A long-term serological survey on Aujeszky's disease virus infections in wild boar in East Germany.

Between 1985 and 2008, a total of 102,387 wild boar sera originating from Eastern Germany covering an area of 108 589 km2 were tested for the presence of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV)-specific antibodies. From 1985 until 1991 and from 1992 until 2008, wild boar sera were exclusively investigated using either conventional seroneutralization assays (n=39 621) or commercial gB and full antigen ELISAs (n=62,766), respectively. Spatial-temporal analysis revealed an increasing ADV seroprevalence from 0·4% to 15·9%, on average, during the 24-year observation period that went along with a continuous spread of the infection in a western direction. During 2006 and 2008, 18% of the 66 affected districts had ADV seroprevalences >30%. There was a significant correlation between ADV seroprevalence and the hunting index of population density (HIPD) of wild boar in the entire study area, although this did not hold true for some regions. Seroprevalences did not differ between sexes but were age-dependent. East Germany has been officially free of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) in domestic pigs since 1985. Although a risk for domestic pigs cannot be completely ruled out, experience has shown that ADV in domestic pigs could be eliminated although the virus was present in the wild boar population. Despite increasing ADV seroprevalence in the East German wild boar population no spillover infections from wild boar to domestic pigs have been reported. To further trace ADV infections in the wild boar population in Germany, a nationwide serological monitoring programme should be implemented.

Characterization of pseudorabies virus of wild boar origin from Europe.

Pseudorabies virus (PrV) infections appear to be more widely distributed in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa) population than assumed. In Europe, attempts to isolate and characterize the causative agents have been limited so far. We therefore collected and examined a total of 35 PrV isolates obtained from wild boar or hunting dogs in Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Slovakia and Hungary between 1993 and 2008. Restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA using BamHI showed that all isolates, except one, belonged to genogroup I but different subtypes were evident. For further investigations of the phylogenetic relationships, a 732-bp fragment of the glycoprotein C (gC) gene was amplified by PCR. Sequence analysis revealed about 40 variant positions within this fragment. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences supported the separation into a clade containing isolates from North-Rhine Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany), France and Spain (clade B) and an apparently more variable clade comprising isolates from Brandenburg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt (Germany), Slovakia, Hungary, Italy and France (clade A).

Origin of maternally transferred antibodies against rabies in foxes (Vulpes vulpes).

During previous experiments, maternal antibodies against rabies were detected in the sera of fox cubs whelped by orally immunised vixens. These antibodies appear to be transferred exclusively via the colostrum. No evidence of maternally transferred immunity in the form of immunoglobulin G was found in 80 fox embryos collected from 19 rabies-immune vixens originating from areas where oral rabies vaccine baits had been distributed.

[Experiences with follow-up investigations of oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes in Saxony with special emphasis on a standardised serology]. / Erfahrungen mit der Begleitdiagnostik zur oralen Immunisierung der Füchse in Sachsen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung einer standardisierten Tollwutserologie.

An 8-year experience with organisation and standardisation of follow-up investigations within oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes (OVF) in Saxony is summarised. With respect to OVF, the number of diagnostic tests performed during the years 1992-2000 on foxes amounts to a total of 52,226 Fluorescence antibody-(FAT), 7,551 marker-(TC) and 11,645 serological tests. The mean bait-uptake and the mean immunisation rate in foxes ranged between 78-86% and 60-89%, respectively. Based on the seroconversion rates of the years 1997-2000 observed in vaccination areas and in areas where vaccination was already finished, experience with a standardised serology under routine conditions is presented and discussed. Furthermore, recommendations concerning organisation and logistics of sampling are given.

[Detection of border disease virus in a sheep flock in Saxony]. / Nachweis von Border Disease Virus in einem Schafbestand in Sachsen.

