Prognostic Value of Coronary CT Angiography in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Severity and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by invasive coronary angiography (ICA) guide treatment and may predict clinical outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). OBJECTIVES: This study tested the hypothesis that coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is equivalent to ICA for risk assessment in patients with NSTEACS. METHODS: The VERDICT (Very Early Versus Deferred Invasive Evaluation Using Computerized Tomography in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes) trial evaluated timing of treatment in relation to outcome in patients with NSTEACS and included a clinically blinded coronary CTA conducted prior to ICA. Severity of CAD was defined as obstructive (coronary stenosis ≥50%) or nonobstructive. Extent of CAD was defined as high risk (obstructive left main or proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis and/or multivessel disease) or non-high risk. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction, hospital admission for refractory myocardial ischemia, or heart failure. RESULTS: Coronary CTA and ICA were conducted in 978 patients. During a median follow-up time of 4.2 years (interquartile range: 2.7 to 5.5 years), the primary endpoint occurred in 208 patients (21.3%). The rate of the primary endpoint was up to 1.7-fold higher in patients with obstructive CAD compared with in patients with nonobstructive CAD as defined by coronary CTA (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22 to 2.49; p = 0.002) or ICA (HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.11; p = 0.007). In patients with high-risk CAD, the rate of the primary endpoint was 1.5-fold higher compared with the rate in those with non-high-risk CAD as defined by coronary CTA (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.07; p = 0.002). A similar trend was noted for ICA (HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.69; p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary CTA is equivalent to ICA for the assessment of long-term risk in patients with NSTEACS. (Very Early Versus Deferred Invasive Evaluation Using Computerized Tomography in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes [VERDICT]; NCT02061891).

Soluble urokinase receptor as a predictor of non-cardiac mortality in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention treated ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Identification of patients at high risk of non-cardiac mortality following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) could guide clinicians to identify patients who require attention due to serious non-cardiac conditions after the acute phase of STEMI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the non-specific and prognostic biomarker of inflammation and comorbidity, soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR), could predict non-cardiac mortality in a cohort of STEMI patients. METHODS: SuPAR was measured in 1,190 STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). The primary endpoint was non-cardiac mortality, secondary endpoints were cardiac mortality, all-cause mortality, reinfarction and periprocedural acute kidney injury. Backwards elimination of potential confounders significantly associated with the respective outcome was used to adjust associations. RESULTS: Patients were followed for a median of 3.0 years (interquartile range 2.5- 3.6 years). Multivariate cox regression revealed that a plasma suPAR level above 3.70 ng mL-1 was associated with non-cardiac and cardiac mortality at hazard ratios 3.33 (95% confidence interval 1.67-6.63, p = 0.001, adjusted for age) and 0.99 (0.18-5.30, p = 0.98, adjusted for previous myocardial infarction and left ventricular ejection fraction), respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with pPCI treated STEMI, suPAR was an independent prognostic biomarker of non-cardiac but not cardiac mortality and may identify patients with high risk of non-cardiac mortality.

Coronary CT Angiography in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: In patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS), coronary pathology may range from structurally normal vessels to severe coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test if coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) may be used to exclude coronary artery stenosis ≥50% in patients with NSTEACS. METHODS: The VERDICT (Very Early Versus Deferred Invasive Evaluation Using Computerized Tomography in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes) trial (NCT02061891) evaluated the outcome of patients with confirmed NSTEACS randomized 1:1 to very early (within 12 h) or standard (48 to 72 h) invasive coronary angiography (ICA). As an observational component of the trial, a clinically blinded coronary CTA was conducted prior to ICA in both groups. The primary endpoint was the ability of coronary CTA to rule out coronary artery stenosis (≥50% stenosis) in the entire population, expressed as the negative predictive value (NPV), using ICA as the reference standard. RESULTS: Coronary CTA was conducted in 1,023 patients-very early, 2.5 h (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.8 to 4.2 h), n = 583; and standard, 59.9 h (IQR: 38.9 to 86.7 h); n = 440 after the diagnosis of NSTEACS was made. A coronary stenosis ≥50% was found by coronary CTA in 68.9% and by ICA in 67.4% of the patients. Per-patient NPV of coronary CTA was 90.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 86.8% to 94.1%) and the positive predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity were 87.9% (95% CI: 85.3% to 90.1%), 96.5% (95% CI: 94.9% to 97.8%) and 72.4% (95% CI: 67.2% to 77.1%), respectively. NPV was not influenced by patient characteristics or clinical risk profile and was similar in the very early and the standard strategy group. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary CTA has a high diagnostic accuracy to rule out clinically significant coronary artery disease in patients with NSTEACS.

