Effect of body surface area and gender on wall thickness thresholds in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Family screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is based on genetic testing and clinical evaluation (maximal left ventricular wall thickness (MWT) ≥15 mm, or ≥13 mm in first-degree relatives of HCM patients). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of gender and body size on diagnosis of HCM and prediction of clinical outcome. METHODS: This study includes 199 genotype-positive subjects (age 44 ± 15 years, 50% men) referred for cardiac screening. Gender-specific reference values for MWT indexed by body surface area (BSA), height and weight were derived from 147 healthy controls. Predictive accuracy of each method for HCM-related events was assessed by comparing areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS: Men had a higher absolute, but similar BSA- and weight-indexed MWT compared with women (14.0 ± 3.9 mm vs 11.5 ± 3.8 mm, p < 0.05; 6.8 ± 2.1 mm/m2 vs 6.6 ± 2.4 mm/m2; 0.17 ± 0.06 mm/kg vs 0.17 ± 0.06 mm/kg, both p > 0.05). Applying BSA- and weight-indexed cut-off values decreased HCM diagnoses in the study group (48% vs 42%; 48% vs 39%, both p < 0.05), reclassified subjects in the largest, lightest and heaviest tertiles (≥2.03 m2: 58% vs 45%; ≤70 kg: 37% vs 46%; ≥85 kg: 53% vs 25%, all p < 0.05) and improved predictive accuracy (AUC 0.76 [95% CI 0.69-0.82] vs 0.78 [0.72-0.85]; and vs 0.80 [0.74-0.87]; both p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In genotype-positive subjects referred for family screening, differences in MWT across gender are mitigated after indexation by BSA or weight. Indexation decreases the prevalence of HCM, particularly in larger men, and improves the predictive accuracy for HCM-related events.

Five-year prognostic significance of global longitudinal strain in individuals with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene mutation without hypertrophic changes.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that global longitudinal strain (GLS) is reduced in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is normal. Our aim was to assess GLS in individuals with HCM mutations without hypertrophic changes and to determine its prognostic value for the development of HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective case-control and cohort study included 120 HCM mutation carriers and 110 controls. GLS and LVEF were assessed with Tomtec Imaging software. Age, gender, and body surface area were similar in mutation carriers and controls. Compared to controls, mutation carriers had a higher maximal wall thickness (9 ± 2 vs 8 ± 2 mm, p < 0.001), higher LVEF (60 ± 5 vs 58 ± 4%, p < 0.001) and higher GLS (-21.4 ± 2.3% vs -20.3 ± 2.2%, p < 0.001). The GLS difference was observed in the mid-left ventricle (-21.5 ± 2.5% vs -19.9 ± 2.5%, p < 0.001) and the apex (-24.1 ± 3.5% vs -22.1 ± 3.4%, p < 0.001), but not in the base of the left ventricle (-20.0 ± 3.3% vs -20.0 ± 2.6%, p = 0.9). Echocardiographic follow-up was performed in 80 mutation carriers. During 5.6 ± 2.9 years' follow-up, 13 (16%) mutation carriers developed HCM. Cox regression analysis showed age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.08, p = 0.01), pathological Q wave (HR 8.56; p = 0.01), and maximal wall thickness (HR 1.94; p = 0.01) to be independent predictors of the development of HCM. GLS was not predictive of the development of HCM (HR 0.78, p = 0.07). CONCLUSION: GLS is increased in HCM mutation carriers without hypertrophic changes. GLS was of no clear prognostic value for the development of HCM during follow-up, in contrast to age, pathological Q waves and maximal wall thickness.

Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound of intraplaque neovascularization in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.

