Evaluation of maxillary canine and molar movement during the first phase of extraction space closure: a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to analyze and compare the cusp and apex movements of the maxillary canines and first molars during canine retraction in the first step of extraction space closure, and to evaluate if these teeth follow a curvilinear (acceleration and/or deceleration) movement rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients (23.3 ± 5.1 years of age) were enrolled. The retraction of the maxillary canines was accomplished using nickel-titanium closed coil springs (100gf) on 0.020-in stainless steel archwire. Oblique cephalograms were traced and superimposed on the anatomic best fit of the maxilla (before the retraction [T0], and after one month [T1], three [T3], five [T5] and seven [T7] months). Statistics was based in a normally distributed data. Multilevel procedures were used to derive polynomials for each of the measurements. Student's t-test and one-way repeated measures ANOVA were conducted. The level of significance of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: Canine cusps and apexes did not follow a quadratic curve regarding horizontal movement (neither accelerate nor decelerate). Canine and molar cusps showed more horizontal movement than apexes (4.80 mm vs. 2.78 mm, and 2.64 mm vs. 2.17 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Canine did not accelerate or decelerate overtime horizontally; the cusps and apexes of the canines and molars showed more horizontal movement and larger rate at the beginning of canine retraction, followed by significantly smaller and constant movement rate after the first month.

Evaluation of enamel thickness of mandibular incisors.

OBJECTIVE: To measure enamel thickness at the proximal surfaces of the mandibular incisors, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-one single-rooted mandibular incisors were selected and analyzed according to anatomical characteristics, to form three groups: Group 1 - central incisors (n = 18); Group 2 - right lateral incisors (n = 10); and Group 3 - left lateral incisors (n = 13). First, enamel thickness at the proximal contact areas of the mandibular incisors was measured. Second, the mesial and distal surfaces of the lateral incisors were compared. Finally, the relationship between the tooth width and the mean enamel thickness was determined. Each tooth was scanned with a micro-CT scanner, and the image was processed with SCANCO micro-CT onboard analysis software. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in mean enamel thickness between the mesial and distal surfaces for each lateral incisor, or between contralateral lateral incisors. In all surfaces analyzed, the upper zones had statistically significantly thinner enamel (0.52 ± 0.10 mm) when compared to the middle and lower zones (0.60 ± 0.08 mm and 0.59 ± 0.08 mm, respectively). There was no correlation (r =0.07) between enamel thickness of the mandibular incisor and the tooth width. CONCLUSIONS: The enamel thickness of the mandibular incisors is similar on the mesial and distal surfaces, with the thinnest layer located at the upper zone.

Evaluation of maxillary canine and molar movement during the first phase of extraction space closure: a multilevel analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: This study was designed to analyze and compare the cusp and apex movements of the maxillary canines and first molars during canine retraction in the first step of extraction space closure, and to evaluate if these teeth follow a curvilinear (acceleration and/or deceleration) movement rate. Material and Methods: Twenty-five patients (23.3 ± 5.1 years of age) were enrolled. The retraction of the maxillary canines was accomplished using nickel-titanium closed coil springs (100gf) on 0.020-in stainless steel archwire. Oblique cephalograms were traced and superimposed on the anatomic best fit of the maxilla (before the retraction [T0], and after one month [T1], three [T3], five [T5] and seven [T7] months). Statistics was based in a normally distributed data. Multilevel procedures were used to derive polynomials for each of the measurements. Student's t-test and one-way repeated measures ANOVA were conducted. The level of significance of 5% was adopted. Results: Canine cusps and apexes did not follow a quadratic curve regarding horizontal movement (neither accelerate nor decelerate). Canine and molar cusps showed more horizontal movement than apexes (4.80 mm vs. 2.78 mm, and 2.64 mm vs. 2.17 mm, respectively). Conclusions: Canine did not accelerate or decelerate overtime horizontally; the cusps and apexes of the canines and molars showed more horizontal movement and larger rate at the beginning of canine retraction, followed by significantly smaller and constant movement rate after the first month.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a movimentação das cúspides e dos ápices de caninos e primeiros molares superiores durante a retração de caninos na primeira fase do fechamento do espaço pós-extração, e avaliar se esses dentes apresentam mudança na taxa de movimentação (aceleração e/ou desaceleração). Material e Métodos: Vinte e cinco pacientes (idade = 23,3 ± 5,1 anos) foram incluídos. A retração dos caninos superiores foi realizada com molas helicoidais fechadas de níquel-titânio (100gf) em arco 0,020" de aço inoxidável. Foram feitos traçados cefalométricos de telerradiografias oblíquas e sobrepostos ao melhor ajuste anatômico da maxila (antes da retração [T0]; após um mês [T1], três meses [T3], cinco meses [T5] e sete meses [T7]). A estatística foi baseada em dados com distribuição normal. Procedimentos multiníveis foram usados para derivar polinômios para cada uma das medidas. Teste t de Student e ANOVA de uma via para medidas repetidas foram realizados, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: As cúspides e os ápices dos caninos não seguiram uma curva quadrática em relação ao movimento horizontal (sem aceleração ou desaceleração). As cúspides dos caninos e molares apresentaram mais movimento horizontal do que os ápices (4,80 mm vs. 2,78 mm e 2,64 mm vs. 2,17mm, respectivamente). Conclusões: A movimentação horizontal dos caninos não acelerou ou desacelerou ao longo do tempo; as cúspides e os ápices dos caninos e molares apresentaram maior movimento horizontal e maior taxa de movimentação no início da retração dos caninos, seguida por uma taxa de movimentação significativamente menor e constante após o primeiro mês.