Correction: Acute kidney injury - A frequent and serious complication after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226625.].

Acute kidney injury - A frequent and serious complication after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence, risk factors and long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (primary PCI). METHOD: A large-scale, retrospective cohort study based on procedure-related variables, biochemical and mortality data collected between 2009 and 2014 at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of 25% during the first 72 hours after the index procedure. RESULTS: A total of 4239 patients were treated with primary PCI of whom 4002 had available creatinine measurements allowing for assessment of AKI and inclusion in this study. The mean creatinine value upon presentation for all patients was 84 µmol/l (standard deviation (SD) ±40) and 97 µmol/l (SD ±53) at peak. AKI occurred in a total of 765 (19.1%) patients. Independent risk factors for the occurrence of AKI were age, time from symptom onset to procedure, peak value of troponin-T, female sex and the contrast volume to eGFR ratio. In a multivariable adjusted analysis AKI was independently associated with a higher mortality rate at 5 years follow-up (hazard ratio 1.39 [95%-confidence interval 1.03-1.88]). CONCLUSION: In STEMI patients treated with primary PCI one in five experiences acute kidney injury, which was associated with a substantial increase in both short- and long-term mortality.

Complete Revascularization Versus Culprit Lesion Only in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multivessel Disease: A DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Substudy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided revascularization compared with culprit-only percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) on infarct size, left ventricular (LV), function, LV remodeling, and the presence of nonculprit infarctions. BACKGROUND: Patients with STEMI with multivessel disease might have improved clinical outcomes after complete revascularization compared with PCI of the infarct-related artery only, but the impact on infarct size, LV function, and remodeling as well as the risk for periprocedural infarction are unknown. METHODS: In this substudy of the DANAMI-3 (Third Danish Trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction)-PRIMULTI (Primary PCI in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multivessel Disease: Treatment of Culprit Lesion Only or Complete Revascularization) randomized trial, patients with STEMI with multivessel disease were randomized to receive either complete FFR-guided revascularization or PCI of the culprit vessel only. The patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging during index admission and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 280 patients (136 patients with infarct-related and 144 with complete FFR-guided revascularization) were included. There were no differences in final infarct size (median 12% [interquartile range: 5% to 19%] vs. 11% [interquartile range: 4% to 18%]; p = 0.62), myocardial salvage index (median 0.71 [interquartile range: 0.54 to 0.89] vs. 0.66 [interquartile range: 0.55 to 0.87]; p = 0.49), LV ejection fraction (mean 58 ± 9% vs. 59 ± 9%; p = 0.39), and LV end-systolic volume remodeling (mean 7 ± 22 ml vs. 7 ± 19 ml; p = 0.63). New nonculprit infarction occurring after the nonculprit intervention was numerically more frequent among patients treated with complete revascularization (6 [4.5%] vs. 1 [0.8%]; p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: Complete FFR-guided revascularization in patients with STEMI and multivessel disease did not affect final infarct size, LV function, or remodeling compared with culprit-only PCI.

Can acute stress be fatal? A systematic cross-disciplinary review.