PURPOSE: Intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) is an increasingly studied marker of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an in vivo imaging technique for the assessment of IPN. The purpose of this study was to test novel quantification methods for the detection of carotid IPN using CEUS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 25 patients with established carotid atherosclerosis underwent bilateral carotid CEUS using a Philips iU-22 ultrasound system with an L9 - 3 transducer. Visual scoring of IPN was performed using a 3-point score. Quantification of IPN was performed using novel custom developed software. In short, regions of interest were drawn over the atherosclerotic plaques. After motion compensation, several IPN features were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman's rho. Reproducibility of the quantification features was calculated using intra-class correlation coefficients and mean differences between calculations. RESULTS: 45 carotid arteries were available for the quantification of IPN. The quantification of IPN was feasible in all 45 carotid plaques. The IPN area, IPN area ratio and neovessel count had a good correlation with the visual IPN score (respectively ρ = 0.719, ρ = 0.538, ρ = 0.474 all p < 0.01). The intra-observer and inter-observer agreement was good to excellent (p < 0.01). The intra-observer and inter-observer variability was low. CONCLUSION: The quantification of carotid IPN on CEUS is feasible and provides multiple features on carotid IPN. Accurate quantitative assessment of IPN may be important to recognize and to monitor changes during therapy in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.

Hyperglycemia at admission and during hospital stay are independent risk factors for mortality in high risk cardiac patients admitted to an intensive cardiac care unit.

AIMS: Hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality in cardiac patients. However, the predictive value of admission- and average glucose levels in patients admitted to an intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) has not been described. METHODS: Observational study of patients admitted to the ICCU of a tertiary medical center in whom glucose levels were measured at and during admission. Over a 19-month period, 1713 patients were included. Mean age was 63±14 years, 1228 (72%) were male, 228 (17%) had known diabetes. Median (interquartile) glucose levels at admission were 7.9 (6.5-10.1) mmol/l; median glucose levels during ICCU admission (873 patients with three or more measurements) were 7.3 (6.7-8.3) mmol/l. Cox regression analysis was performed including the variables age, gender, admission diagnosis, length of stay, prior (cardio)vascular disease and diabetes. RESULTS: A 1 mmol/l increase in admission glucose level (above 9 mmol/l) was associated with a 10% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7 -13%) increased risk for all-cause mortality. A 1 mmol/l higher average glucose level (above 8 mmol/l) was an additional independent predictor of mortality (HR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.20). At 30 days, 16.8% (97/579) of the patients with an admission glucose level in the highest tertile (>9.8 mmol/L) had died vs 5.2% (59/1134) of those with a lower admission glucose level. CONCLUSION: In a high risk ICCU population, both high admission glucose levels as well as high average glucose levels during hospitalization were independently associated with increased mortality, even when accounting for other risk factors and parameters of disease severity.

Microsphere embolisation as an alternative for alcohol in percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation using microsphere embolisation is a new interventional technique to treat patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: In two patients, considered at high risk for myectomy, targeted septal perforators were occluded with microsphere embolisation instead of alcohol ablation to reduce left ventricular outflow gradient. In both cases the left ventricular outflow tract gradient was immediately reduced. No adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: This is the first clinical experience with Embozene® Microspheres in the Netherlands as an alternative for alcohol septal ablation. In both cases it resulted in immediate improvement in the haemodynamics, without any adverse events.

Contrast echocardiography: mechanism of action, safety and clinical applications.

Since its initial description by Gramiak and Shah in 1968, contrast echocardiography has become an established practice world-wide. Microbubbles have the unique property of being pure intravascular tracers. The basic rationale behind bubble imaging is the characteristic responses to ultrasound power that results in enhanced ultrasound images from the blood pool. Therefore, whenever there is blood pool there is a potential application for contrast ultrasound. Clinical applications of contrast echocardiography have been vastly grown from diagnostic applications such as detection of a persistent foramen ovale to drug delivery. This article reviews the mechanism of action, safety and clinical applications of contrast echocardiography.

