso, usuário do Sistema Único de Saúde, em Pernambuco, a Fundação Altino Ventura iniciou essa investigação em Salgueiro. Foram envolvidos no estudo 434 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, residentes neste município, sertão do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de corte transversal, que teve como base o Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB) do município; tendo as cotas das amostras definidas pelo número de idosos por cada PSF (Programa de Saúde da Família), tanto da zona urbana quanto da rural. As estimativas da amostra foram dimensionadas para estimar a prevalência das doenças oculares consideradas como mais freqüentes em produzir cegueira em idosos; catarata, glaucoma, doença macular relacionada à idade e retinopatia diabética. Os dados epidemiológicos destes indivíduos foram analisados com o objetivo de caracterizar este perfil. O perfil epidemiológico médio do idoso residente no município de Salgueiro, atendido pelo sistema SUS, é de um cidadão pobre, predominantemente pardo, com pouco estudo formal, cristão e com família grande estruturada. As mulheres atenderam ao chamado em maior número e tendem a buscar mais os cuidados com a saúde. Estas características indicam cidadãos com menor probabilidade de consumir serviços de saúde, quando comparado com os mais ricos e com maior nível de educação. A longevidade alcançada por eles, particularmente na zona rural, poderá cursar sem qualidade de vida, sobrecarregando a seguridade social e o sistema SUS, além de apresentar retorno cada vez mais difícil. Os achados indicam a necessidade de uma ação mais efetiva do Estado e da sociedade para inclusão social e melhora da qualidade de vida desses cidadãos carentes.

Influence of age and coronary artery disease on homocysteine levels in the young old compared with the old old and the oldest old.

A total of 172 elderly individuals, divided into case and control groups based on the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, underwent coronary angiography to investigate the influence of age and coronary artery disease on homocysteine levels. The subjects were divided into three age ranges: 65-74 years, 75-79 years, and 80 years and older. Continuous homocysteinemia was associated with a risk ratio for coronary artery disease of 1.07 for each micromol/L increase in homocysteine level. Hyperhomocysteinemia (values above 14 micromol/L) constituted an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, with a risk ratio of 2.03. There was a progression of homocysteine levels between the young old and the oldest old only among the case group elderly. There was no difference among the control group elderly. There were no significant differences in vitamin levels. The rise in homocysteine levels from the young old to the oldest old may be considered not a normal pattern, but rather a pattern associated with coronary artery disease.

Influence of age and coronary artery disease on homocysteine levels in the young old compared with the old old and the oldest old

A total of 172 elderly individuals, divided into case and control groups based on the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, underwent coronary angiography to investigate the influence of age and coronary artery disease on homocysteine levels. The subjects were divided into three age ranges: 65–74 years, 75–79 years, and 80 years and older. Continuous homocysteinemia was associated with a risk ratio for coronary artery disease of 1.07 for each ìmol/L increase in homocysteine level. Hyperhomocysteinemia (values above 14 ìmol/L) constituted an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, with a risk ratio of 2.03. There was a progression of homocysteine levels between the young old and the oldest old only among the case group elderly. There was no difference among the control group elderly. There were no significant differences in vitamin levels. The rise in homocysteine levels from the young old to the oldest old may be considered not a normal pattern, but rather a pattern associated with coronary artery disease. (AJGC. 2006;15:165–173)

[Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerotic diseases in the elderly]. / Hiper-homocisteinemia como fator de risco para doença aterosclerótica coronariana em idosos.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic disease in elderly individuals. METHODS: A case-control study with 172 elderly individuals, 88 belonging to control group and 84 to case group, who showed coronary angiography requested for clinical indications. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed in 91% of the patients. Homocysteinemia was assessed in a continuous and categorized way, through univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: When analyzed continuously, in univariate analysis, it was verified that case group elderly individuals showed an average homocysteinemia levels significantly higher than the control group individuals' (14.33 +/- 4.59 micromol/l against 11.99 +/- 4.59 micromol/l, p = 0.015). In multivariate analysis, continuous homocysteinemia was associated to the risk rate for coronary artery disease of 1.07 for each 1 micromol/l increase of homocysteine level. Na increase of 5 micromol/l corresponded to the risk rate of 1.40. When analyzed in categorized way, the values found over percentile 75 of control group (14 micromol/l) were defined as hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia was found in 34% of elderly individuals, being 37.3% in control group and 62.7% in case group (p = 0.009). In multivariate analysis, hyperhomocysteinemia constituted an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerotic disease for elderly individuals, with a risk rate for coronary artery disease of 2.03, confidence interval 95%, 1.02-4.03. CONCLUSION: Hyperhomocysteinemia was an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease in elderly individuals.

Hiper-homocisteinemia como fator de risco para doença aterosclerótica coronariana em idosos / Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerotic diseases in the elderly

OBJETIVO: Investigar se a hiper-homocisteinemia é fator de risco independente para doença aterosclerótica coronariana em idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle com 172 idosos, 88 pertencentes ao grupo controle e 84 ao grupo caso, que apresentavam cineangiocoronariografia solicitada por indicações clínicas. Angiografia coronariana quantitativa foi realizada em 91 por cento dos pacientes. Homocisteinemia foi avaliada sob forma contínua e categorizada, por análise univariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Quando analisada sob forma contínua, verificou-se que, na análise univariada, os idosos do grupo caso apresentaram média de níveis de homocisteinemia significativamente mais elevada que a dos idosos do grupo controle (14,33±4,59 æmol/l versus 11,99± 4,59 æmol/l , p=0,015). Na análise multivariada, a homocisteinemia sob forma contínua associou-se a razão de risco para doença arterial coronariana de 1,07 a cada aumento de 1 æmol/l de nível de homocisteína. Aumento de 5 æmol/l correspondeu a razão de risco de 1,40. Quando analisada sob forma categorizada, definiu-se como hiper-homocisteinemia os valores encontrados acima do percentil 75 do grupo controle (14 æmol/l ). Hiper-homocisteinemia foi encontrada em 34 por cento dos idosos, sendo 37,3 por cento no grupo controle e 62,7 por cento no grupo caso (p=0,009). Na análise multivariada, a hiperhomocisteinemia constituiu fator de risco independente para doença aterosclerótica coronariana em idosos, com razão de risco para doença arterial coronariana de 2,03, intervalo de confiança 95 por cento, 1,02-4,03. CONCLUSAO: Hiper-homocisteinemia foi fator de risco independente para doença arterial coronariana em idosos.