In this review it is discussed if acute stress can be fatal. The review is based on literature searches on PubMed, PsycINFO as well as Web of Science. Literature concerning the conditions excited delirium syndrome (ExDS), malignant catatonia, takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM), and capture myopathy (CM) is reviewed and compared. The aim of the article is to identify and discuss a possible fatalness as well as a common pathophysiology behind these conditions. This includes a deregulated autonomic nervous system, neurocardiac reasons for myocardial damage, and rhabdomyolysis. We conclude that these conditions could be different manifestations of the same pathophysiological phenomenon. In addition, we suggest that it is possible to die from acute stress, but that it requires a prior sensitization, as seen in cocaine abusers and certain psychiatric patients, to render individuals disposed to an extreme autonomic nerve reaction. Lay summary This article compares different conditions in humans and in other animals, where it appears as if the human or animal dies with no other reason than being submitted to an extreme condition of mental stress. The conditions examined via a literature search are excited delirium syndrome, malignant catatonia and takotsubo cardiomyopathy in humans, and a capture myopathy in different mammals. The article theoretically suggests that one can die solely from acute stress, but that different forms sensitization probably goes ahead of such a fatal stress reaction. E.g. in cocaine addicts, some psychiatric patients, and in wild animals formerly subjected to stress an extreme sympathetic stress response might be immediately fatal. The article also theorizes that excited delirium syndrome, malignant catatonia, and capture myopathy could be more severe and acute variants of the temporary condition seen in takotsubo patients, also known as patients with broken heart syndrome.

Early Versus Standard Care Invasive Examination and Treatment of Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The optimal timing of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and revascularization in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is not well defined. We tested the hypothesis that a strategy of very early ICA and possible revascularization within 12 hours of diagnosis is superior to an invasive strategy performed within 48 to 72 hours in terms of clinical outcomes. METHODS: Patients admitted with clinical suspicion of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in the Capital Region of Copenhagen, Denmark, were screened for inclusion in the VERDICT trial (Very Early Versus Deferred Invasive Evaluation Using Computerized Tomography) ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02061891). Patients with ECG changes indicating new ischemia or elevated troponin, in whom ICA was clinically indicated and deemed logistically feasible within 12 hours, were randomized 1:1 to ICA within 12 hours or standard invasive care within 48 to 72 hours. The primary end point was a combination of all-cause death, nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction, hospital admission for refractory myocardial ischemia, or hospital admission for heart failure. RESULTS: A total of 2147 patients were randomized; 1075 patients allocated to very early invasive evaluation had ICA performed at a median of 4.7 hours after randomization, whereas 1072 patients assigned to standard invasive care had ICA performed 61.6 hours after randomization. Among patients with significant coronary artery disease identified by ICA, coronary revascularization was performed in 88.4% (very early ICA) and 83.1% (standard invasive care). Within a median follow-up time of 4.3 (interquartile range, 4.1-4.4) years, the primary end point occurred in 296 (27.5%) of participants in the very early ICA group and 316 (29.5%) in the standard care group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.78-1.08). Among patients with a GRACE risk score (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) >140, a very early invasive treatment strategy improved the primary outcome compared with the standard invasive treatment (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-1.01; P value for interaction=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: A strategy of very early invasive coronary evaluation does not improve overall long-term clinical outcome compared with an invasive strategy conducted within 2 to 3 days in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. However, in patients with the highest risk, very early invasive therapy improves long-term outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02061891.

Bleeding Events After ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients Randomized to an All-comer Clinical Trial Compared With Unselected Patients.

Most studies reporting bleedings in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are reports from clinical trials, which may be unrepresentative of incidences in real-life. In this study, we investigated 1-year bleeding and mortality incidences in an unselected STEMI population, and compared participants with nonparticipants of a randomized all-comer clinical trial (The Third DANish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients with STEMI (DANAMI-3)). Hospital charts were read and bleedings classified according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria in 2,490 consecutive STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a single, large, and tertiary heart center. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction minor and/or major bleeding (TMMB) occurred in 4.4% day 0 to 30 and 2.1% day 31 to 365. DANAMI-3 nonparticipants (n = 887) had significantly higher 30-day bleeding rates than DANAMI-3-participants (n = 1,603) (7.2% vs 2.9%, p <0.0001), but not thereafter (p = 0.8). DANAMI-3 nonparticipation was significantly associated with 30-day TMMB (hazard ratio, 1.8, 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.8, p = 0.007), but this did not persist after adjusting for resuscitated cardiac arrest, Killip-class>2 and anemia. Patients with cardiac arrest, Killip-class>2, and anemia accounted for 70.0% of 30-day TMMBs, and the majority of these patients were DANAMI-3 nonparticipants. TMMB day 0 to 30 was associated with increased 30-day mortality (hazard ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 5.2, p <0.0001) but not thereafter (p = 0.9). In conclusion, we found that clinical trial (DANAMI-3) nonparticipants had significantly more TMMBs within 30 days than participants. Patients with resuscitated cardiac arrest, anemia, and Killip-class>2 were accountable for a high rate of TMMBs. Bleeding incidences from clinical trials cannot be translated to an unselected STEMI population.