Prognosis of patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy after coronary revascularisation: relation to viability and improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: In patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and viable myocardium, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) does not always improve after revascularisation. Whether this may affect prognosis is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognosis of viable patients with and without improvement of LVEF after coronary revascularisation. METHODS: Before revascularisation, radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) and dobutamine stress echocardiography were performed to assess LVEF and myocardial viability, respectively. Nine to 12 months after revascularisation, LVEF improvement was assessed by RNV. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1, viable patients with LVEF improvement (n = 27); group 2, viable patients without LVEF improvement (n = 15), group 3, non-viable patients (n = 48). Cardiac events were evaluated during a 4-year follow-up. RESULTS: After revascularisation, the mean (SD) LVEF improved from 32 (9)% to 42 (10)% in group 1, but did not change significantly in group 2 and in group 3, p<0.001 by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Heart failure symptoms improved in both groups 1 (mean (SD) NYHA class from 3.1 (0.9) to 1.7 (0.7)) and 2 (from 3.2 (0.7) to 1.7 (0.9)), but not in group 3 (from 2.8 (1.0) to 2.7 (0.5)), p<0.001 by ANOVA. During follow-up, the cardiac event rate was low (4%) in group 1, intermediate (21%) in group 2 and high (33%) in group 3 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The best prognosis after revascularisation may be expected in those viable patients whose LVEF improves. Conversely, viable patients without functional improvement have an intermediate prognosis.

Outcome after redo coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and viable myocardium.

BACKGROUND: Repeat coronary artery bypass grafting (redo-CABG) in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy is associated with high perioperative risk and worse long-term outcome compared with patients undergoing their first CABG. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patients with viable myocardium undergoing redo-CABG have a better outcome. METHODS: 18 patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy underwent redo-CABG and 34 underwent their first CABG; all had substantial viability (> or =25% of the left ventricle) on dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart failure symptoms were assessed before and 9-12 months after revascularisation. Cardiac event rate was assessed during the follow-up period (median 4 years, 25-75th centile 2.8-4.9 years). RESULTS: The extent of viable myocardium on DSE was comparable in the two groups (11.3 (3.9) segments in patients who underwent redo-CABG v 12.8 (3.0) in patients who underwent their first CABG; p = NS). LVEF improved from 32% (9%) to 39% (12%); p = 0.01, in patients who underwent redo-CABG and from 30% (7%) to 36% (7%); p<0.01, in those who underwent their first CABG; New York Heart Association class improved from 2.5 (1.1) to 1.9 (0.8); p = 0.03, and from 2.7 (1.0) to 1.8 (0.70); p<0.01, respectively. In patients who underwent redo-CABG, the perioperative mortality was 0, post-surgery inotropic support was needed in 11% of the patients and mid-term (4-year) survival was 100%, with a total event rate of 28%. All these variables were not statistically different from patients who underwent their first CABG (p = 0.50, 0.90, 0.08 and 0.81, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and substantial viability undergoing redo-CABG benefit from revascularisation in terms of improvement in LVEF, heart failure symptoms, angina and mid-term prognosis.

Long term prognostic value of myocardial viability and ischaemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy undergoing coronary revascularisation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative merits of viability and ischaemia for prognosis after revascularisation. METHODS: Low-high dose dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) was performed before revascularisation in 128 consecutive patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (mean (SD) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 31 (8)%). Viability (defined as contractile reserve (CR)) and ischaemia were assessed during low and high dose dobutamine infusion, respectively. Cardiac death was evaluated during a five year follow up. Clinical, angiographic, and echocardiographic data were analysed to identify predictors of events. RESULTS: Univariable predictors of cardiac death were the presence of multivessel disease (hazard ratio (HR) 0.21, p < 0.001), baseline LVEF (HR 0.90, p < 0.0001), wall motion score index (WMSI) at rest (HR 4.02, p = 0.0006), low dose DSE (HR 7.01, p < 0.0001), peak dose DSE (HR 4.62, p < 0.0001), the extent of scar (HR 1.39, p < 0.0001), and the presence of CR in > or = 25% of dysfunctional segments (HR 0.34, p = 0.02). The best multivariable model to predict cardiac death included the presence of multivessel disease, WMSI at low dose DSE, and the presence of CR in > or = 25% of the severely dysfunctional segments (HR 9.62, p < 0.0001). Inclusion of ischaemia in the model did not provide additional predictive value. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study illustrate that in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, the extent of viability (CR) is a strong predictor of long term prognosis after revascularisation. Ischaemia did not add significantly in predicting outcome.