Evaluation of enamel thickness of mandibular incisors

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure enamel thickness at the proximal surfaces of the mandibular incisors, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Material and Methods: Forty-one single-rooted mandibular incisors were selected and analyzed according to anatomical characteristics, to form three groups: Group 1 - central incisors (n = 18); Group 2 - right lateral incisors (n = 10); and Group 3 - left lateral incisors (n = 13). First, enamel thickness at the proximal contact areas of the mandibular incisors was measured. Second, the mesial and distal surfaces of the lateral incisors were compared. Finally, the relationship between the tooth width and the mean enamel thickness was determined. Each tooth was scanned with a micro-CT scanner, and the image was processed with SCANCO micro-CT onboard analysis software. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in mean enamel thickness between the mesial and distal surfaces for each lateral incisor, or between contralateral lateral incisors. In all surfaces analyzed, the upper zones had statistically significantly thinner enamel (0.52 ± 0.10 mm) when compared to the middle and lower zones (0.60 ± 0.08 mm and 0.59 ± 0.08 mm, respectively). There was no correlation (r =0.07) between enamel thickness of the mandibular incisor and the tooth width. Conclusions: The enamel thickness of the mandibular incisors is similar on the mesial and distal surfaces, with the thinnest layer located at the upper zone.

RESUMO Objetivo: Medir a espessura do esmalte nas superfícies proximais dos incisivos inferiores, usando imagens de microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT). Material e Métodos: Quarenta e um incisivos inferiores com raiz única foram selecionados e analisados de acordo com as características anatômicas, formando três grupos: Grupo 1 - incisivos centrais (n = 18); Grupo 2 - incisivos laterais direitos (n = 10); e Grupo 3 - incisivos laterais esquerdos (n = 13). Primeiro, foi medida a espessura do esmalte nas áreas de contato proximal dos incisivos inferiores. Em segundo lugar, as faces mesial e distal dos incisivos laterais foram comparadas. Por fim, foi determinada a relação entre a largura do dente e a espessura média do esmalte. Cada dente foi escaneado com um scanner micro-CT, e a imagem foi processada com o software de análise SCANCO micro-CT. Resultados: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na espessura média do esmalte entre as superfícies mesial e distal de cada incisivo lateral, ou entre os incisivos laterais contralaterais. Em todas as superfícies analisadas, as zonas superiores apresentaram esmalte significativamente mais fino (0,52 ± 0,10 mm) quando comparadas às zonas média e inferior (0,60 ± 0,08 mm e 0,59 ± 0,08 mm, respectivamente). Não houve correlação (r = 0,07) entre a espessura do esmalte do incisivo inferior e a largura do dente. Conclusões: A espessura do esmalte dos incisivos inferiores é semelhante nas faces mesial e distal, com a camada mais fina localizada na zona superior.

Light-induced shifts in opsin gene expression in the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps.