MR-proADM as a Prognostic Marker in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction-DANAMI-3 (a Danish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients With STEMI) Substudy.

BACKGROUND: Midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) has demonstrated prognostic potential after myocardial infarction (MI). Yet, the prognostic value of MR-proADM at admission has not been examined in patients with ST-segment-elevation MI (STEMI). METHODS AND RESULTS: The aim of this substudy, DANAMI-3 (The Danish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction), was to examine the associations of admission concentrations of MR-proADM with short- and long-term mortality and hospital admission for heart failure in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models and area under the curve using receiver operating characteristics. In total, 1122 patients were included. The median concentration of MR-proADM was 0.64 nmol/L (25th-75th percentiles, 0.53-0.79). Within 30 days 23 patients (2.0%) died and during a 3-year follow-up 80 (7.1%) died and 38 (3.4%) were admitted for heart failure. A doubling of MR-proADM was, in adjusted models, associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-7.11; P=0.049), long-term mortality (hazard ratio, 3.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.97-5.29; P<0.0001), and heart failure (hazard ratio, 2.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-5.58; P=0.007). For 30-day and 3-year mortality, the area under the curve for MR-proADM was 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. For 3-year mortality, area under the curve (0.84) of the adjusted model marginally changed (0.85; P=0.02) after addition of MR-proADM. CONCLUSIONS: Elevation of admission MR-proADM was associated with long-term mortality and heart failure, whereas the association with short-term mortality was borderline significant. MR-proADM may be a marker of prognosis after ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction but does not seem to add substantial prognostic information to established clinical models. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http:/www.ClinicalTrials.gov/. Unique identifiers: NCT01435408 and NCT01960933.

Danegaptide for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction patients: a phase 2 randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Reperfusion immediately after reopening of the infarct-related artery in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may cause myocardial damage in addition to the ischaemic insult (reperfusion injury). The gap junction modulating peptide danegaptide has in animal models reduced this injury. We evaluated the effect of danegaptide on myocardial salvage in patients with STEMI. METHODS: In addition to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in STEMI patients with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow 0-1, single vessel disease and ischaemia time less than 6 hours, we tested, in a clinical proof-of-concept study, the therapeutic potential of danegaptide at two-dose levels. Primary outcome was myocardial salvage evaluated by cardiac MRI after 3 months. RESULTS: From November 2013 to August 2015, a total of 585 patients were randomly enrolled in the trial. Imaging criteria were fulfilled for 79 (high dose), 80 (low dose) and 84 (placebo) patients eligible for the per-protocol analysis. Danegaptide did not affect the myocardial salvage index (danegaptide high (63.9±14.9), danegaptide low (65.6±15.6) and control (66.7±11.7), P=0.40), final infarct size (danegaptide high (19.6±11.4 g), danegaptide low (18.6±9.6 g) and control (21.4±15.0 g), P=0.88) or left ventricular ejection fraction (danegaptide high (53.9%±9.5%), danegaptide low (52.7%±10.3%) and control (52.1%±10.9%), P=0.64). There was no difference between groups with regard to clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of danegaptide to patients with STEMI did not improve myocardial salvage. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01977755; Pre-results.

Relation of Bleeding Events to Mortality in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (a DANAMI-3 Substudy).

Bleeding events in relation to treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have previously been associated with mortality. In this study, we investigated the incidence and prognosis of, and variables associated with serious bleedings within 30 days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients from The Third Danish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (DANAMI-3) (n = 2,217). Hospital charts were read within 30 days postadmission to assess bleeding events using thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria. TIMI minor/major bleeding (TMMB) occurred in 59 patients (2.7%). Variables associated with TMMB were female gender (hazard ratio [HR] 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2 to 6.7, p <0.0001), symptom-to-catheterization time >3 hours (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.3, p = 0.02), use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.7, p = 0.01), and increasing S-creatinine (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.2, p = 0.001). Undergoing 2 in-hospital procedures were not associated with increased risk of TMMB. TMMB was strongly associated with 30-day mortality in multivariable analysis (HR 4.8, 95% CI 2.2 to 10.4, p <0.0001) but not with mortality days 31 to 365. When excluding fatal bleedings from the analysis, a TMMB was no longer associated with 30-day mortality. In conclusion, we found that in a contemporary STEMI-population, the incidence of 30-day TMMB was low. A TMMB was strongly associated with 30-day mortality but not with mortality days 31 to 365. If patients survived a serious bleeding, their short- and long-term prognoses were not affected.