A pestivirus has been isolated from brain samples of two lambs suffering from clinical signs of border disease. The two identical isolates were allocated to the "true" border disease virus group concerning their reaction pattern with monoclonal antibodies and the 5'UTR sequence data. Nevertheless, alterations of phenotype and genotype in comparison with references of both BDV-subgroups have been shown. The existence of an infection with border disease virus in the flock has been confirmed by serological studies.

[A test object for quality control of the instrument for doppler (duplex) ultrasonography, based on the Draft IEC 61685 Standard]. / Ein Testobjekt für die apparative Qualitätssicherung bei Ultraschall-Doppler(Duplex)-Geräten, ausgehend vom Normenentwurf IEC 61685.

PURPOSE: The authors, forming part of a multicenter project funded by the European Community, summarize the validation of a tissue-mimicking flow Doppler test object and of procedures for testing medical diagnostic Doppler equipment. The results of the project are expected to contribute to a future international IEC Standard concerning flow Doppler test objects (Draft IEC 61685 Standard) and for the European Medical Device Directive (MD 93/42/EEC). METHODS: Within this project a test protocol was developed that includes a set of different procedures, suitable for checking Spectral and Colour Doppler systems. The performance parameters for describing the image quality as well as the accuracy and the correct functioning of a system are in accordance with the definitions made in the Draft IEC 61685 Standard. RESULTS: A survey of the design and materials used for this Doppler test object will be presented with a special emphasis on the suitability of the procedures for routine measurement of performance parameters in hospitals. CONCLUSION: The test object satisfies the requirements of the Draft IEC 61685 Standard. The test procedures in combination with this test object can be used for checking different transducer models with nominal frequencies between 2.5-10.0 MHz.

Development of an example flow test object and comparison of five of these test objects, constructed in various laboratories.

Doppler test objects are used to characterise Doppler systems, both stand-alone systems and the Doppler part of so-called duplex scanners. The aim of the project partially presented here is the development and validation of an example of a Doppler test object fulfilling the requirements of the IEC 1685. The project has been carried out by nine partners of five European countries and has been funded by the European Commission. The flow Doppler test object is composed of: tissue mimicking material (TMM), blood mimicking fluid (BMF), tube (embedded in the TMM and carrying the BMF), tank flow system, including a pump and a flow meter. In the normative part of the IEC 1685, requirements are given for the values of acoustical parameters of TMM and BMF such as sound velocity, attenuation and backscattering. For BMF, requirements are given also for values of density and viscosity. In an informative (but not compulsory) annex, a description is given of a flow test object meeting these requirements as an example. 'example test object' developed during the project is composed of TMM based on agar and including SiC- and Al2O3-powders, BMF based on nylon particles suspended in water and glycerine, and a tube of c-flex, a silicon copolymer. Two tube sizes are used: 4.0 mm ID and 8.0 mm ID. During the project, very precise recipes have been developed for the composition and preparation of both TMM and BMF. Based on these recipes and a description of the construction in a design five flow test objects have been constructed in the laboratories of five participants. The test objects have been compared by measurements of the physical parameters and by Doppler measurements of the five test objects with the Doppler system. The measurements have been carried out by five observers. Inter-test object and inter-observer variabilities are determined, yielding information about usefulness of the parameters.

First temporal and spatial quantification of single-shot electrohydraulic lithotripsy in vitro.

Single electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) discharges from a human ureter were analyzed with a mechanical high-speed motion analysis camera. We found a cavitation bubble, at 650 mJ, 4-11 mm in size, with a lifetime of 400-500 microseconds. Varying sizes and lifetimes were found using single-shot analysis, as well as in different shot-sequences. This supports similar observations by recent investigations of cavitation bubble size with high-shutter-speed videofilm, which have depicted events at shutter speeds of 4000/s, i.e., an approximate exposure time of 250 microseconds. Due to the occurrence of high-voltage interference from the EHL high-voltage generator, no other technical electronic event timing equipment has so far been available capable of mechanical high-speed film motion analysis, while at the same time avoiding high-voltage interference.