The development of the vertebrate eye is a complex process orchestrated by several conserved transcriptional and signaling regulators. Aside from partial or complete loss, examples of exceptional modifications to this intricate organ are scarce. The unique eye of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps is composed of duplicated corneas and pupils, as well as specialized retina regions associated with simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision. In a previous transcriptomic study of the A. anableps developing eye we identified expression of twenty non-visual and eleven visual opsin genes. Here, we surveyed the expression territories of three non-visual melanopsins genes (opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3), one teleost multiple tissue opsin (tmt1b) and two visual opsins (lws and rh2-1) in dorsal and ventral retinas. Our data showed that asymmetry of non-visual opsin expression is only established after birth. During embryonic development, while inside pregnant females, the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, and tmt1b spans the whole retina. In juvenile fish (post birth), the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, and tmt1b genes becomes restricted to the ventral retina, which receives aerial light. Raising juvenile fish in clear water instead of the murky waters found in its natural habitat is sufficient to change gene expression territories of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, tmt1b, and rh2-1, demonstrating that different lighting conditions can shift opsin expression and potentially contribute to changes in spectral sensitivity in the four eyed fish.

The subterranean catfish Phreatobius cisternarum provides insights into visual adaptations to the phreatic environment.

Vertebrate eyes share the same general organization, though species have evolved morphological and functional adaptations to diverse environments. Cave-adapted animals are characterized by a variety of features including eye reduction, loss of body pigmentation, and enhanced non-visual sensory systems. Species that live in perpetual darkness have also evolved sensory mechanisms that are independent of light stimuli. The subterranean catfish Phreatobius cisternarum lives in the Amazonian phreatic zone and displays a diversity of morphological features that are similar to those observed in cavefish and appear to be adaptations to life in the dark. Here we combine histological and transcriptome analyses to characterize sensory adaptations of P. cisternarum to the subterranean environment. Histological analysis showed that the vestigial eyes of P. cisternarum contain a rudimentary lens. Transcriptome analysis revealed a repertoire of eleven visual and non-visual opsins and the expression of 36 genes involved in lens development and maintenance. In contrast to other cavefish species, such as Astyanax mexicanus, Phreatichthys andruzzii, Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus and Sinocyclocheilus microphthalmus, DASPEI neuromast staining patterns did not show an increase in the number of sensory hair cells. Our work reveals unique adaptations in the visual system of P. cisternarum to underground habitats and helps to shed light into troglomorphic attributes of subterranean animals.

Deep evolutionary origin of limb and fin regeneration.

Salamanders and lungfishes are the only sarcopterygians (lobe-finned vertebrates) capable of paired appendage regeneration, regardless of the amputation level. Among actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes), regeneration after amputation at the fin endoskeleton has only been demonstrated in polypterid fishes (Cladistia). Whether this ability evolved independently in sarcopterygians and actinopterygians or has a common origin remains unknown. Here we combine fin regeneration assays and comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of Polypterus and axolotl blastemas to provide support for a common origin of paired appendage regeneration in Osteichthyes (bony vertebrates). We show that, in addition to polypterids, regeneration after fin endoskeleton amputation occurs in extant representatives of 2 other nonteleost actinopterygians: the American paddlefish (Chondrostei) and the spotted gar (Holostei). Furthermore, we assessed regeneration in 4 teleost species and show that, with the exception of the blue gourami (Anabantidae), 3 species were capable of regenerating fins after endoskeleton amputation: the white convict and the oscar (Cichlidae), and the goldfish (Cyprinidae). Our comparative RNA-seq analysis of regenerating blastemas of axolotl and Polypterus reveals the activation of common genetic pathways and expression profiles, consistent with a shared genetic program of appendage regeneration. Comparison of RNA-seq data from early Polypterus blastema to single-cell RNA-seq data from axolotl limb bud and limb regeneration stages shows that Polypterus and axolotl share a regeneration-specific genetic program. Collectively, our findings support a deep evolutionary origin of paired appendage regeneration in Osteichthyes and provide an evolutionary framework for studies on the genetic basis of appendage regeneration.

Seasonal changes in the song control nuclei of the Rufous-bellied Thrush, Turdus rufiventris (Oscine, Passeriformes, and Turdidae).