Long term outcome in patients with silent versus symptomatic ischaemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the long term prognosis of patients having silent versus symptomatic ischaemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS: 931 patients who experienced stress induced myocardial ischaemia during DSE. RESULTS: Silent ischaemia was present in 643 of 931 patients (69%). The number of dysfunctional segments at rest (mean (SD) 9.6 (5.1) v 8.8 (5.0), p = 0.1) and of ischaemic segments (3.5 (2.2) v 3.8 (2.1), p = 0.2) was comparable in both groups. During a mean (SD) follow up of 5.5 (3.3) years, there were 169 (18%) cardiac deaths and 86 (9%) non-fatal infarctions. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 1.05), previous myocardial infarction (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0), and number of ischaemic segments during the test (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.7) as independent predictors of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. For every additional ischaemic segment there was a twofold increment in risk of late cardiac events. The annual cardiac death or myocardial infarction rate was 3.0% in patients with symptomatic ischaemia and 4.6% in patients with silent ischaemia (p < 0.01). Silent induced ischaemia was an independent predictor of cardiac death and myocardial infarction (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0). During follow up symptomatic patients were treated more often with cardioprotective therapy (p < 0.01) and coronary revascularisation (145 of 288 (50%) v 174 of 643 (27%), p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with silent ischaemia had a similar extent of myocardial ischaemia during DSE compared to patients with symptomatic ischaemia but received less cardioprotective treatment and coronary revascularisation and experienced a higher cardiac event rate.

Improvement of stress LVEF rather than rest LVEF after coronary revascularisation in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and viable myocardium.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prospectively the response of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to high dose dobutamine infusion in patients showing substantial viability, with and without improved resting LVEF after revascularisation. METHODS: Before and 9-12 months after revascularisation, 50 patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (LVEF 32 (8)%) and substantial myocardial viability (> or = 4 viable segments) underwent radionuclide ventriculography and dobutamine stress echocardiography. Patients were divided into group 1, patients with, and group 2, patients without significant improvement in resting LVEF (> or = 5% by radionuclide ventriculography) after revascularisation. The response of LVEF during dobutamine stress echocardiography was compared in these two groups. RESULTS: Groups 1 and 2 were comparable in baseline characteristics, resting LVEF, and number of viable segments (mean (SD) 7 (4) v 6 (2), not significant). After revascularisation, the LVEF response during dobutamine stress echocardiography improved significantly in both groups (group 1, 34 (10)% to 56 (8)%; group 2, 32 (10)% to 46 (11)%; both p < 0.001). Interestingly, although resting LVEF did not improve in group 2, peak stress LVEF after revascularisation did (p < 0.001). Group 1 patients had, however, a greater increase in peak stress LVEF (group 1, 22 (10)%; group 2, 13 (9)%; p < 0.01). New York Heart Association and Canadian Cardiovascular Society classes decreased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients with viable myocardium did not always have improved rest LVEF after revascularisation, peak stress LVEF improved. Assessment of improvement of resting function may not be the ideal end point to evaluate successful revascularisation.

Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with previous coronary revascularisation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in patients with previous myocardial revascularisation. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PATIENTS: 332 consecutive patients with previous percutaneous or surgical coronary revascularisation underwent DSE. Follow up was successful for 331 (99.7%) patients. Thirty eight patients who underwent early revascularisation (

Pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging for the quantification of contractile reserve in stunned, hibernating, and scarred myocardium.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether quantification of myocardial systolic velocities by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging can differentiate between stunned, hibernating, and scarred myocardium. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS: 70 patients with reduced left ventricular function caused by chronic coronary artery disease. METHODS: Pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging was done close to the mitral annulus at rest and during low dose dobutamine; systolic ejection velocity (Vs) and the difference in Vs between low dose dobutamine and the resting value (DeltaVs) were assessed using a six segment model. Assessment of perfusion (with Tc-99m-tetrofosmin SPECT) and glucose utilisation (by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose SPECT) was used to classify dysfunctional regions (by resting cross sectional echocardiography) as stunned, hibernating, or scarred. RESULTS: 253 of 420 regions (60%) were dysfunctional. Of these, 132 (52%) were classified as stunned, 25 (10%) as hibernating, and 96 (38%) as scarred. At rest, Vs in stunned, hibernating, and scar tissue was, respectively, 6.3 (1.8), 6.6 (2.2), and 5.5 (1.5) cm/s (p = 0.001 by ANOVA). There was a gradual decline in Vs during low dose dobutamine infusion between stunned, hibernating, and scar tissue (8.3 (2.6) v 7.8 (1.5) v 6.8 (1.9) cm/s, p < 0.001 by ANOVA). DeltaVs was higher in stunned (2.1 (1.9) cm/s) than in hibernating (1.2 (1.4) cm/s, p < 0.05) or scarred regions (1.3 (1.2) cm/s, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative tissue Doppler imaging showed a gradual reduction in regional velocities between stunned, hibernating, and scarred myocardium. Dobutamine induced contractile reserve was higher in stunned regions than in hibernating and scarred myocardium, reflecting different severities of myocardial damage.