Long-term survival and causes of death in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome without obstructive coronary artery disease.

Aims: We aimed to study survival and causes of death in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS) with and without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and results: We included 4793 consecutive patients with STE-ACS triaged for acute coronary angiography at a large cardiac invasive centre (2009-2014). Of these, 88% had obstructive CAD (stenosis ≥50%), 6% had non-obstructive CAD (stenosis 1-49%), and 5% had normal coronary arteries. Patients without obstructive CAD were younger and more often female with fewer cardiovascular risk factors. Median follow-up time was 2.6 years. Compared with patients with obstructive CAD, the short-term hazard of death (≤30 days) was lower in both patients with non-obstructive CAD [hazard ratio (HR) 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27-0.89, P = 0.018] and normal coronary arteries (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11-0.83, P = 0.021). In contrast, the long-term hazard of death (>30 days) was similar in patients with non-obstructive CAD (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.77-1.72, P = 0.487) and higher in patients with normal coronary arteries (HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.58-3.76, P < 0.001), regardless of troponin levels. Causes of death were cardiovascular in 70% of patients with obstructive CAD, 38% with non-obstructive CAD, and 32% with normal coronary arteries. Finally, patients without obstructive CAD had lower survival compared with an age and sex matched general population. Conclusions: STE-ACS patients without obstructive CAD had a long-term risk of death similar to or higher than patients with obstructive CAD. Causes of death were less often cardiovascular. This suggests that STE-ACS patients without obstructive CAD warrant medical attention and close follow-up.

Myocardial Damage in Patients With Deferred Stenting After STEMI: A DANAMI-3-DEFER Substudy.

BACKGROUND: Although some studies found improved coronary flow and myocardial salvage when stent implantation was deferred, the DANAMI-3-DEFER (Third DANish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients With ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction) did not show any improvement in clinical outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and deferred stenting. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the effect of deferred stent implantation on infarct size, myocardial salvage, and microvascular obstruction (MVO) in patients with STEMI. METHODS: In the present DANAMI-3 substudy, a total of 510 patients with STEMI were randomized to PCI with deferred versus immediate stent implantation. The patients underwent a cardiac magnetic resonance examination before discharge after the index procedure and again 3 months later. The primary endpoint was final infarct size. RESULTS: Deferred stenting did not reduce final infarct size (9% left ventricle [LV]; interquartile range [IQR]: 3% to 18% vs. 10% LV; IQR: 3% to 18%; p = 0.67). Similarly, deferred stenting was not associated with myocardial salvage index (66%; IQR: 50% to 89% vs. 67%; IQR: 49% to 88%; p = 0.80) or presence of MVO (43% vs. 42%; p = 0.78). In a post hoc analysis, stent length was the only subgroup of 7 that had an effect on outcome. In patients with a stent length ≥24 mm, deferred stenting reduced the final infarct size (6% LV; IQR: 2% to 18% vs. 13% LV; IQR: 7% to 23%; p = 0.006; and p for interaction = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In the DANAMI-3-DEFER cardiac magnetic resonance substudy, routine deferred stenting did not reduce infarct size or MVO and did not increase myocardial salvage. These results do not support the use of routine deferred stenting in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. (DANish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients With ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction [DANAMI-3]; NCT01435408).

Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Complete Revascularization Improves the Prognosis in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Severe Nonculprit Disease: A DANAMI 3-PRIMULTI Substudy (Primary PCI in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multivessel Disease: Treatment of Culprit Lesion Only or Complete Revascularization).