In vocal learning birds, memorization and song production rely on a set of telencephalic nuclei referred to as the song control system. Seasonal changes in song production are correlated with changes in the volume of the song control nuclei and are influenced by photoperiodic conditions and hormonal cues. The seasonal volume changes in the avian brain that controls singing are thought to involve regulation of neuronal replacement, which is a striking example of neuronal plasticity. The Rufous-bellied Thrush (Turdus rufiventris) is a seasonally breeding bird that actively sings during the spring and summer (breeding season) and is relatively silent in the fall, yet possible mechanisms behind the periodic changes in song production remain unknown. Here, we have examined two song control nuclei: High vocal center (HVC) and robust nucleus of arcopallium (RA) in fall males, spring males, and fall females of Rufous-bellied Thrush. The cytoarchitectonic organization was analyzed and quantified from Nissl-stained sections, and gene expression of song nuclei markers was examined by in situ hybridization during breeding and nonbreeding seasons. We observed a reduction in HVC volume and reductions in parvalbumin, and RGS4 expression in HVC and RA in males during the nonbreeding season. These findings provide evidence of seasonal changes in the song system of a representative tropical-breeding Turdidae species that does not maintain territories or mate bonding, setting the histological and molecular groundwork for future studies aimed at better understanding of song nuclei changes in seasonally breeding songbirds.

Comparative mitogenomic analyses of Amazona parrots and Psittaciformes.

Amazon parrots are long-lived birds with highly developed cognitive skills, including vocal learning. Several parrot mitogenomes have been sequenced, but important aspects of their organization and evolution are not fully understood or have limited experimental support. The main aim of the present study was to describe the mitogenome of the blue-fronted Amazon, Amazona aestiva, and compare it to other mitogenomes from the genus Amazona and the order Psittaciformes. We observed that mitogenomes are highly conserved among Amazon parrots, and a detailed analysis of their duplicated control regions revealed conserved blocks. Population level analyses indicated that the specimen analyzed here seems to be close to A. aestiva individuals from Bahia state. Evolutionary relationships of 41 Psittaciformes species and three outgroups were inferred by BEAST. All relationships were retrieved with high support.

Efeito da contaminação por saliva na resistência adesiva de braquetes cerâmicos utilizando uma resina ortodôntica hidrofílica / Saliva contamination effect on shear bond strength of ceramic brackets with an orthodontic hydrophilic resin

Introdução: Alguns fatores, como a presença de saliva, são capazes de influenciar a adesão do braquete ao dente durante o procedimento de colagem e podem causar falha da resistência adesiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes cerâmicos ortodônticos colados com Transbond XT e Transbond Plus Color Change em esmalte de dentes bovinos, contaminado e não contaminado por saliva, além de analisar o local da falha adesiva. Material e método: Sessenta incisivos bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=15), de acordo com o material de colagem e a presença de contaminação: Grupo 1 (G1): colagem com Transbond XT na ausência de contaminação; Grupo 2 (G2): colagem com Self Etching Pimer e Transbond Color Change na ausência de contaminação; Grupo 3 (G3): colagem com Transbond XT na presença de contaminação, e Grupo 4 (G4): colagem com Self Etching Primer e Transbond Color Change na presença de contaminação. Resultado: O teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou que G1 diferiu estatisticamente (p<0,05) de G2 e G3. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os demais grupos. O índice de adesivo remanescente (IAR) variou entre 2 e 3 no G1 e entre 0 e 1 nos outros grupos. Conclusão: A contaminação por saliva diminui a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento de braquetes cerâmicos colados com a resina hidrofóbica Transbond XT convencional. Por outro lado, a utilização da resina hidrofílica Transbond Plus Color Change associada ao Self Etching Primer, em ambiente contaminado por saliva, confere resistência adesiva adequada para o seu uso clínico.

