Factors associated with functional decline in an intensive care unit: a prospective study on the level of physical activity and clinical factors. / Fatores associados com o declínio funcional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva: estudo prospectivo sobre o nível de atividade física e os fatores clínicos.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with functional status decline in intensive care unit patients. METHODS: In this prospective study, patients in an intensive care unit aged 18 years or older without neurological disease or contraindications to mobilization were included. The exclusion criteria were patients who spent fewer than 4 days in the intensive care unit or died during the study period. Accelerometry was used to assess the physical activity level of patients. We recorded age, SAPS 3, days on mechanical ventilation, drugs used, comorbidities, and functional status after intensive care unit discharge. After intensive care unit discharge, the patients were assigned to a dependent group or an independent group according to their Barthel index. Logistic regression and the odds ratio were used in the analyses. RESULTS: Sixty-three out of 112 included patients were assigned to the dependent group. The median Charlson comorbidity index was 3 (2 - 4). The mean SAPS 3 score was 53 ± 11. The patients spent 94 ± 4% of the time spent in inactivity and 4.8 ± 3.7% in light activities. The odds ratio showed that age (OR = 1.08; 95%CI 1.04 - 1.13) and time spent in inactivity (OR = 1.38; 95%CI 1.14 - 1.67) were factors associated with functional status decline. Time spent in light activity was associated with a better functional status (OR = 0.73; 95%CI 0.60 - 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Age and time spent in inactivity during intensive care unit stay are associated with functional status decline. On the other hand, performing light activities seems to preserve the functional status of patients.

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores associados com o declínio do estado funcional em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo pacientes com idade de 18 anos ou mais, sem doença neurológica ou contraindicações para mobilização, internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Os critérios para exclusão foram pacientes com permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva inferior a 4 dias, ou com óbito durante o período do estudo. A avaliação do nível de atividade física dos pacientes foi realizada com acelerometria. Registraram-se idade, escore segundo o SAPS 3, dias de ventilação mecânica, fármacos utilizados, comorbidades e estado funcional por ocasião da alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Segundo seu estado funcional na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva, os pacientes foram designados para os grupos "dependentes" ou "independentes", segundo seu índice na escala de Barthel. As análises foram realizadas com regressão logística e cálculo da razão de chance. RESULTADOS: Dos 112 pacientes incluídos, 63 foram atribuídos ao grupo "dependentes". O índice de comorbidade de Charlson mediano foi de 3 (2 - 4). O SAPS 3 médio foi de 53 ± 11. Os pacientes permaneceram 94 ± 4% do tempo na unidade de terapia intensiva em condições de inatividade e 4,8 ± 3,7% em atividades leves. As análises de razão de chance mostraram que idade (RC = 1,08; IC95% 1,04 - 1,13) e tempo de inatividade (RC =1,38; IC95% 1,14 - 1,67) foram fatores associados ao declínio funcional. O tempo em atividades leves se associou com melhor estado funcional (RC = 0,73; IC95% 0,60 - 0,89). CONCLUSÃO: Idade e tempo em inatividade durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva se associaram com declínio do estado funcional. Por outro lado, a realização de atividades leves parece preservar a condição funcional dos pacientes.

Fatores associados com o declínio funcional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva: estudo prospectivo sobre o nível de atividade física e os fatores clínicos / Factors associated with functional decline in an intensive care unit: a prospective study on the level of physical activity and clinical factors

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados com o declínio do estado funcional em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo pacientes com idade de 18 anos ou mais, sem doença neurológica ou contraindicações para mobilização, internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Os critérios para exclusão foram pacientes com permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva inferior a 4 dias, ou com óbito durante o período do estudo. A avaliação do nível de atividade física dos pacientes foi realizada com acelerometria. Registraram-se idade, escore segundo o SAPS 3, dias de ventilação mecânica, fármacos utilizados, comorbidades e estado funcional por ocasião da alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Segundo seu estado funcional na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva, os pacientes foram designados para os grupos "dependentes" ou "independentes", segundo seu índice na escala de Barthel. As análises foram realizadas com regressão logística e cálculo da razão de chance. Resultados: Dos 112 pacientes incluídos, 63 foram atribuídos ao grupo "dependentes". O índice de comorbidade de Charlson mediano foi de 3 (2 - 4). O SAPS 3 médio foi de 53 ± 11. Os pacientes permaneceram 94 ± 4% do tempo na unidade de terapia intensiva em condições de inatividade e 4,8 ± 3,7% em atividades leves. As análises de razão de chance mostraram que idade (RC = 1,08; IC95% 1,04 - 1,13) e tempo de inatividade (RC =1,38; IC95% 1,14 - 1,67) foram fatores associados ao declínio funcional. O tempo em atividades leves se associou com melhor estado funcional (RC = 0,73; IC95% 0,60 - 0,89). Conclusão: Idade e tempo em inatividade durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva se associaram com declínio do estado funcional. Por outro lado, a realização de atividades leves parece preservar a condição funcional dos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the factors associated with functional status decline in intensive care unit patients. Methods: In this prospective study, patients in an intensive care unit aged 18 years or older without neurological disease or contraindications to mobilization were included. The exclusion criteria were patients who spent fewer than 4 days in the intensive care unit or died during the study period. Accelerometry was used to assess the physical activity level of patients. We recorded age, SAPS 3, days on mechanical ventilation, drugs used, comorbidities, and functional status after intensive care unit discharge. After intensive care unit discharge, the patients were assigned to a dependent group or an independent group according to their Barthel index. Logistic regression and the odds ratio were used in the analyses. Results: Sixty-three out of 112 included patients were assigned to the dependent group. The median Charlson comorbidity index was 3 (2 - 4). The mean SAPS 3 score was 53 ± 11. The patients spent 94 ± 4% of the time spent in inactivity and 4.8 ± 3.7% in light activities. The odds ratio showed that age (OR = 1.08; 95%CI 1.04 - 1.13) and time spent in inactivity (OR = 1.38; 95%CI 1.14 - 1.67) were factors associated with functional status decline. Time spent in light activity was associated with a better functional status (OR = 0.73; 95%CI 0.60 - 0.89). Conclusions: Age and time spent in inactivity during intensive care unit stay are associated with functional status decline. On the other hand, performing light activities seems to preserve the functional status of patients.

