Accredited cardiac arrest centers facilitate eCPR and improve neurological outcome.

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a frequent medical emergency with low survival rates even after a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Growing evidence supports formation of dedicated teams in scenarios like cardiogenic shock to improve prognosis. Thus, the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) recommended introduction of Cardiac Arrest Centers (CAC) in their 2015 guidelines. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effects of newly introduced CACs in Germany regarding survival rate and neurological outcome. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective observational cohort study was performed at three university hospitals and outcomes after OHCA were compared before and after CAC accreditation. Primary outcomes were survival until discharge and favorable neurological status (CPC 1 or 2) at discharge. RESULTS: In total 784 patients (368 before and 416 after CAC accreditation) were analyzed. Rates of immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (40 vs. 52%, p = 0.01) and implementation of extracorporeal CPR (8 vs. 13%, p < 0.05) increased after CAC accreditation. Likelihood of favorable neurological status at discharge was higher after CAC accreditation (71 vs. 87%, p < 0.01), whereas overall survival remained similar (35 vs. 35%, p > 0.99). CONCLUSION: CAC accreditation is linked to higher rates of favorable neurological outcome and unchanged overall survival.

Infarct-Related Artery as a Donor of Collaterals in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Concomitant Chronic Total Occlusion: Challenge of the Double-Jeopardy Thesis.

BACKGROUND In ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), a concomitant chronic total occlusion (CTO) in a non-infarct-related artery (NIRA) is associated with adverse outcome. In the case of the infarct-related artery (IRA) as a donor vessel for collaterals to the CTO, the IRA occlusion may lead to an acute threat to both the immediate IRA and the collaterally supplied CTO area, which has been described as a double-jeopardy effect. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the role of preformed intercoronary collaterals to the CTO originating from either the IRA or NIRA. Data were obtained from 2 hospitals participating in the prospective FITT-STEMI (Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction) study. From a total cohort of 2102 patients with acute STEMI, 93 patients had single-vessel CTO in an NIRA and well-developed intercoronary collaterals to the CTO. In-hospital mortality differed significantly with respect to the origin of the collaterals. Mortality was 15.2% with collaterals originating from the NIRA, 29.4% with a collateral origin from the IRA proximal to the acute STEMI occlusion, and 3.3% with a collateral origin from the IRA distal to the acute occlusion (P=0.044). A multivariate regression model confirmed that a proximal collateral origin had a significant higher mortality compared with a branching in the distal position from the acute STEMI occlusion (P=0.027; odds ratio = 20.8 [95% CI, 1.4-304.1]). CONCLUSIONS In STEMI with CTO in an NIRA, a CTO collateralization from the IRA distal to the acute occlusion is associated with a better prognosis. This finding challenges the double-jeopardy assumption as the main cause of adverse outcome in STEMI with CTO in an NIRA. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00794001.

Patient delay and benefit of timely reperfusion in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), it is unknown how patient delay modulates the beneficial effects of timely reperfusion. AIMS: To assess the prognostic significance of a contact-to-balloon time of less than 90 min on in-hospital mortality in different categories of symptom-onset-to-first-medical-contact (S2C) times. METHODS: A total of 20 005 consecutive patients from the Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FITT-STEMI) programme treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. RESULTS: There were 1554 deaths (7.8%) with a J-shaped relationship between mortality and S2C time. Mortality was 10.0% in patients presenting within 1 hour, and 4.9%, 6.0% and 7.3% in patient groups with longer S2C intervals of 1-2 hours, 2-6 hours and 6-24 hours, respectively. Patients with a short S2C interval of less than 1 hour (S2C<60 min) had the highest survival benefit from timely reperfusion with PCI within 90 min (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.31, p<0.0001) as compared with the three groups with longer S2C intervals of 1 hour

Long-term effects of a standardized feedback-driven quality improvement program for timely reperfusion therapy in regional STEMI care networks.

