[Dynamics of the formation of secondary reproductive structures in Streptomyces zone-forming colonies as determined from confocal microscopy data].

The dynamics of the formation of secondary structures on the colony surface, so-called air mycelium concentric rings, was investigated by confocal microscopy and using Streptomyces zone-forming colonies as a model of a self-organizing system. The occurrence of luminescence in reproductive structures was registered, whereas in vegetative structures it was almost completely absent. It was shown that secondary reproductive structures begin to form within the thickness of substratum mycelium as branches or as an apical extension of vegetative gyphes, followed by the formation of numerous secondary branches filled with protospores.

[Dynamic of the substrate mycelium growth unit in streptomyces colonies].

The regularities of changes in the length of the substrate mycelium growth unit of a developing streptomyces colony have been studied. The parameters of the dependence of this process on the age of the colony, the type of the limiting substrate, and its concentration in nutrient medium have been established.

[Spontaneous sector formation in soil streptomycetes colonies]. / Spontannoe sektorooobrazovanie v koloniiakh pochvennogo streptomitseta.

A model of the formation of sectors during the growth and zone formation of a colony of the soil radiant fungus streptomycetes was developed. It was shown that the basic parameters determining the shape of the sector border are the correlations between the growth rates of the sector of mycelium hyphae and the remainder of the colony and between the frequency and the numbers of branching order of these hyphae. Based on the long-standing observations, a polyseasonal dependence of spontaneous sector formation in streptomycetes zone-forming colonies was demonstrated.

[Spatial distribution of synthetic activity in zone-forming colonies of soil Streptomycetes]. / Prostranstvennoe raspredelenie sinteticheskoi aktivnosti v zonoobrazuiushchikh koloniiakh pochvennogo streptomitseta.

The space distribution of synthetic activity in the substrate mycelium gyphs--structure growth units of a quasiorganism of the radiant fungus, was studied by the method of microspectral analysis. A detailed map of the distribution on the alpha-parameter (which reflects the level of synthetic activity) from the cross section of a living streptomyces colony was constructed. The data obtained support with a high reliability the earlier supposition that the maximum of synthetic activity is in the growth zone and the minimum synthetic activity is in the globular regions of formation of air mycelium protogyphs. The use of objectivity characteristics made it possible to thoroughly study the development of globular structures, the precursors and sources of formation of air mycelium concentric zones on colony surface.

[Rhythmical sporogenesis in Streptomyces colonies. A one-dimensional model]. / Ritmichnyi sporogenez v koloniiakh streptomitseta. Odnomernaia model'.

A one-dimensional model imitating the growth and zone formation of a colony of the radiant fungus streptomycete on a synthetic agar nutrient medium with pyruvate, glucose, or succinate as a limiting source of energy and carbon was considered. The key parameters were determined whose values depend on the composition of nutrient medium and environmental conditions.

[Genetic differences and similarities in the introduced population of European beaver (Castor fiber L., 1785) in the Kirov and Novosibirsk regions of Russia]. / Geneticheskoe razlichie i skhodstvo introdutsirovannykh populiatsii evropeiskogo bobra (Castor fiber L., 1758) Kirovskoi i Novosibirskoi oblastei Rossii.

Potential factors were analyzed that affected the formation of gene pools of two introduced beaver populations founded in the 1940s-1950s by releasing beavers from Voronezh oblast and Belarus into rivers of the Kirov and Novosibirsk oblasts. The populations from these two regions were shown to differ in four allozyme loci (Ahd-2, Gpi, Es-5, and Dia-2). Within Kirov oblast, the samples from three tributaries of the Vyatka River differed in three other loci (Ck-1, Gp-9, and Trf). It is suggested that these features of the allele distribution at these loci are explained by the history of the introduced populations, hybridization between beavers from Voronezh oblast and Belarus, and founder effect during the subsequent artificial and spontaneous migration. Generally, genetic differences between the populations in all studied loci were very small: D = 0.02 between populations from different regions and D = 0.01 between populations from the tributaries of third-order rivers of the Kirov oblast. At the same time, disequilibrium was detected for ten polymorphic loci in the combined sample from the populations of Kirov oblast, which indicates the existence of interpopulation heterogeneity at the level of local populations of fourth- and fifth-order rivers. The unexpected finding of a genetic similarity between one studied individual of Tuvinian beaver subspecies (Castor fiber tuvinicus) and C. f. orientoeuropeas was recorded.

[Combined (associated) vaccination against quarantinable infections]. / Kompleksnaia (assotsiirovannaia) vaktsinatsiia protiv karantinnykh infektsii.