Pulsed tissue Doppler imaging detects early myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether tissue Doppler myocardial imaging (TDI) indices can predict postoperative left ventricular function in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) after surgical correction. METHODS: 84 patients (mean (SD) age 54.3 (10.8) years) with asymptomatic severe MR, an end systolic diameter < 45 mm, and an ejection fraction (EF) > 60% were subdivided in two groups: 43 patients with a postoperative EF reduction < 10% (group 1) and 41 patients with a postoperative EF reduction > or = 10% (group 2).TDI systolic indices of the lateral annulus were analysed preoperatively to assess myocardial systolic wave (Sm) velocity, myocardial precontraction time (PCTm), myocardial contraction time (CTm), and the PCTm:CTm ratio. RESULTS: Postoperative EF decreased significantly (from 67 (5)% to 60 (5.5)%, p = 0.0001). Group 2 had a higher PCTm, CTm, and PCTm:CTm ratio and a lower Sm velocity than group 1 (PCTm 100.4 (19) ms v 82 (21.8) ms, p = 0.004; CTm 222 (3.1) ms v 215 (2.3) ms, p = 0.01; PCTm:CTm 0.45 (0.08) v 0.38 (0.09), p = 0.001; Sm velocity 10.4 (1.1) cm/s v 13 (1.3) cm/s, p = 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the combination of PCTm:CTm ratio > or = 40 ms and Sm velocity < or = 10.5 cm/s was the main independent predictor of postoperative EF reduction > or = 10% (sensitivity 78%, specificity 95%). CONCLUSIONS: TDI systolic indices can predict postoperative left ventricular function in patients with asymptomatic MR undergoing surgical correction.

Relation between left ventricular contractile reserve during low dose dobutamine echocardiography and plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides.

BACKGROUND: In ischaemic cardiomyopathy, raised plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides are associated with a poor long term prognosis, while the presence of contractile reserve is a favourable sign. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between plasma natriuretic peptides and contractile reserve. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS: 66 consecutive patients undergoing low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography to evaluate contractile reserve in regions with contractile dysfunction at rest, divided into two groups: group 1, 31 patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 40%) and heart failure symptoms; group 2, 35 patients with normal left ventricular function. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), measured using immunoradiometric assays. Contractile reserve was defined as an improvement in segmental wall motion score during infusion of low dose dobutamine. RESULTS: Plasma ANP and BNP concentrations were higher in group 1 than in group 2 (mean (SD): ANP, 17.8 (32.8) v 7.2 (9.7), p < 0.005; BNP, 24.4 (69.0) v 5.0 (14.3) pmol/l, respectively; p < 0.001). In group 1, the presence of contractile reserve was inversely related to ANP and BNP levels; however, patients with contractile reserve had lower ANP and BNP concentrations than patients without contractile reserve (ANP, 14.2 (9.1) v 24.2 (44.2), p < 0.05; BNP, 20.2 (25.5) v 37.5 (93.8) pmol/l, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma natriuretic peptide concentrations are raised in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, but in the presence of preserved myocardial contractile reserve, relatively low levels of ANP and BNP are present.

Repetitive dobutamine stress echocardiography for the prediction of anthracycline cardiotoxicity.

