Effects of repeated insecticide pulses on macroinvertebrate drift in indoor stream mesocosms.

Pesticide contaminations via run-off or spray drift have been reported to result in the mass drift of macroinvertebrates as well as causing structural and functional changes of the corresponding stream sections. However, pesticide pulses in the field are associated with sudden increases in flow velocity, water turbidity, and changes in water temperature, which can also induce drift. Only through replicated community testing under highly controlled conditions can these effects be disentangled. In a stream mesocosm study, 12-h pulses of 12 µg/L imidacloprid were set three times at weekly intervals and are considered a "pulse series". Two pulse series of this neonicotinoid insecticide were run in both spring and summer with 4 treatment and 4 control stream mesocosms used in each pulse series. Prior to the start of the mesocosm experiment, both pulse concentration and duration had been screened for drift responses in larval Baetidae, Chironomidae and adult Gammarus roeseli in laboratory experiments. In the subsequent mesocosm study, each pulse caused a pronounced increase in the drift of insect larvae and gammarids. The drift response was taxon-specific, which was related to preferred habitat and exposure to other stressors like current velocity, in addition to imidacloprid sensitivity. Activity measurements employing a Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor(®) revealed that in Baetis sp. the diurnal activity pattern became more pronounced even 12h after the pulse though with slightly decreased mean physical activity. Adult G. roeseli showed a drastic pulse by pulse decrease in physical activity which after the 3rd pulse lasted longer than 24h. In conclusion, drift is a sensitive, ecologically relevant endpoint and should be regarded when a specific risk assessment for lotic surface waters is done, e.g. in the context of a spatially explicit risk assessment.

Macroinvertebrate community response to repeated short-term pulses of the insecticide imidacloprid.

Small streams in agricultural landscape can experience short and repeated pulses of fluctuating pesticide concentrations. A single pesticide pulse may not have adverse effects on macrozoobenthos species but repeated pulses may have, especially if the organisms have not yet fully recovered when the second pesticide pulse occurs. Against this background, a comprehensive indoor stream mesocosm study was carried out in order to evaluate the cumulative effects of repeated insecticide pulses on a macrozoobenthos community. Weekly 12h pulses of 12 µg/L of the insecticide imidacloprid were set 3 times in 4 stream mesocosms in 2 series, one in spring and one in summer. Another 4 mesocosms served as controls. Prior to each pulse series, the mesocosms were stocked with macroinvertebrates from an uncontaminated reference stream using straw bags as attraction devices. The straw bag method proved suitable for establishing a functional macroinvertebrate community in the stream mesocosms. The caddisfly species Neureclipsis sp. reacted immediately and most sensitively after a single imidacloprid pulse whilst insect larvae such as ephemerids and dipteran larvae were negatively affected only after repeated imidacloprid pulses. Effects on insect larvae were more pronounced in the summer series most likely due to increased temperature. Abundance was a less sensitive endpoint than sublethal endpoints such as emergence. The results of the study underline that pulse effects are driven by a number of variables like pulse height, pulse duration, number of pulses, time in between pulses and by the species and live stage specific ability of temperature dependent detoxification which all should be taken into account in the risk assessment of pesticides.

Toxic and accumulative potential of the antifouling biocide and TBT successor irgarol on freshwater macrophytes: a pond mesocosm study.

After the ban of tributyltin (TBT) for vessels not longer than 25 m in 1986, Irgarol has become a commonly used antifouling biocide. Irgarol is highly toxic to autotrophic organisms and has the potential to accumulate in organic material. In the literature, environmental concentrations of Irgarol up to 2.4 microg L(-1) were reported forfreshwater. Within a comprehensive freshwater mesocosm study, experiments were conducted to gain more information on the effects of Irgarol on macrophytes. Six indoor pond mesocosms were contaminated once with concentrations between 0.04 and 5 microgl(-1) Irgarol and monitored for 150 days; two mesocosms served as controls. The mesocosm study revealed that all macrophytes were directly affected by this single application. Myriophyllum verticillatum was the most sensitive macrophyte with an EC50 (Day 150) of 0.21 microg L(-1) Irgarol. The duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza was the least sensitive species tested in the mesocosms and number of fronds even increased with increasing Irgarol concentrations. Time-weighted average calculations yielded high BCF values of up to 10,580 L kg(-1) dry weight for M. verticillatum indicating a high potential for accumulation. The results give cause for concern that natural macrophyte communities are impaired at actual environmental concentrations.