The presence of several active foci of infection of different etiology is an indication for complex (combined) immunization against these diseases. The scheme of complex (combined) immunization against plague, cholera and yellow fever has been experimentally substantiated and successfully tested on volunteers.

[The activity of NK and K cells in people vaccinated and revaccinated against plague]. / Izuchenie aktivnosti EK i K-kletok u liudei, vaktsinirovannykh i revaktsinirovannykh protiv chumy.

Changes in the activity of NK and K cells in persons immunized against plague have been studied. A decrease in the activity of natural killer cells has been shown to occur. Booster immunization leads to a greater increase in the specific sensitization of lymphocytes, as well as in the antibody level. The observed increase of the activity of killer cells is regarded not as the result of the direct action of live Yersinia pestis cells, but as the result of the immunological changes in the body which they produce.

[The activity of natural killers and K cells and their interferon sensitivity in subjects inoculated against diphtheria and meningococcal infection]. / Izuchenie aktivnosti estestvennykh killerov, K-kletok, ikh chuvstvitel'nosti k interferonu u liudei, privitykh protiv difteriinoi i meningokokkovoi infektsii.

The work deals with the time course of changes in the activity of natural killers, K-cells, their sensitivity to interferon, which reflects, in our opinion, the reserve possibilities of this killer system simultaneously with the development of the specific sensitization of lymphocytes. Significant changes in the cytotoxicity of natural killers, K-cells, have been detected in persons immunized against meningococcal infection, especially in those immunized with meningococcal vaccine introduced in combination with diphtheria toxoid. In this latter group of volunteers even more pronounced sensitization of peripheral blood lymphocytes has been observed than in persons immunized with monopreparations. The results obtained in this investigation indicate that the determination of these cell reactions may be of importance in the evaluation of the effectiveness of immunization.

[A system for the mass combined vaccination of the adult population against influenza, viral hepatitis, typhoid, meningitis and diphtheria]. / Sistema massovoi kompleksnoi vaktsinatsii vzroslogo naselennia protiv grippa, virusnogo gepatita, briushnogo tifa, meningita i difterii.

A safe, moderately reactogenic and immunologically effective scheme of complex (combined) immunization against meningitis A, diphtheria, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis A and influenza has been developed as the result of experimental and clinico-immunological studies. Depending on the epidemiological situation, the newly developed scheme can be used in two variants. According to the first variant of this scheme, the following preparations are injected subcutaneously into three different sites: a mixture of group A meningococcal vaccine and diphtheria toxoid, typhoid vaccine and influenza vaccine. The second variant of the scheme differs from its first variant in using intramuscular injection of normal human immunoglobulin instead of injection of influenza vaccine. Moreover, in practical realization these variants may be altered by excluding vaccines, unnecessary under present conditions. The newly developed scheme of vaccinal prophylaxis is recommended for practical use.

[The clinico-immunological validation of associated immunization]. / Kliniko-immunologicheskoe obosnovanie assotsiirovannoi immunizatsii.

Clinico-immunological studies on men were conducted using associated immunization by pair combinations of 8 commercial national vaccines (typhoid, plague, typhus, smallpox, tick-borne encephalitis, yellow-fever, cholera and sextaanatoxine). As for reactogenicity and immunological efficiency (serological studies), these pair associations can be subdivided into three main groups. The first group consists of pair combinations of vaccines that cannot exert any influence on immunogenicity of cause the development of frequent post-vaccination reaction or temporary disability (typhus, smallpox, tick-borne encephalitis, yellow-fever vaccines). These preparations are completely compatible in every combination. The second group includes plague and cholera vaccines that reduce its immunogenicity under the influence of more active antigens or increase its reactogenicity being associated with typhoid vaccine or sextaanatoxine. The third group is composed of typhoid vaccine and sextaanatoxine that have high reactogenicity and stable serological shifts. Associations of the first group are the most favourable for anti-epidemiological practice.

[The experimental validation of associated immunization with paired combinations of vaccines]. / Eksperimental'noe obosnovanie assotsiirovannoi immunizatsii parnymi sochetaniiami vaktsin.