AIMS: To evaluate whether repetitive assessment of systolic and diastolic cardiac function by dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) can predict anthracycline cardiotoxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (age, 57+/-13 years, 22 male) were studied before chemotherapy, with follow-ups during, at the end, and 6 months after chemotherapy. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic wall motion score index (WMSI) and by Doppler echocardiography of mitral valve inflow at rest and during DSE. Radionuclide ventriculography was used as an independent reference for ejection fraction (EF). A reduction of EF >/=5% occurred in 17 patients (group A) at the last follow-up. Patients without decreased EF comprised group B. Early/late diastolic velocity of mitral inflow (E/A ratio) at rest was lower in group A (0.91+/-0.2 vs 1.28+/-0.3, P<0.001), and it was an independent predictor of cardiotoxicity (adjusted for baseline patient characteristics and parameters of systolic and diastolic function). At follow-up, WMSI at rest paralleled radionuclide EF. Contractile reserve at low-dose DSE was preserved in group A. CONCLUSIONS: WMSI measured by 2D echocardiography parallels radionuclide EF at follow-up. Assessment of contractile reserve has no incremental value for the early detection of cardiotoxicity. A baseline abnormal E/A ratio is an independent predictor of anthracycline cardiotoxicity.

Quantification of regional left ventricular function in Q wave and non-Q wave dysfunctional regions by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify regional left ventricular (LV) function and contractile reserve in Q wave and non-Q wave regions in patients with previous myocardial infarction. DESIGN: An observational study. SETTING: Tertiary care centre. PATIENTS: 81 patients with previous myocardial infarction and depressed LV function. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent surface ECG at rest and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging at rest and during low dose dobutamine infusion. The left ventricle was divided into four major regions (anterior, inferoposterior, septal, and lateral). Severely hypokinetic, akinetic, and dyskinetic regions on two dimensional echocardiography at rest were considered dysfunctional. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Regional myocardial systolic velocity (Vs) at rest and the change in Vs during low dose dobutamine infusion (DeltaVs) in dysfunctional regions with and without Q waves on surface ECG. RESULTS: 220 (69%) regions were dysfunctional; 60 of these regions corresponded to Q waves and 160 were not related to Q waves. Vs and DeltaVs were lower in dysfunctional than in non-dysfunctional regions (mean (SD) Vs 6.2 (1.9) cm/s v 7.1 (1.7) cm/s (p < 0.001), and DeltaVs 1.9 (1.9) cm/s v 2.6 (2.5) cm/s (p = 0.009), respectively). There were no significant differences in Vs and DeltaVs among dysfunctional regions with and without Q waves (Q wave regions: Vs 6.2 (1.8) cm/s, DeltaVs 1.6 (2.2) cm/s; non-Q wave regions: Vs 6.3 (1.9) cm/s, DeltaVs 2.0 (2.0) cm/s). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative pulsed wave tissue Doppler demonstrated that, among dysfunctional regions, Q waves on the ECG do not indicate more severe dysfunction, and myocardial contractile reserve is comparable in Q wave and non-Q wave dysfunctional myocardium.

Clinical utility and cost effectiveness of a personal ultrasound imager for cardiac evaluation during consultation rounds in patients with suspected cardiac disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical utility and cost effectiveness of a personal ultrasound imager (PUI) during consultation rounds for cardiac evaluation of patients with suspected cardiac disease. METHODS: 107 unselected patients from non-cardiac departments (55% men) were enrolled in the study. After the physical examination the consultant cardiologist performed an echocardiographic study with a PUI. The final report was given instantly to the referring physician. All patients subsequently underwent a study with a standard echocardiographic device (SED). For each patient the consultant cardiologist noted whether the findings of the PUI were adequate for final diagnosis. The total cost when full echocardiography was used was compared with the cost when the PUI was used. The time interval from request to diagnosis was also compared. RESULTS: In 84 (78.5%) patients no further examination with an SED was regarded as necessary. Twenty three patients (21.5%) required a further detailed examination with the SED because of the need for haemodynamic information. There was an excellent agreement for the detection of abnormalities between the two devices (96%). The total cost was euro;132 per patient with the SED and euro;75 per patient with the PUI. According to this study, the use of the PUI can lead to a 33.4% reduction of total cost. The mean time from request to diagnosis at the authors' institution was four days for the SED and instantly for the PUI, for additional potential cost savings. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate echocardiographic assessment during consultation rounds can lead to significant cost savings and can shorten the time to diagnosis.