AIMS: Current European Society of Cardiology guidelines state that repetitive monitoring and feedback should be implemented for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treatment, but no evidence is available supporting this recommendation. We aimed to analyze the long-term effects of a formalized data assessment and systematic feedback on performance and mortality within the prospective, multicenter Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in STEMI (FITT-STEMI) study. METHODS: Regular interactive feedback sessions with local STEMI management teams were performed at six participating German percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centers over a 10-year period starting from October 2007. RESULTS: From the first to the 10th year of study participation, all predefined key-quality indicators for performance measurement used for feedback improved significantly in all 4926 consecutive PCI-treated patients - namely, the percentages of patients with pre-hospital electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings (83.3% vs 97.1%, p < 0.0001) and ECG recordings within 10 minutes after first medical contact (41.7% vs 63.8%, p < 0.0001), pre-announcement by telephone (77.0% vs 85.4%, p = 0.0007), direct transfer to the catheterization laboratory bypassing the emergency department (29.4% vs 64.2%, p < 0.0001), and contact-to-balloon times of less than 90 minutes (37.2% vs 53.7%, p < 0.0001). Moreover, this feedback-related continuous improvement of key-quality indicators was linked to a significant reduction in in-hospital mortality from 10.8% to 6.8% (p = 0.0244). Logistic regression models confirmed an independent beneficial effect of duration of study participation on hospital mortality (odds ratio = 0.986, 95% confidence interval = 0.976-0.996, p = 0.0087). In contrast, data from a nationwide PCI registry showed a continuous increase in in-hospital mortality in all PCI-treated STEMI patients in Germany from 2008 to 2015 (n = 398,027; 6.7% to 9.2%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that systematic data assessment and regular feedback is a feasible long-term strategy and may be linked to improved performance and a reduction in mortality in STEMI management.

Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on regional STEMI care in Germany.

AIMS: To assess the impact of the lockdown due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on key quality indicators for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. METHODS: Data were obtained from 41 hospitals participating in the prospective Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FITT-STEMI) study, including 15,800 patients treated for acute STEMI from January 2017 to the end of March 2020. RESULTS: There was a 12.6% decrease in the total number of STEMI patients treated at the peak of the pandemic in March 2020 as compared to the mean number treated in the March months of the preceding years. This was accompanied by a significant difference among the modes of admission to hospitals (p = 0.017) with a particular decline in intra-hospital infarctions and transfer patients from other hospitals, while the proportion of patients transported by emergency medical service (EMS) remained stable. In EMS-transported patients, predefined quality indicators, such as percentages of pre-hospital ECGs (both 97%, 95% CI = - 2.2-2.7, p = 0.846), direct transports from the scene to the catheterization laboratory bypassing the emergency department (68% vs. 66%, 95% CI = - 4.9-7.9, p = 0.641), and contact-to-balloon-times of less than or equal to 90 min (58.3% vs. 57.8%, 95%CI = - 6.2-7.2, p = 0.879) were not significantly altered during the COVID-19 crisis, as was in-hospital mortality (9.2% vs. 8.5%, 95% CI = - 3.2-4.5, p = 0.739). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically important indicators for STEMI management were unaffected at the peak of COVID-19, suggesting that the pre-existing logistic structure in the regional STEMI networks preserved high-quality standards even when challenged by a threatening pandemic. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00794001.

Long-term effects of a standardized feedback-driven quality improvement program for timely reperfusion therapy in regional STEMI care networks.

AIMS: Current European Society of Cardiology guidelines state that repetitive monitoring and feedback should be implemented for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treatment, but no evidence is available supporting this recommendation. We aimed to analyze the long-term effects of a formalized data assessment and systematic feedback on performance and mortality within the prospective, multicenter Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in STEMI (FITT-STEMI) study. METHODS: Regular interactive feedback sessions with local STEMI management teams were performed at six participating German percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centers over a 10-year period starting from October 2007. RESULTS: From the first to the 10th year of study participation, all predefined key-quality indicators for performance measurement used for feedback improved significantly in all 4926 consecutive PCI-treated patients - namely, the percentages of patients with pre-hospital electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings (83.3% vs 97.1%, p < 0.0001) and ECG recordings within 10 minutes after first medical contact (41.7% vs 63.8%, p < 0.0001), pre-announcement by telephone (77.0% vs 85.4%, p = 0.0007), direct transfer to the catheterization laboratory bypassing the emergency department (29.4% vs 64.2%, p < 0.0001), and contact-to-balloon times of less than 90 minutes (37.2% vs 53.7%, p < 0.0001). Moreover, this feedback-related continuous improvement of key-quality indicators was linked to a significant reduction in in-hospital mortality from 10.8% to 6.8% (p = 0.0244). Logistic regression models confirmed an independent beneficial effect of duration of study participation on hospital mortality (odds ratio = 0.986, 95% confidence interval = 0.976-0.996, p = 0.0087). In contrast, data from a nationwide PCI registry showed a continuous increase in in-hospital mortality in all PCI-treated STEMI patients in Germany from 2008 to 2015 (n = 398,027; 6.7% to 9.2%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that systematic data assessment and regular feedback is a feasible long-term strategy and may be linked to improved performance and a reduction in mortality in STEMI management.