Experimental researches were conducted on reactogenicity and immunological efficiency of pair associations of 8 commercial drug preparations. The following vaccines were used in various pair combinations: typhoid, plague, smallpox, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, yellow-fever, cholera, sextaanatoxine. Pair combinations of these drug preparations were proved to be harmless. Their reactogenicity was manifested mainly in more or less pronounced vaccination reaction which may be considered as tolerable. Immunological efficiency practically of all pair combinations of vaccines, which was determined by the frequency and intensity of antibody formation, had the same indexes as the control one. The immunity expression of a large majority of pair combinations of vaccines also was unchanged. The study in vitro of compatibility of pair associations of vaccines proves the low stability of yellow-fever vaccine, which falls down under the influence of plague and cholera vaccines, or sextaanatoxine. On the contrary, smallpox vaccine makes yellow-fever vaccine more active. Plague vaccine is stimulated by smallpox vaccine and is oppressed with combined application of typhoid vaccine and sextaanatoxine.

[Individual human personality characteristics as a factor in the etiology of postvaccinal reactions]. / Individual'no-lichnostnye osobennosti cheloveka kak faktor étiologii postvaktsinal'nykh reaktsii.

Healthy volunteers with quite opposite emotional properties defined by means of Cattell Personality Questionnaires were shown to have essential differences in their postvaccinal reactions. These differences were seemingly caused by psychoemotional tension developing in unstable persons as a result of their perception of vaccination as a threatening factor. The administration of Phenasepam (3 mg) decreased such emotional tension and thus removed negative reactions at the postvaccinal period. The preparation had no influence on the production of protective antibodies to all types of antigens used for immunization.

[Structure and development of zone-forming colonies of Streptomyces levoris]. / Stroenie i razvitie kolonii Streptomyces levoris, obrazuiushchikh zony.

The structure of Streptomyces levoris colonies was studied in the course of growth on media containing various energy and carbon sources. Hyphae of the primary substrate mycelium underwent periodic differentiation yielding secondary structures which, apparently, were involved in the formation of sporogenous aerial mycelium rings on the surface of the colonies. The data of histological studies, luminescent microscopy and in vivo observations are discussed in terms of how processes of growth and zone formation are separated in space and time.

[Effect of transmeridional flights on the biorhythm of zone formation in Streptomyces levoris]. / Vliianie transmeridional'nykh pereletov na bioritm zonoobrazovaniia Streptomyces levoris.

The transmeridional transportation of the temperature controlled colonies of Streptomyces levoris exerted a marked effect on its biorhythms. This included changes in the growth and zone formation rates and differences in the vector of changes as related to the flight direction. The vector of changes during the East-oriented air-borne flight coincided with that in the orbital flight with a similar direction of transportation. These findings as well as the results of studies of seasonal and diurnal rhythms of the actinomycete zone formation suggest the synchronizing effect of the periodicity of geophysical factors.

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project on biorhythm of zone-forming fungi: preliminary work.

The purpose of the experiment was to study general and local effects of space flight factors on the rhythm of cellular activity and on the morphological and genetic properties of biological objects. The Pushchino strain, Actinomyces levoris Kras 17-225A-IBFM, isolated at the Institute of Biological Physics, Moscow, was chosen as the main biological object. Under appropriate conditions it gives distinct and continuous rings of spore formation reflecting its intrinsic high degree of synchronism in changing its reproduction forms seen with the unaided eye as transparent rings (vegetative growth) alternate with convex white rings (spore-formation growth). As an additional test object, a film culture of bacteriophage T4Br+ developed at the institute was used. The strains were placed together in one bioblock together with plastic detectors for detecting nuclear particles. The film culture of bacteriophage enabled us to amplify the area of registration of local radiation effects by studying the genetic effects of these: frequency of mutations, induced radiation, their spectrum, subsequent revertability under the action of chemical mutagens with known mechanisms of action on DNA molecules.

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project on biorhythm of zone-forming fungi: results of experiments.

Biorhythmic changes in spore (correction of sport) formation in the Pushchino strain of Actinomyces levoris Kras cultures on board Soyuz and Apollo during their joint flight in July 1975 are analysed and compared with control cultures on earth. Biorhythm changes during the flight period showed up as both a slowing down (most cultures) and, in a few cases, an acceleration of the rhythm. During the post-flight period both acceleration and slowing down of the rhythm were also observed. In cultures that were exchanged during the docking of the spaceships a slowing down of the rhythm on Apollo and acceleration of the rhythm on Soyuz were observed. A pronounced ring deformation, in response to landing, was observed only in the cultures on Soyuz. It was, however, different for the cultures that had been passed from Apollo and for those constantly on Soyuz. In five places, on four rings formed during the flight, local changes in spore formation occurred. The rhythmical disturbances observed are discussed in terms of possible effects of different temperatures, the absence of usual geophysical periodicities synchronizing the rhythmicity, or their shifting after landing, local radiation and other factors.