Subject(s)
Ectoparasitic Infestations/prevention & control , Endemic Diseases/prevention & control , Insect Repellents/therapeutic use , Pantothenic Acid/therapeutic use , Plant Oils/therapeutic use , Siphonaptera , Adult , Aged , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Combinations , Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology , Foot Diseases/drug therapy , Foot Diseases/parasitology , Humans , Male , Pantothenic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The jigger Tunga penetrans (Linnaeus, 1758: type-species of the family Tungidae) is the smallest known species of flea (Siphonaptera), causing serious ectoparasitosis of humans and domestic animals. The adult female Tunga lodges in the epidermis of the mammalian host, grows by neosomy, becomes gravid and expels eggs. Relatively little is known about the free-living male Tunga adults. Among impoverished communities of Fortaleza in north-east Brazil, we observed T. penetrans males as well as females penetrating the skin of human hosts. After penetrating the epidermis for a few hours, evidently for capillary feeding from the dermis, males withdrew their mouthparts and crawled away, whereas the females remained completely embedded, hypertrophying to become gravid, eventually dying in situ after oviposition. Caged rats were placed on the sandy soil and examined periodically for Tunga infestation. On five rats we obtained 140 females embedded and we detected 75 males biting, with rat erythrocytes observed in the proventriculus and midgut of all five males dissected and examined microscopically. This confirms that T. penetrans males are hamatophagous ectoparasites of mammals.
