Structure of the Bacillus cell fate determinant SpoIIAA in phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms.

BACKGROUND: The asymmetric cell division during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis gives rise to two compartments: the mother cell and the forespore. Each follow different programs of gene expression coordinated by a succession of alternate RNA polymerase sigma factors. The activity of the first of these sigma factors, sigmaF, is restricted to the forespore although sigmaF is present in the predivisional cell and partitions into both compartments following the asymmetric septation. For sigmaF to become active, it must escape from a complex with its cognate anti-sigma factor, SpoIIAB. This relief from SpoIIAB inhibition requires the dephosphorylation of the anti-sigma factor antagonist, SpoIIAA. The phosphorylation state of SpoIIAA is thus a key determinant of sigmaF activity and cell fate. RESULTS: We have solved the crystal structures of SpoIIAA from Bacillus sphaericus in its phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms. The overall structure consists of a central beta-pleated sheet, one face of which is buried by a pair of alpha helices, while the other is largely exposed to solvent. The site of phosphorylation, Ser57, is located at the N terminus of helix alpha2. The phosphoserine is exceptionally well defined in the 1.2 A electron density maps, revealing that the structural changes accompanying phosphorylation are slight. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated SpoIIAA shows that covalent modification has no significant effect on the global structure of the protein. The phosphoryl group has a passive role as a negatively charged flag rather than the active role it plays as a nucleus of structural reorganization in many eukaryotic signaling systems.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the sporulation factor SpoIIAA in its native and phosphorylated forms.

Sporulation in Bacillus begins with an asymmetric cell division producing two progeny with identical chromosomes but different developmental fates. As such, it is a simple example of cellular differentiation. The establishment of cell type is controlled by a series of alternate RNA polymerase sigma subunits. The first compartment-specific sigma factor is sigma(F), whose activity is controlled by SpoIIAB, an anti-sigma factor, and SpoIIAA, an anti-sigma factor antagonist which is phosphorylated by the kinase activity of SpoIIAB. Here, the preliminary crystallographic analysis of SpoIIAA and phosphorylated SpoIIAA from B. sphaericus in forms suitable for high-resolution structure determination are reported.

Crystallographic and calorimetric analysis of peptide binding to OppA protein.

Isothermal titration calorimetry has been used to study the binding of 20 different peptides to the peptide binding protein OppA, and the crystal structures of the ligand complexes have been refined. This periplasmic binding protein, part of the oligopeptide permease system of Gram negative bacteria, has evolved to bind and enclose small peptides of widely varying sequences. The peptides used in this study have the sequence Lys-X-Lys, where X is any of the 20 commonly occurring amino acids. The various side-chains found at position 2 on the ligand fit into a hydrated pocket. The majority of side-chains are restrained to particular conformations within the pocket. Water molecules act as flexible adapters, matching the hydrogen-bonding requirements of the protein and ligand and shielding charges on the buried ligand. This use of water by OppA to broaden the repertoire of its binding site is not unique, but contrasts sharply with other proteins which use water to help bind ligands highly selectively. Predicting the thermodynamics of binding from the structure of the complexes is highly complicated by the influence of water on the system.