Impact of a Progressive Mobility Program on the Functional Status, Respiratory, and Muscular Systems of ICU Patients: A Randomized and Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate whether patients who participated in a mobility program in the ICU performed better on functional status, muscle, mobility, and respiratory assessments upon discharge than patients who received conventional physiotherapy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Blind evaluation. PATIENTS: Adults with previous functional independence and without contraindications for mobilization were eligible. INTERVENTIONS: The intervention group participated in an early and progressive mobility program with five levels of activity. The control group underwent the conventional treatment without a preestablished routine. We evaluated functional status, level of activity, respiratory status, muscle strength, and mobility at ICU discharge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We analyzed 49 patients in the control group and 50 patients in the intervention group. Our data showed patients with better functional status and more functionally independent patients in the intervention group compared with those in the control group (96% vs 44%; p < 0.001). The results of the sit-to-stand and 2-minute walk tests, as well as the results of the maximum voluntary ventilation tests, also varied between the groups. The intervention group had shorter ICU stays than the control group. Higher Barthel index scores were associated with the amount of activity and participation in the protocol. The benefits to functional status remained during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who participated in an ICU mobility program had better functional status at discharge from the ICU. The other benefits of the program included better performance in the mobility tests and improved maximum voluntary ventilation performance.

Reabilitação com uso de realidade virtual: atividade física para pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva / Rehabilitation through virtual reality: physical activity of patients admitted to the intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de atividade que o uso do videogame Nintendo WiiTM pode provocar em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva, além dos níveis de segurança do método e da satisfação do paciente. Métodos: Ensaio experimental em centro único conduzido em um hospital terciário. Incluíram-se pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva, sem restrições à mobilidade, que utilizaram videogames como parte de suas sessões de fisioterapia. Os critérios de exclusão foram incapacidade para compreender as instruções e para atender a comandos simples. Incluímos 60 pacientes e conduzimos 100 sessões, nas quais utilizamos o equipamento de videogame Nintendo WiiTM. Utilizou-se um acelerômetro para avaliar os níveis de atividade física dos pacientes enquanto interagiam com o videogame. Avaliamos os níveis de atividade, escores segundo a escala modificada de Borg, ocorrência de eventos adversos e respostas a questionários relativos à satisfação com a atividade. Resultados: Analisamos um total de 100 sessões de fisioterapia. Enquanto jogavam videogame, os pacientes atingiram grau leve de atividade em 59% da duração das sessões, e nível moderado de atividade em 38% da duração das sessões. Não ocorreu qualquer evento adverso. Dentre os pacientes, 86% relataram que gostariam de jogar videogame em suas próximas sessões de fisioterapia. Conclusão: O uso de equipamento virtual para reabilitação proporcionou níveis leves a moderados de atividade em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Esta modalidade de fisioterapia utiliza ferramenta simples com probabilidade de ser escolhida pelos pacientes para as próximas sessões de fisioterapia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the level of activity that Nintendo WiiTM can elicit in intensive care unit patients and its associated safety and patient satisfaction. Methods: Experimental, single-center study performed at a tertiary care hospital. Patients ≥ 18 years old who were admitted to the intensive care unit, participated in videogames as part of their physical therapy sessions and did not have mobility restrictions were included. Th exclusion criteria were the inability to comprehend instructions and the inability to follow simple commands. We included n = 60 patients and performed 100 sessions. We used the Nintendo WiiTM gaming system in the sessions. An accelerometer measured the level of physical activity of patients while they played videogames. We evaluated the level of activity, the modified Borg scale scores, the adverse events and the responses to a questionnaire on satisfaction with the activity. Results: One hundred physical therapy sessions were analyzed. When the patients played the videogame, they reached a light level of activity for 59% of the session duration and a moderate level of activity for 38% of the session duration. No adverse events occurred. A total of 86% of the patients reported that they would like to play the videogame in their future physical therapy sessions. Conclusion: Virtual rehabilitation elicited light to moderate levels of activity in intensive care unit patients. This therapy is a safe tool and is likely to be chosen by the patient during physical therapy.