Prognostic significance of emergency department bypass in stable and unstable patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, direct transport from the scene to the catheterisation laboratory bypassing the emergency department has been shown to shorten times to reperfusion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of emergency department bypass on mortality in both haemodynamically stable and unstable STEMI patients. METHODS: The analysis is based on a large cohort of STEMI patients prospectively included in the German multicentre Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FITT-STEMI) trial. RESULTS: Out of 13,219 STEMI patients who were brought directly from the scene by emergency medical service transportation and were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, the majority were transported directly to the catheterisation laboratory bypassing the emergency department (n=6740, 51% with emergency department bypass). These patients had a significantly lower in-hospital mortality than their counterparts with no emergency department bypass (6.2% vs. 10.0%, P<0.0001). The reduced mortality related to emergency department bypass was observed in both stable (n=11,594, 2.8% vs. 3.8%, P=0.0024) and unstable patients presenting with cardiogenic shock (n=1625, 36.3% vs. 46.2%, P<0.0001). Regression models adjusted for the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score consistently confirmed a significant and independent predictive effect of emergency department bypass on survival in the total study population (odds ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.56-0.74, P<0.0001) and in the subgroup of shock patients (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.88, P=0.0028). CONCLUSION: In STEMI patients, emergency department bypass is associated with a significant reduction in mortality, which is most pronounced in patients presenting with cardiogenic shock. Our data encourage treatment protocols for emergency department bypass to improve the survival of both haemodynamically stable patients and, in particular, unstable patients. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT00794001 ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00794001.

Impact of treatment delay on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients presenting with and without haemodynamic instability: results from the German prospective, multicentre FITT-STEMI trial.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of contact-to-balloon time on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with and without haemodynamic instability. Methods and results: Using data from the prospective, multicentre Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FITT-STEMI) trial, we assessed the prognostic relevance of first medical contact-to-balloon time in n = 12 675 STEMI patients who used emergency medical service transportation and were treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients were stratified by cardiogenic shock (CS) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). For patients treated within 60 to 180 min from the first medical contact, we found a nearly linear relationship between contact-to-balloon times and mortality in all four STEMI groups. In CS patients with no OHCA, every 10-min treatment delay resulted in 3.31 additional deaths in 100 PCI-treated patients. This treatment delay-related increase in mortality was significantly higher as compared to the two groups of OHCA patients with shock (2.09) and without shock (1.34), as well as to haemodynamically stable patients (0.34, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: In patients with CS, the time elapsing from the first medical contact to primary PCI is a strong predictor of an adverse outcome. This patient group benefitted most from immediate PCI treatment, hence special efforts to shorten contact-to-balloon time should be applied in particular to these high-risk STEMI patients. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT00794001.

Reduction in treatment times through formalized data feedback: results from a prospective multicenter study of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the effect of systematic data analysis and standardized feedback on treatment times and outcome in a prospective multicenter trial. BACKGROUND: Formalized data feedback may reduce treatment times in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: Over a 15-month period, 1,183 patients presenting with STEMI were enrolled. Six primary percutaneous coronary intervention hospitals in Germany and 29 associated nonpercutaneous coronary intervention hospitals participated. Data from patient contact to balloon inflation were collected and analyzed. Pre-defined quality indicators, including the percentage of patients with pre-announced STEMI, direct handoff in the catheterization laboratory, contact-to-balloon time <90 min, door-to-balloon time <60 min, and door-to-balloon time <30 min were discussed with staff on a quarterly basis. RESULTS: Median door-to-balloon time decreased from 71 to 58 min and contact-to-balloon time from 129 to 103 min between the first and the fifth quarter (p < 0.05 for both). Contributing were shorter stays in the emergency department, more direct handoffs from ambulances to the catheterization laboratory (from 22% to 38%, p < 0.05), and a slight increase in the number of patients transported directly to the percutaneous coronary intervention facility (primary transport). One-year mortality was reduced in the total group of patients and in the subgroup of patients with primary transport (p < 0.05). The sharpest fall in mortality was observed in patients with primary transport and TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) risk score ≥ 3 (n = 521) with a decrease in 30-day mortality from 23.1% to 13.3% (p < 0.05) and in 1-year mortality from 25.6% to 16.7% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Formalized data feedback is associated with a reduction in treatment times for STEMI and with an improved prognosis, which is most pronounced in high-risk patients. (Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [FITT-STEMI]; NCT00794001).

[Optimizing systems of care for patients with acute myocardial infarction. STEMI networks, telemetry ECG, and standardized quality improvement with systematic data feedback]. / Prozessentwicklung in der Herzinfarktversorgung: Netzwerkbildung, Telemetrie und standardisiertes Qualitätsmanagement mit systematischer Ergebnisrückkopplung.