BACKGROUND: The impact of disease severity on the outcome after complete revascularization in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease is uncertain. The objective of this post hoc study was to evaluate the impact of number of diseased vessel, lesion location, and severity of the noninfarct-related stenosis on the effect of fractional flow reserve-guided complete revascularization. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI study (Primary PCI in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multivessel Disease: Treatment of Culprit Lesion Only or Complete Revascularization), we randomized 627 ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients to fractional flow reserve-guided complete revascularization or infarct-related percutaneous coronary intervention only. In patients with 3-vessel disease, fractional flow reserve-guided complete revascularization reduced the primary end point (all-cause mortality, reinfarction, and ischemia-driven revascularization; hazard ratio [HR], 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.64; P=0.001), with no significant effect in patients with 2-vessel disease (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.47-1.26; P=0.29; P for interaction =0.046). A similar effect was observed in patients with diameter stenosis ≥90% of noninfarct-related arteries (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.18-0.62; P=0.001), but not in patients with less severe lesions (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.44-1.19; P=0.21; P for interaction =0.06). The effect was most pronounced in patients with 3-vessel disease and noninfarct-related stenoses ≥90%, and in this subgroup, there was a nonsignificant reduction in the end point of mortality and reinfarction (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.08-1.32; P=0.09). Proximal versus distal location did not influence the benefit from complete revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: The benefit from fractional flow reserve-guided complete revascularization in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients with multivessel disease was dependent on the presence of 3-vessel disease and noninfarct diameter stenosis ≥90% and was particularly pronounced in patients with both of these angiographic characteristics. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01960933.

Association Between Early Q Waves and Reperfusion Success in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

BACKGROUND: Pathological early Q waves (QW) are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may therefore be less beneficial in patients with QW than in patients without QW. Myocardial salvage index and microvascular obstruction (MVO) are markers for reperfusion success. Thus, to clarify the benefit from primary PCI in STEMI patients with QW, we examined the association between baseline QW and myocardial salvage index and MVO in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ECG was assessed before primary PCI for the presence of QW (early) in 515 STEMI patients. The patients underwent a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging scan at day 1 (interquartile range [IQR], 1-1) and again at day 92 (IQR, 89-96). Early QW was observed in 108 (21%) patients and was related to smaller final myocardial salvage index (0.59 [IQR, 0.39-0.69] versus 0.65 [IQR, 0.46-0.84]; P<0.001) and larger MVO (1.4 [IQR, 0.0-5.4] versus 0.0 [IQR, 0.0-2.4]; P<0.001) compared with non-QW. QW remained associated with both final myocardial salvage index (ß=-0.12; P=0.03) and MVO (ß=0.18; P=0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting with their first STEMI and early QW in the ECG had smaller myocardial salvage index and more extensive MVO than non-QW despite treatment within 12 hours after symptom onset. However, final myocardial salvage index in patients with QW was substantial, and patients with QW still benefit from primary PCI. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01435408.

