ABSTRACT
Herpes viruses are known for infecting epithelial cells and manifesting as vesicles. However, herpes viruses can also infect stromal cells. While established in the ocular setting, cutaneous stromal herpes (deep herpes) is previously unreported and may evade clinical and microscopic detection. We searched for skin biopsies with herpes stromal disease. Clinical information was retrieved via electronic medical records and pathology records system. Hematoxylin and eosin slides, immunohistochemical staining, and polymerase chain reaction detection of viral DNA was performed. We identified 12 specimens from 10 patients with cutaneous stromal herpes simplex virus 1/2 (n=7) or varicella-zoster virus infection (n=5). The most common site involved was the buttocks/perianal region (n=6). Ulceration was a frequent dermatologic finding (n=8). Pyoderma gangrenosum was clinically suspected in 6 specimens (50%). Eight patients (80%) were immunosuppressed. Biopsies frequently demonstrated a dense dermal mixed inflammatory infiltrate with subcutaneous extension and enlarged cells with viral cytopathic changes confirmed by herpes simplex virus 1/2 or varicella-zoster virus immunohistochemistry (n=10) or polymerase chain reaction (n=2). Most specimens (67%) lacked evidence of characteristic epidermal keratinocyte infection. This study presents the first known report of the ability of herpes virus to infect deep stromal cells of the dermis. We raise awareness of cutaneous stromal herpes in patients presenting with atypical clinical lesions, particularly while immunocompromised. Establishing the correct diagnosis is critical for initiating therapy.
Subject(s)
Dermis/virology , Herpes Simplex/virology , Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity , Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity , Herpesvirus 3, Human/pathogenicity , Stromal Cells/virology , Varicella Zoster Virus Infection/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , DNA, Viral/genetics , Dermis/drug effects , Dermis/pathology , Female , Herpes Simplex/diagnosis , Herpes Simplex/drug therapy , Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics , Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects , Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics , Herpesvirus 3, Human/drug effects , Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Stromal Cells/drug effects , Stromal Cells/pathology , Treatment Outcome , Varicella Zoster Virus Infection/diagnosis , Varicella Zoster Virus Infection/drug therapy , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The clinical presentation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) as a primary solitary nodule in the thyroid gland is rare. As a result, there are few reports of its cytologic features in thyroid aspirates where it can pose a diagnostic pitfall. CASE AND CONCLUSION: To foster familiarity with its cytomorphology, we report the fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) findings of 3 specimens from 2 patients with LCH presenting as a solitary thyroid nodule. All aspirates contained numerous dispersed cells with prominent nuclear grooves, and the background showed a mixed pattern of chronic inflammation including scattered eosinophils. The aspirate from patient 1 raised a differential diagnosis that included chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and a thyroglossal duct cyst, while the aspirate from patient 2 was interpreted as 'suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma'. The diagnosis of LCH was confirmed in both patients after lobectomy and immunohistochemical studies that revealed positive reactivity for CD1a and S-100. LCH of the thyroid gland is rare and can pose significant diagnostic challenges, but increased familiarity with its characteristic cytomorphology can help in avoiding diagnostic pitfalls.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma/diagnosis , Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/diagnosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adult , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Carcinoma/metabolism , Carcinoma, Papillary , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/metabolism , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Thyroid Cancer, Papillary , Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Despite the widespread practice of pathologist review of blood and body fluid smears, little is known about its impact on improving patient care. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical usefulness of pathologist review of blood and body fluid smears. DESIGN: Survey study. Pathology residents contacted the ordering physician after pathologist reviews were reported to assess their clinical impact. RESULTS: Ninety-six pathologist reviews met criteria for study inclusion, and 64 ordering physicians were successfully contacted during the 2-month study period. Of the 64 cases, 19 reviews (30%) had been seen by the physician within 24 to 48 hours after the report was issued and 33 (51%) had not been seen; in 4 (6%) instances, physicians did not remember whether they had seen the review. Eight reviews (13%) were considered urgent enough to warrant immediate communication by the pathologist. Of the 27 reviews that were seen or directly communicated, 23 (85%) contributed to clinical diagnosis and/or patient management. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the contribution of pathologist reviews of blood and body fluids to clinical diagnosis and patient management. The results also highlight the problem of a lack of physician awareness of clinical pathology results.