Associations of sleep time, quality of life, and obesity indicators on physical literacy components: a structural equation model.

AIM: To verify the association between ideal sleep time and physical literacy components while also considering multiple mediators, such as quality of life and obesity, using a sample of adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study consisted of 470 adolescents aged 11-17 years from southern Brazil. Sleep time, health-related quality of life, and physical literacy components (i.e., physical education enjoyment, sports participation, sedentary behavior, moderate to vigorous physical activity, sex, and age) were evaluated through self-reported questionnaires. In addition, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were determined. The theoretical/statistical support of the structural equation model was evaluated according to fit parameters and strength of association. RESULTS: A direct association was observed between more sleep time and lower levels of obesity. The obesity indicators also had a negative association with HqOL, and HqOL had a positive association with physical literacy. The indirect associations indicated that the ideal sleep time was positively associated with HqOL and physical literacy components, considering the negative mediation effect of obesity. The model explains physical literacy in 31% of the variance (R = 0.31). CONCLUSION: There was an indirect association between ideal sleep duration and quality of life and between both variables with physical literacy. These relationships occur even considering the negative influence of obesity. Therefore, a child who sleeps adequately has a higher likelihood of being physically active, regardless of obesity, potentially enhancing overall quality of life across various domains.

Fitness and fatness in children and adolescents: investigating their role in the association between physical activity and cardiometabolic health.

To verify the role of the combination of fitness and fatness in the relationship between physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study performed with 2786 children and adolescents (6 to 17 years). Fitness was determined by the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) six-minute walking and running test. Waist circumference (WC) was considered a fatness indicator. A selfreported questionnaire was used to determine PA practice, whereas the clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) was calculated by summing z-scores of triglycerides, total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, systolic blood pressure, glucose, and WC. Considering the combination of CRF (fitness) and WC (fatness), the following phenotypes were created: Fit/Unfat, Fit/Fat, Unfit/Unfat and Unfit/Fat. Moderation analyses were tested using linear regression models. Significant interactions were found between PA and Unfit/Fat category (ß = -0.001; p = 0.001) only for adolescents. The interaction observed in the Unfit/Fat phenotype indicated that adolescents who practise PA for 330 minutes per week presented lower cMetS compared to those who do not practise or practise for 60 minutes respectively. The combination of fitness and fatness moderates the relationship between PA and cardiometabolic risk, suggesting that adolescents, particularly those who are less fit and present high adiposity, should be encouraged to engage in regular PA to improve their metabolic health.

Longitudinal relationship between screen time, cardiorespiratory fitness, and waist circumference of children and adolescents: a 3-year cohort study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in their longitudinal association with waist circumference (WC) during a follow-up of 3 years from childhood to adolescence. METHODS: Observational 3-year longitudinal study with 401 students (224 females), seven to 15 years of age at baseline. The CRF was evaluated by estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) from an indirect field-based test and body mass index. Screen time was assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Moderation analyses were tested using a multiple linear regression model with adjustments for sex, age, puberty stage, and ethnicity. RESULTS: A statistically significant interaction term was observed (B = -0.0003; 95% CI: -0.007; -0.0001). Since screen time was contextualized as the independent variable, the results show that relationship between screen time and WC varies across different CRF levels. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that higher CRF can attenuate the harmful association that increased sedentary behavior might have on abdominal adiposity.

The stability of cardiometabolic risk factors clustering in children and adolescents: a 2-year longitudinal study.

Objective: The present study aims to verify the odds of remaining with the clustering of 3 or more, 4 or more, and 5 or more risk factors across a 2-year time span. Methods: Observational longitudinal study that included 358 children and adolescents (10.96 ± 2.28 years of age at baseline). Cardiorespiratory fitness, glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, and waist circumference were assessed. The number of children in whom the risk factors were not independently distributed was analyzed. Odds ratios of presenting n risk factors clustered at follow-up according to the number of risk factors observed at baseline were calculated. Results: More participants than expected were found presenting clustering of 4 or more and 5 or more risk factors at both baseline (11.7% and 5.6%, respectively) and follow-up (9.5% and 5.6%, respectively). The odds ratios calculated demonstrated that the odds of presenting the same number of risk factors clustered or more at follow-up increased according to the number of risk factors clustered at baseline. Conclusion: The higher the number of risk factors a child had at baseline, the higher the odds of presenting the same number of risk factors or more after two years of follow-up. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01174-1.

The genetic predisposition increases the chances of schoolchildren maintaining higher adiposity levels after three years.