Effect of Ischemic Postconditioning During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Ischemic postconditioning of the heart during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) induced by repetitive interruptions of blood flow to the ischemic myocardial region immediately after reopening of the infarct-related artery may limit myocardial damage. Objective: To determine whether ischemic postconditioning can improve the clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Design, Setting, And Participants: In this multicenter, randomized clinical trial, patients with onset of symptoms within 12 hours, STEMI, and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade 0-1 flow in the infarct-related artery at arrival were randomized to conventional PCI or postconditioning. Inclusion began on March 21, 2011, through February 2, 2014, and follow-up was completed on February 2, 2016. Analysis was based on intention to treat. Interventions: Patients were randomly allocated 1:1 to conventional primary PCI, including stent implantation, or postconditioning performed as 4 repeated 30-second balloon occlusions followed by 30 seconds of reperfusion immediately after opening of the infarct-related artery and before stent implantation. Main Outcome and Measures: A combination of all-cause death and hospitalization for heart failure. Results: During the inclusion period, 1234 patients (975 men [79.0%] and 259 women [21.0%]; mean [SD] age, 62 [11] years) underwent randomization in the trial. Median follow-up was 38 months (interquartile range, 24-58 months). The primary outcome occurred in 69 patients (11.2%) who underwent conventional primary PCI and in 65 (10.5%) who underwent postconditioning (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.66-1.30; P = .66). The hazard ratios were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.49-1.14; P = .18) for all-cause death and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.60-1.64; P = .96) for heart failure. Conclusions and Relevance: Routine ischemic postconditioning during primary PCI failed to reduce the composite outcome of death from any cause and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with STEMI and TIMI grade 0-1 flow at arrival. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01435408.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Associated With Increased Infarct Size and Decreased Myocardial Salvage in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Approximately one third of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is associated with impaired outcome. However, the causal association between LVH and outcome in STEMI is unknown. We evaluated the association between LVH and: myocardial infarct size, area at risk, myocardial salvage, microvascular obstruction, left ventricular (LV) function (all determined by cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR]), and all-cause mortality and readmission for heart failure in STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this substudy of the DANAMI-3 trial, 764 patients underwent CMR. LVH was defined by CMR and considered present if LV mass exceeded 77 (men) and 67 g/m2 (women). One hundred seventy-eight patients (24%) had LVH. LVH was associated with a larger final infarct size (15% [interquartile range {IQR}, 10-21] vs 9% [IQR, 3-17]; P<0.001) and smaller final myocardial salvage index (0.6 [IQR, 0.5-0.7] vs 0.7 [IQR, 0.5-0.9]; P<0.001). The LVH group had a higher incidence of microvascular obstruction (66% vs 45%; P<0.001) and lower final LV ejection fraction (LVEF; 53% [IQR, 47-60] vs 61% [IQR, 55-65]; P<0.001). In a Cox regression analysis, LVH was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and readmission for heart failure (hazard ratio 2.59 [95% CI, 1.38-4.90], P=0.003). The results remained statistically significant in multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS: LVH is independently associated with larger infarct size, less myocardial salvage, higher incidence of microvascular obstruction, lower LVEF, and a higher risk of all-cause mortality and incidence of heart failure in STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01435408.

Bleeding episodes in "complete, staged" versus "culprit only" revascularisation in patients with multivessel disease and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI substudy.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a staged in-hospital complete revascularisation strategy increases the risk of serious bleeding events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: The DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI trial investigated whether a staged in-hospital complete revascularisation strategy improved outcome in patients with STEMI and multivessel disease. In this substudy, we investigated potential bleeding complications related to a second in-hospital procedure. Bleedings were assessed using BARC and TIMI criteria. Six hundred and twenty-seven (627) patients were randomised 1:1 to either PCI of the infarct-related artery (IRA) only (n=313) or complete revascularisation during a staged procedure before discharge (n=314). We found no significant difference in TIMI major+minor bleedings related to the primary PCI. There were neither major nor minor bleedings in relation to the second procedure in the complete revascularisation arm. There were significantly more in-hospital minimal+medical attention bleedings in the group randomised to complete revascularisation (61.5% vs. 49.5% in the IRA-PCI only group, p=0.003), but no difference in admission time or one-year mortality (2.2% complete revascularisation-group vs. 2.6% IRA-PCI only group, p=0.8). CONCLUSIONS: In multivessel diseased STEMI patients, a staged complete in-hospital revascularisation strategy or any second in-hospital procedure did not result in an increase in serious bleeding events.

A post hoc analysis of long-term prognosis after exenatide treatment in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

AIMS: We aimed to assess the effect of exenatide treatment as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on long-term clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a post hoc analysis in 334 patients with a first STEMI included in a previous study randomised to exenatide (n=175) or placebo (n=159) as an adjunct to primary PCI. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality and admission for heart failure during a median follow-up of 5.2 years (interquartile range: 5.0-5.5). Secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality and admission for heart failure, individually. The primary composite endpoint occurred in 24% in the exenatide group versus 27% in the placebo group, p=0.44 (HR 0.80, p=0.35). Admission for heart failure was lower in the exenatide (11%) compared to the placebo group (20%) (HR 0.53, p=0.042). All-cause mortality occurred in 14% in the exenatide group versus 9% in the placebo group (HR 1.45, p=0.20). CONCLUSIONS: In this post hoc analysis of patients with a STEMI, treatment with exenatide at the time of primary PCI did not reduce the primary composite endpoint or the secondary endpoint of all-cause -mortality. However, exenatide treatment reduced the incidence of admission for heart failure.