Rapid revascularization of the infarct-related artery importantly affects prognosis in the treatment of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Treatment results can be improved significantly when a STEMI-specific structure of care is created and when systematic quality improvement measures are implemented. The necessary structural measures include establishing or participating in myocardial infarction networks. When local hospitals collaborate in a network, it becomes feasible to offer round-the-clock primary coronary intervention to patients of those participating hospitals that do not have a catheterization laboratory on site. Another important structural step is to acquire and install prehospital twelve-lead ECG systems capable of remote telemetric transmission. This provides a solid basis for diagnosing STEMI with speed and accuracy and can prove to be highly effective in anchoring the chain of alert and treatment. As a consequence, two important goals can be realized: (1) intentionally bypassing the non-interventional hospital, and (2) systematically bypassing the emergency room of the interventional center. Both of these measures entail important time savings. An efficient instrument for improving treatment times is the implementation of a standardized quality improvement process with formalized data collection and analysis as well as with systematic data feedback to all systems and individuals involved in the early phase of treating STEMI patients within the hospital network including the emergency medical responder systems. The positive effect of such data feedback on treatment quality is contingent on the perception by all those involved that the data obtained for each patient are absolutely valid. Thus, those data need to be verifiable and an independent monitoring process should be created.Furthermore, the systematic use of standardized risk scores should be promoted in an effort to compare and adjust patient risk when analyzing network data. It is critically important that all appropriate patients-including those with a high risk of mortality--have access to rapid interventional treatment. Only when the individual risk of treated patients is taken into account will it be possible to compare quality of care and mortality rates. In general, the comparison between different hospitals, systems and regions is highly problematic and not feasible without considering local factors. It harbors the danger of inducing changes in practice in order to compete rather than in order to advance patient care, and thus it may be counterproductive when such a comparison leads to the implication that treatment may have been inferior. Therefore, the comparison of results (e.g., treatment times and mortality rates) should be undertaken as much as possible within an established system, with the use of a "before and after" design. Quality, then, will be defined as a documented consistent effort to improve results, and this approach will be distinctly productive. It is of fundamental importance that the involved hospitals, physicians and emergency staff perceive themselves as a team. The structures and processes outlined above can and should be applied broadly. The necessary resources will need to be provided through political and societal consensus. The multicenter FITT-STEMI project ("Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction") is currently pursuing such an approach.

Contact-to-balloon time and door-to-balloon time after initiation of a formalized data feedback in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

For many patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs), the time from presentation to percutaneous coronary intervention exceeds established goals. This study was conducted to examine the effects of formalized data assessment and systematic feedback on treatment times. All patients with STEMIs treated with percutaneous coronary intervention in a semi-rural 3-hospital network from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2006, were prospectively analyzed (n = 114). Patients presenting during the first 3-month period (January 1, 2006, to March 31, 2006) were included as the reference group (n = 33). Time points from initial contact with the medical system to revascularization were assessed, analyzed, and presented in an interactive session to hospital and emergency services staff members. Data from patients with STEMIs presenting during the next 3 quarters were presented in the same manner (n = 28, 25, and 28). The median contact-to-balloon time was 113 minutes in the reference quarter, decreasing to 83, 66, and 74 minutes in the intervention groups (p <0.0001), whereas the median door-to-balloon time decreased from 54 minutes in the reference group to 35, 31, and 26 minutes in the intervention groups (p <0.0001). The proportion of patients with contact-to-balloon times <90 minutes increased from 21% to 79% (p <0.0001). There were significant reductions in the durations of initial treatment on location and in the emergency room and in puncture-to-balloon-time in the catheterization laboratory, and more patients were transported directly to the catheterization laboratory, bypassing the emergency room (from 23% in the reference quarter to 76% in the last intervention quarter, p <0.0001). In conclusion, formalized data feedback leads to marked reduction in revascularization times in patients with STEMIs.

[Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Incidence in patients with acute coronary syndrome]. / Tako-Tsubo-Kardiomyopathie. Inzidenz bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: In 2005, an emergency coronary angiography was performed at the authors' clinic in 215 patients (148 men, 67 women) with troponin-positive acute coronary syndrome. RESULTS: In five of these patients (exclusively women, mean age [+/- SD] 61 +/- 12 years), tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy was identified. This represents a frequency of 2.3% (5/215 patients) of all investigated patients and of 7.5% (5/67 patients) within the group of women. In these patients, levocardiography revealed severe left ventricular dysfunction with apical wall motion abnormality known as "apical ballooning". At angiography, a significant coronary artery disease could be excluded. Chest pain was present in all patients, combined with ST segment elevation in one (20%) and T-wave inversion in four (80%). Elevated cardiac markers were found in all cases. All patients experienced psychologically stressful circumstances preceding the onset of symptoms. The patients all survived, showing normalized ejection fraction and rapid restoration of previous cardiovascular function within a mean (+/- SD) of 15 +/- 11 days. CONCLUSION: Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy is a distinctive form of regional left ventricular dysfunction triggered by psychologically stressful events, which has a favorable clinical outcome. With a remarkable frequency of 7.5% especially in women, tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.