Introduction: Some fator, such as the presence of saliva, are able to influence the adhesion of the bracket to the tooth enamel during the orthodontic bonding procedure and may cause the adhesive failure. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear strength of orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded with Transbond XT and Transbond Plus Color Change to bovine teeth, under saliva contamination and the adhesive failure mode. Material and method: Sixty bovine permanent incisors were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15) according to bonding material and saliva contamination: Group 1 (G1) bonded with Transbond XT with no saliva contamination; Group 2 (G2) bonded with Self Etching Primer and Transbond Plus Color Change with no saliva contamination; Group 3 (G3) bonded with Transbond XT with saliva contamination and Group 4 (G4) bonded with Transbond Plus Color Change with saliva contamination. Result: The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test (p<0,05) was used and showed that G1 differed statistically from G2 and G3. There was no statistical difference between the other groups. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) ranged between 2 and 3 in G1 and between 0 and 1 score in the other groups. Conclusion: Saliva contamination decreases the shear bond strength of ceramic brackets bonded with conventional Transbond XT hydrophobic resin. On the other hand, the Transbond Plus Color Change hydrophilic resin associated with a Self Etching Primer, under saliva contamination, provide a sufficient shear bond strength, suitable for their clinical use.

Histological evaluation of the effects of corticotomy on induced orthodontic movement in rats / Avaliação histológica dos efeitos da corticotomia no movimento ortodôntico induzido em ratos

Introduction: Alveolar corticotomy is a surgical procedure used to increase the velocity of tooth movement. Objective: Identify histological evidence of the effect of corticotomy on orthodontic movement in rats. Material and method: Forty-five Wistar rats (Rattusnorvegicus Albinus) were equally divided into three groups: Control Group (CG) - no tooth movement or corticotomy; Movement Group (MG) - tooth orthodontic movement only; and Corticotomy and Movement Group (CMG) - tooth orthodontic movement surgically assisted by corticotomy. In the CMG, surgical procedures consisted in an incision in the palatal, reaching from the mesial to the distal regions of the maxillary right first molar. Tooth movement in the MG and CMG was applied with coil spring force of 40 gF from the maxillary right first molar to the maxillary right incisor. The rats were sacrificed at days 1, 3, and 7, and histological sections were performed to evaluate the counting of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout the areas of tension and pressure. Result: Histological analysis showed that the CMG presented better cell response to bone neoformation compared with that of the other groups. Greater proliferation of osteoclasts was observed in areas of pressure on day 3, resulting in increased reabsorption, whereas greater proliferation of osteoblasts was observed in areas of tension on day 1, indicating increased bone formation. Conclusion: Differences between the treated groups occurred only in the initial period of tooth movement. Therefore, the changes caused by corticotomy are not significant in orthodontic movement to justify this invasive procedure.

Introdução: A corticotomia alveolar é um procedimento cirúrgico utilizado para aumentar a velocidade do movimento dentário. Objetivo: Identificar evidências histológicas do efeito da corticotomia no movimento ortodôntico no rato. Material e método: Quarenta e cinco ratos Wistar (Rattusnorvegicus Albinus) foram igualmente divididos em três grupos: Grupo de Controle (GC) - sem movimento dentário ou corticotomia; Grupo de movimento (GM) - apenas movimento ortodôntico do dente; e Corticotomia e Movimento Grupo (GCM) - movimento ortodôntico dentário cirurgicamente assistido por corticotomia. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos de GCM consistiram de uma incisão no palato, da mesial a distal do primeiro molar superior direito. O movimento do dente no GM e GCM foi aplicado com uma força da mola helicoidal de 40 gF do primeiro molar superior direito para o incisivo superior direito. Os ratos foram sacrificados no 1º, 3º e 7º dia e, após este período, foram realizadas seções histológicas para avaliar a contagem de osteoblastos e osteoclastos nas áreas de tensão e pressão. Resultado: A análise histológica mostrou que o GCM apresentou melhor resposta celular na neoformação óssea quando comparado aos outros grupos. Em áreas de pressão, no 3º dia, houve uma maior proliferação de osteoclastos, resultando em maior reabsorção. Em áreas de tensão, no 1º dia, houve uma maior proliferação de osteoblastos, indicando aumento da formação óssea. Conclusão: A diferença entre os grupos tratados ocorreu apenas no período inicial do movimento. Portanto, as alterações causadas pela corticotomia não são significativas no movimento ortodôntico para justificar o procedimento invasivo.

Eye development in the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps: cranial and retinal adaptations to simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision.

