ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Reliable estradiol (E2) reference intervals (RIs) are crucial in pediatric endocrinology. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to develop a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for E2 in serum, to establish graphically represented RI percentiles and annual RIs for both sexes, and to perform a systematic literature comparison. METHODS: First, a UPLC-MS/MS method for E2 was developed. Second, graphically represented RI percentiles and annual RIs covering 0-18 years were computed (cohort of healthy children [1181 girls and 543 boys]). Subsequently, RIs were compared with published data by systematic searches. RESULTS: Lower limit of quantification was 11â pmol/L, indicating high sensitivity. Estradiol first peaked during mini-puberty in both sexes (girls up to 192â pmol/L; boys up to 225â pmol/L). As could be expected, girls showed higher pubertal E2 (up to 638â pmol/L). However, boys' RIs (up to 259â pmol/L) overlapped considerably. We found 4 studies in the literature that also used LC-MS/MS to determine E2 and published RIs for the complete pediatric age range. Reference intervals varied considerably. Pre-pubertal and pubertal phases were present in all studies. Higher E2 during the time of mini-puberty in both sexes was documented in 3 studies including ours. CONCLUSIONS: Variability of RIs for E2 between studies illustrates the importance of laboratory-specific RIs despite using a LC-MS/MS reference method. In boys, the striking E2 peak during mini-puberty as well as high pubertal E2 without phenotypic estrogenization in regular male puberty indicates that the role of E2 in children and, especially in boys, requires better functional understanding.
Subject(s)
Estradiol , Puberty , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Male , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Child , Estradiol/blood , Female , Reference Values , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Infant , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Chromatography, Liquid/standards , Puberty/blood , Puberty/physiology , Infant, Newborn , Sexual Maturation/physiologyABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) play a pivotal role in the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Mutations in these genes lead to monogenic types of obesity due to severe hyperphagia. In addition to dietary-induced obesity, a cardiac phenotype without hypertrophy has been identified in MC4R knockout mice. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize cardiac morphology and function as well as tissue Na+ content in humans with mutations in POMC and MC4R genes. METHODS: A cohort of 42 patients (5 patients with bi-allelic POMC mutations, 6 heterozygous MC4R mutation carriers, 19 obese controls without known monogenic cause, and 12 normal weight controls) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and 23Na-MRI. RESULTS: Monogenic obese patients with POMC or MC4R mutation respectively had a significantly lower left ventricular mass/body surface area (BSA) than nonmonogenic obese patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume/BSA was significantly lower in POMC- and MC4R-deficient patients than in nonmonogenic obese patients. Subcutaneous fat and skin Na+ content was significantly higher in POMC- and MC4R-deficient patients than in nonmonogenic obese patients. In these compartments, the water content was significantly higher in patients with POMC and MC4R mutation than in control groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with POMC or MC4R mutations carriers had a lack of transition to hypertrophy, significantly lower cardiac muscle mass/BSA, and stored more Na+ within the subcutaneous fat tissue than nonmonogenic obese patients. The results point towards the role of the melanocortin pathway for cardiac function and tissue Na+ storage and the importance of including cardiologic assessments into the diagnostic work-up of these patients.
Subject(s)
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology , Mutation , Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics , Sodium/metabolism , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Adolescent , Body Water/metabolism , Female , Humans , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Obesity/complications , Phenotype , Pro-Opiomelanocortin/physiology , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/physiologyABSTRACT
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