Preparation and quality evaluation of sardines sauce rich in omega-3 using the combination of pineapple fruit extracts and fermentation times.

A present study aimed at evaluating sardine sauce quality used a treatment combination of pineapple fruit extract, and fermentation times. It used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern. The results showed a pineapple fruit extracts and fermentation times affected significantly on sardine sauce quality (P < 0.05). There was an interaction between pineapple fruit extract and fermentation times on sardine sauce quality. A pineapple fruit extract of 10% and fermentation times of 13 days produced sardine sauce best quality, with a protein content (17.38%), moisture (74.45%), omega-3 (19.68%), pH (5.23), taste value of 3.68, color of 4.52, and aroma of 2.99, respectively, but, consumers did not like it so much. It has passed a National Standard of Indonesia, which sets the minimum level of protein of 5%, and pH ranges from 5.0 to 6.0.

Cis-2 and trans-2-eisocenoic fatty acids are novel inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein tyrosine phosphatase A.

Small protein tyrosine phosphatase (PtpA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is attributed to the development of latent tuberculosis infection, and hence bocomes an interesting target for drug development. In this communication, inhibition of PtpA by naturally occurring fatty acids cis-2 and trans-2-eicosenoic acid is investigated. Mtb PtpA was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the activity of PtpA was inhibited by cis-2 and trans-2 eicosenoic fatty acids. Both compunds showed strong inhibition of PtpA activity with IC50 at low micromolar concentration. As comparison, trans-11-eicosenoic acid only slightly inhibit PtpA. In silico analysis confirmed the inhibition of PtpB by cis-2-eicosenoic acid by formation of several hydrogen bonds. These findings show that cis-2 and trans-2 eicosenoic fatty acids are potential candidates for latent tuberculosis inhibitors.

Growth arrest by trehalose-6-phosphate: an astonishing case of primary metabolite control over growth by way of the SnRK1 signaling pathway.

The strong regulation of plant carbon allocation and growth by trehalose metabolism is important for our understanding of the mechanisms that determine growth and yield, with obvious applications in crop improvement. To gain further insight on the growth arrest by trehalose feeding, we first established that starch-deficient seedlings of the plastidic phosphoglucomutase1 mutant were similarly affected as the wild type on trehalose. Starch accumulation in the source cotyledons, therefore, did not cause starvation and consequent growth arrest in the growing zones. We then screened the FOX collection of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expressing full-length cDNAs for seedling resistance to 100 mm trehalose. Three independent transgenic lines were identified with dominant segregation of the trehalose resistance trait that overexpress the bZIP11 (for basic region/leucine zipper motif) transcription factor. The resistance of these lines to trehalose could not be explained simply through enhanced trehalase activity or through inhibition of bZIP11 translation. Instead, trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) accumulation was much increased in bZIP11-overexpressing lines, suggesting that these lines may be insensitive to the effects of T6P. T6P is known to inhibit the central stress-integrating kinase SnRK1 (KIN10) activity. We confirmed that this holds true in extracts from seedlings grown on trehalose, then showed that two independent transgenic lines overexpressing KIN10 were insensitive to trehalose. Moreover, the expression of marker genes known to be jointly controlled by SnRK1 activity and bZIP11 was consistent with low SnRK1 or bZIP11 activity in seedlings on trehalose. These results reveal an astonishing case of primary metabolite control over growth by way of the SnRK1 signaling pathway involving T6P, SnRK1, and bZIP11.