The unique eyes of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps have long intrigued biologists. Key features associated with the bulging eye of Anableps include the expanded frontal bone and the duplicated pupils and cornea. Furthermore, the Anableps retina expresses different photoreceptor genes in dorsal and ventral regions, potentially associated with distinct aerial and aquatic stimuli. To gain insight into the developmental basis of the Anableps unique eye, we examined neurocranium and eye ontogeny, as well as photoreceptor gene expression during larval stages. First, we described six larval stages during which duplication of eye structures occurs. Our osteological analysis of neurocranium ontogeny revealed another distinctive Anablepid feature: an ossified interorbital septum partially separating the orbital cavities. Furthermore, we identified the onset of differences in cell proliferation and cell layer density between dorsal and ventral regions of the retina. Finally, we show that differential photoreceptor gene expression in the retina initiates during development, suggesting that it is inherited and not environmentally determined. In sum, our results shed light on the ontogenetic steps leading to the highly derived Anableps eye.

Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) Research in Latin America.

Famous for its blind cavefish and Darwin's finches, Latin America is home to some of the richest biodiversity hotspots of our planet. The Latin American fauna and flora inspired and captivated naturalists from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including such notable pioneers such as Fritz Müller, Florentino Ameghino, and Léon Croizat who made a significant contribution to the study of embryology and evolutionary thinking. But, what are the historical and present contributions of the Latin American scientific community to Evo-Devo? Here, we provide the first comprehensive overview of the Evo-Devo laboratories based in Latin America and describe current lines of research based on endemic species, focusing on body plans and patterning, systematics, physiology, computational modeling approaches, ecology, and domestication. Literature searches reveal that Evo-Devo in Latin America is still in its early days; while showing encouraging indicators of productivity, it has not stabilized yet, because it relies on few and sparsely distributed laboratories. Coping with the rapid changes in national scientific policies and contributing to solve social and health issues specific to each region are among the main challenges faced by Latin American researchers. The 2015 inaugural meeting of the Pan-American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology played a pivotal role in bringing together Latin American researchers eager to initiate and consolidate regional and worldwide collaborative networks. Such networks will undoubtedly advance research on the extremely high genetic and phenotypic biodiversity of Latin America, bound to be an almost infinite source of amazement and fascinating findings for the Evo-Devo community.

A putative RA-like region in the brain of the scale-backed antbird, Willisornis poecilinotus (Furnariides, Suboscines, Passeriformes, Thamnophilidae).

The memorization and production of song in songbirds share important parallels with the process of speech acquisition in humans. In songbirds, these processes are dependent on a group of specialized telencephalic nuclei known as the song system: HVC (used as a proper name), RA (robust nucleus of arcopallium), LMAN (lateral magnocellular nucleus of the nidopallium) and striatal Area X. A recent study suggested that the arcopallium of the Sayornis phoebe, a non vocal learner suboscine species, contains a nucleus with some properties similar to those of songbird RA, suggesting that the song system may have been present in the last common ancestor of these groups. Here we report morphological and gene expression evidence that a region with some properties similar to RA is present in another suboscine, the Amazonian endemic Willisornis poecilinotus. Specifically, a discrete domain with a distinct Nissl staining pattern and that expresses the RA marker RGS4 was found in the arcopallium where the oscine RA is localized. Our findings, combined with the previous report on the S. phoebe, suggest that an arcopallial region with some RA-like properties was present in the ancestor of both Suboscines infraorders Tyranni and Furnarii, and is possibly an ancestral feature of Passeriformes.

Sistema Essix MTM – uma alternativa estética para movimentação / MTM Essix system – an aesthetic alternative for dental movement-two case reports

O aumento do interesse por parte dos adultos em tratamentos ortodônticos tem levado as empresas a desenvolverem novas alternativas que utilizem aparelhos ortodônticos menos perceptíveis e mais estéticos. Os alinhadores estéticos destacam-se entre as opções de tratamento que atendem a estas expectativas. Serão apresentados neste trabalho alguns aspectos relevantes sobre estes dispositivos, além de dois casos clínicos tratados com o sistema Essix MTM (Dentsply), em que todos os objetivos estéticos e funcionais propostos foram alcançados. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho corroboram com a ideia de que, quando bem indicados, os alinhadores estéticos são uma opção viável de tratamento dentro do cotidiano clínico do ortodontista...