Rehabilitation through virtual reality: physical activity of patients admitted to the intensive care unit. / Reabilitação com uso de realidade virtual: atividade física para pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of activity that Nintendo WiiTM can elicit in intensive care unit patients and its associated safety and patient satisfaction. METHODS: Experimental, single-center study performed at a tertiary care hospital. Patients ≥ 18 years old who were admitted to the intensive care unit, participated in videogames as part of their physical therapy sessions and did not have mobility restrictions were included. Th exclusion criteria were the inability to comprehend instructions and the inability to follow simple commands. We included n = 60 patients and performed 100 sessions. We used the Nintendo WiiTM gaming system in the sessions. An accelerometer measured the level of physical activity of patients while they played videogames. We evaluated the level of activity, the modified Borg scale scores, the adverse events and the responses to a questionnaire on satisfaction with the activity. RESULTS: One hundred physical therapy sessions were analyzed. When the patients played the videogame, they reached a light level of activity for 59% of the session duration and a moderate level of activity for 38% of the session duration. No adverse events occurred. A total of 86% of the patients reported that they would like to play the videogame in their future physical therapy sessions. CONCLUSION: Virtual rehabilitation elicited light to moderate levels of activity in intensive care unit patients. This therapy is a safe tool and is likely to be chosen by the patient during physical therapy.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o nível de atividade que o uso do videogame Nintendo WiiTM pode provocar em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva, além dos níveis de segurança do método e da satisfação do paciente. MÉTODOS: Ensaio experimental em centro único conduzido em um hospital terciário. Incluíram-se pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva, sem restrições à mobilidade, que utilizaram videogames como parte de suas sessões de fisioterapia. Os critérios de exclusão foram incapacidade para compreender as instruções e para atender a comandos simples. Incluímos 60 pacientes e conduzimos 100 sessões, nas quais utilizamos o equipamento de videogame Nintendo WiiTM. Utilizou-se um acelerômetro para avaliar os níveis de atividade física dos pacientes enquanto interagiam com o videogame. Avaliamos os níveis de atividade, escores segundo a escala modificada de Borg, ocorrência de eventos adversos e respostas a questionários relativos à satisfação com a atividade. RESULTADOS: Analisamos um total de 100 sessões de fisioterapia. Enquanto jogavam videogame, os pacientes atingiram grau leve de atividade em 59% da duração das sessões, e nível moderado de atividade em 38% da duração das sessões. Não ocorreu qualquer evento adverso. Dentre os pacientes, 86% relataram que gostariam de jogar videogame em suas próximas sessões de fisioterapia. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de equipamento virtual para reabilitação proporcionou níveis leves a moderados de atividade em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Esta modalidade de fisioterapia utiliza ferramenta simples com probabilidade de ser escolhida pelos pacientes para as próximas sessões de fisioterapia.

Progressive mobility program and technology to increase the level of physical activity and its benefits in respiratory, muscular system, and functionality of ICU patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced mobility in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) could minimize the negative effects of critical illness, such as declines in cognitive, muscular, respiratory, and functional capacity. We aim to compare the functional status at ICU discharge of patients who underwent a progressive mobilization protocol versus patients who received conventional physiotherapy. We also examine the level of physical activity in the ICU, the degree of pulmonary and muscle function, and the length of stay to analyze correlations between these variables. METHODS: This is a protocol for a randomized controlled trial with blind evaluation. Ninety-six ICU patients will be recruited from a single center and randomly assigned to a control group or an intervention group. To determine the level of protocol activity the patient will receive, the patients' ability to participate actively and their muscle strength will be considered. The protocol consists of five phases, ranging from passive therapies to walking and climbing stairs. The primary outcome will be the functional status at ICU discharge, measured with the Barthel Index and the ICU Mobility Scale (IMS). Measured secondary outcomes will include the level of physical activity, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, maximum voluntary ventilation, handgrip strength, surface electromyography of the lower limb muscles, and results of the Timed Up and Go and 2-Minute Walk tests. Evaluations will be made within 2 days of ICU discharge except for the level of activity, which will be evaluated daily. Physiological variables and activity level will be analyzed by chi-square and t tests, according to the intention-to-treat paradigm. DISCUSSION: Mobility and exercise in the ICU should be undertaken with intensity, quantity, duration, and frequency adjusted according to the patients' status. The results of this study may contribute to new knowledge of early mobility in the ICU, activity level, and varying benefits in critical patients, directing new approaches to physiotherapeutic interventions in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Recruitment will begin in February 2017, and the expected completion date is August 2018. Patients are already being recruited. ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02889146 . Registered on 3 March 2016.