The increased interest in orthodontics by adults has led companies to develop new treatment alternatives that use less visible and more aesthetic orthodontic appliances. The aesthetic aligners stand out among the treatment options that attend these expectations. This paper presented some relevant aspects of these devices, as well as two cases treated with Essix MTM (Dentsply) system, in which all aesthetic and functional objectives proposed treatment have been achieved. The results of this study support the idea that, when properly indicated, aesthetic aligners are a viable treatment option within the clinical routine of the orthodontist...

Extração seriada: considerações clínicas / Serial extraction: clinical considerations

O tratamento “precoce” das más-oclusões tem despertado interesse crescente da comunidade ortodôntica. Dentre estes, destaca-se a extração seriada que visa conciliar as diferenças entre a quantidade conhecida do material dentário e a deficiência permanente do osso de suporte. A técnica é aplicada na dentadura mista, por meio de uma sequência pré-determinada de exodontias entre dentes decíduos e permanentes, na busca do alinhamento imediato, de preferência espontâneo, dos dentes permanentes remanescentes com uma terapia ortodôntica mecânica mínima. Será relatado um caso clínico no qual foi realizada a extração seriada em um paciente com má-oclusão de Classe I, em crescimento, com apinhamento severo e biprotruso. Todos os objetivos estéticos e funcionais foram alcançados...

The early malocclusion treatment has increased interest of orthodontic community. Among these is the serial extraction that harmonizes the differences between the amount of dental material and permanent deficiency of supporting bone. The technique is applied in mixed dentition through a predetermined sequence of extractions between deciduous and permanent teeth, in order to reach spontaneous immediately alignment of remaining permanent teeth with a minimum orthodontic mechanics. It will be reported a case where the serial extraction was performed in a growing patient with biprotrusion, Class I malocclusion and severe crowding. All functional and aesthetics goals were reached...

Ketamine prevents seizures and reverses changes in muscarinic receptor induced by bicuculline in rats.

The cholinergic system has been implicated in several experimental epilepsy models. In a previous study bicuculline (BIC), known to antagonize GABA-A postsynaptic receptor subtype, was administered to rats at subconvulsant (1mg/kg) and convulsant (7.5mg/kg) doses and quinuclidinyl benzilate ([(3)H]-QNB) binding to CNS membranes was determined. It was observed that ligand binding to cerebellum increases while it decreases in the case of hippocampus. Saturation binding curves showed that changes were due to the modification of receptor affinity for the ligand without alteration of binding site number. The purpose of this study was to assay muscarinic receptors employing other BIC dose (5mg/kg), which induces seizures and allows the analysis of a postseizure stage as well. To study further muscarinic receptor involvement in BIC induced seizures, KET was also employed since it is a well known anticonvulsant in some experimental models. The administration of BIC at 5mg/kg to rats produced a similar pattern of changes in [(3)H]-QNB binding to those recorded with 1.0 and 7.5mg/kg doses. Here again, changes were observed in receptor binding affinity without alteration in binding site number for cerebellum or hippocampus membranes. Pretreatment with KET (40 mg/kg) prevented BIC seizures and reverted [(3)H]-QNB binding changes induced by BIC administration. The single administration of KET invariably resulted in [(3)H]-QNB binding decrease to either cerebellar or hippocampal membranes. KET added in vitro decreased ligand binding likewise. Results of combined treatment with KET plus BIC are hardly attributable to the single reversion of BIC effect since KET alone invariably decreased ligand binding. It is suggested that besides alteration of cholinergic muscarinic receptor other(s) neurotransmitter system(s) may well also be involved.

Humanização das relações hierárquicas no serviço de nutrição de um hospital pediátrico do município de Porto Alegre, RS

O presente projeto contempla uma tentativa de esclarecer os motivos que levam os profissionais de uma mesma área de atuação a assumirem papéis de opressores e oprimidos em um sistema que pressupõe participação igualitária e representação através de colegiados. Lança-se um olhar crítico às relações de trabalho em um setor onde profissionais de nível operacional lidam diretamente com pacientes pediátricos e, portanto deveriam ser alvo de constantes treinamentos e avaliações a respeito da satisfação em desempenhar as tarefas diárias, buscando qualificar o atendimento e considerar também a sobrecarga emocional e física vivenciada pelos mesmos. Elaborou-se um instrumento de pesquisa com a finalidade de avaliar a satisfação e o comprometimento dos trabalhadores ligados às atividades finalísticas e com os dados coletados buscam-se informações que ajudem aos gestores na tomada de decisão, quanto às diretrizes na gestão de pessoas que muitas vezes são relegados a um segundo plano. As tecnologias leves sendo valorizadas e transformando uma rotina mecanicista em relações humanas e igualitárias de trabalho é a pretensão final desse estudo. Com isso colabora-se para fortalecer o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e efetivamente transformá-lo em um serviço de acesso humanizado e igualitário em todas suas instâncias.

O papel do exercício fisico na composição corporal e na taxa metabólica basal de meninos adolescentes obesos / The role of physical exercise in body composition and basal metabolic rate in obese adolescent boys

A obesidade entre adolescentes vem aumentando, sendo considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. A inserção do exercício físico ou o seu aumento, objetivando o aumento do gasto energético diário, é um dos tratamentos mais utilizados. O treinamento aeróbio é importante na diminuição da massa e da gordura corporal. O treinamento de força é importante tanto para o aumento da força muscular para as atividades da vida diária, quanto para o aumento da massa corporal magra, podendo consequentemente aumentar a taxa metabólica basal, o que previne o retorno do peso corporal. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de revisar a importância de diferentes tipos de exercício físico na composição corporal e na TMB de adolescentes obesos. Os artigos utilizados foram pesquisados pela base de dados medline tendo como critério a busca de artigos publicados sobre o tema em questão entre os anos de 1995-2004. É importante adicionar o treinamento de força a um programa de perda de peso para preservar a massa corporal magra e consequentemente a taxa metabólica basal. O exercício físico em forma de circuito pode ser uma forma de incentivar a aderência ao programa.

Obesity among adolescents has been increasing and is considered a major public health problem. The addition of physical exercise or its increase, aiming the increase of daily energy expenditure, is one of the most used treatments. Aerobic training is important for the decrease of body and fat mass. Strength training is important either to increase muscular strength in daily activities or to increase fat-free-mass, which might consequently increase basal metabolic rate, what would prevent the return of body weight. The purpose of this study was to review the importance of different kinds of physical exercises in body composition and basal metabolic rate in obese adolescent boys. The articles were researched using medline database and the inquiry of published articles about the subject between 1995-2004 was used as the criterium. The strength training should be added to a weight-loss program aiming to prevent fat-free mass and basal metabolic rate, consequently. Circuit physical t raining should be a good way to encourage program adherence.

Convulsant bicuculline modifies CNS muscarinic receptor affinity.

BACKGROUND: Previous work from this laboratory has shown that the administration of the convulsant drug 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP), a GAD inhibitor, modifies not only GABA synthesis but also binding of the antagonist [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-QNB) to central muscarinic receptors, an effect due to an increase in affinity without modifications in binding site number. The cholinergic system has been implicated in several experimental epilepsy models and the ability of acetylcholine to regulate neuronal excitability in the neocortex is well known. To study the potential relationship between GABAergic and cholinergic systems with seizure activity, we analyzed the muscarinic receptor after inducing seizure by bicuculline (BIC), known to antagonize the GABA-A postsynaptic receptor subtype. RESULTS: We analyzed binding of muscarinic antagonist [3H]-QNB to rat CNS membranes after i.p. administration of BIC at subconvulsant (1.0 mg/kg) and convulsant (7.5 mg/kg) doses. Subconvulsant BIC dose failed to develop seizures but produced binding alteration in the cerebellum and hippocampus with roughly 40% increase and 10% decrease, respectively. After convulsant BIC dose, which invariably led to generalized tonic-clonic seizures, binding increased 36% and 15% to cerebellar and striatal membranes respectively, but decreased 12% to hippocampal membranes. Kd value was accordingly modified: with the subconvulsant dose it decreased 27% in cerebellum whereas it increased 61% in hippocampus; with the convulsant dose, Kd value decreased 33% in cerebellum but increased 85% in hippocampus. No change in receptor number site was found, and Hill number was invariably close to unity. CONCLUSION: Results indicate dissimilar central nervous system area susceptibility of muscarinic receptor to BIC. Ligand binding was modified not only by a convulsant BIC dose but also by a subconvulsant dose, indicating that changes are not attributable to the seizure process itself. Findings support the notion that the muscarinic receptors play a major role in experimental epilepsy and provide a new example of differential neuronal plasticity.