BACKGROUND: The behavior of anthropometrics and the relationship with genetic factors through a long-term perspective should be better explored. This study aims to verify the odds of maintaining the nutritional status classification after three years, according to the rs9939609 polymorphism (FTO gene). METHODS: It was a retrospective longitudinal study with 355 schoolchildren (7-17 years). Body mass index, body-fat percentage (BF%), and waist circumference (WC) were measured at baseline and follow-up. The FTO gene was evaluated from blood collection and genotyping performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: For those homozygous with the A allele, the odds of being at less favorable classification at follow-up were 2.29 (1.24; 4.22) and 4.05 (2.08; 7.86) times higher than expected for BF% and WC, respectively, whereas the odds of being in the more favorable classification at follow-up were 0.34 (0.12; 0.93) and 0.11 (0.01; 0.78) for BF% and WC, respectively. The odds of being at less favorable classification were higher for AA carriers with less favorable classification at baseline for BF% and WC compared to AT and TT carriers. CONCLUSIONS: Schoolchildren with a genetic predisposition to obesity and unfavorable anthropometric profile at baseline had more chances of maintaining their nutritional status after three years of follow-up.

Moderating Influence of Home Location and School Type Across Time on Cardiometabolic Risk and Active School Commuting: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study.

Background: We examined the moderating influence of home location and school type across time on cardiometabolic risk and active school commuting over 5 years in a sample of children from southern Brazil. Methods: We recruited a sample of children (n = 154; baseline age = 9.6 ± 1.5 years old; 56.8% female) who were followed for 5 years from 2011/2012 to 2016/2017. We collected home location, school type, and school commute data using self-report methods and collected cardiometabolic risk measures to calculate a cardiometabolic composite risk score (cMetSyn). General and generalized linear mixed effects models were employed to examine the moderating influence of home location and school type across time on cardiometabolic risk and active school commuting. Results: We found a significant three-way home location × school type × time interaction on cMetSyn scores (b = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-1.12, p = 0.014), indicating that children who were living within rural areas and enrolled in state schools during 2016/2017 had higher cardiometabolic risk compared with children enrolled in municipal schools and living in urban areas at the end of the study. Additionally, we found that children living in rural areas had an 86% lower rate of active school commuting compared with students living in urban areas (rate ratio = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07-0.32, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that Brazilian children enrolled in state schools and living in rural areas had higher cardiometabolic risk scores at the end of the study and that southern Brazilian children residing in rural areas had a much lower rate of actively commuting to school.

Identifying the ideal "body shape" associated with athletic performance using three dimensional (height, body mass and waist) allometry.

The purpose of the current study was to identify the most appropriate "body shape" associated with six athletic performance (AP) tests, using three-dimensional allometry (height (HT), body mass (M), and waist circumference (WC)), in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents. The sample consisted of 11018 Brazilian children/adolescents (5147 boys) aged 7-17 years. The 6 AP tests were, a 20 m sprint test, an agility test, a 6/9 minute walk/run endurance test, an upper body strength test, an abdominal muscular endurance test, and a lower limb strength test. The "three-dimensional" allometric model was, AP= a⋅ Mk1⋅ HTk2⋅ WCk3. Results indicated that two of the three body-size dimensions (HT and WC) were consistently associated with all six athletic performance tests. These were a positive HT exponent/term together with a negative WC exponent/term, confirming that being taller benefited all six performance tests but excess WC was always detrimental. The contribution of M depended on whether the athletic performance required the children/adolescent to perform the exercise/test in a "weight-baring" protocol, i.e. having to perform the test carrying their own body weight or not. In conclusion, three-dimensional allometry provides new insights into what constitutes the "ideal" athletic shape associated with children/adolescents.

Body fat percentage, cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial blood pressure in children and adolescents: a longitudinal analysis.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of how cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and adiposity interact to associate with arterial blood pressure over time remains inconclusive. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether changes in CRF moderates the association between body fat percentage (BF%) and arterial blood pressure in children and adolescents. METHODS: This is an observational longitudinal study with 407 children and adolescents aged 8-17 years followed-up for three years from a city in Southern Brazil. Participants were evaluated in 2011 and 2014. CRF was measured by validated field-based tests following the Projeto Esporte Brazil protocols and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was estimated. BF% was determined by the measures of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds using equations according to sex. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured with a sphygmomanometer according to standard procedures. Moderation analyses included multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, pubertal status, height, socioeconomic level, skin color, and the arterial blood pressure variable itself at baseline. RESULTS: It was observed a significant inverse association between VO2peak at baseline with SBP (ß = - 0.646 CI95% = - 0.976 - 0.316) and DBP (ß = - 0.649 CI95% = - 0.923 - 0.375) at follow-up and a positive association between BF% at baseline with SBP (ß = 0.274; CI95% = 0.094 0.455) and DBP (ß = 0.301; CI95% = 0.150 0.453) at follow-up. In addition, results indicated a significant interaction term between changes in VO2peak and BF% at baseline with both SBP (p = 0.034) and DBP at follow-up (p = 0.011), indicating that an increase of at least 0.35 mL/kg/min and 1.78 mL/kg/min in VO2peak attenuated the positive relationship between BF% with SBP and DBP. CONCLUSION: CRF moderates the relationship between BF% and SBP and DBP in children and adolescents.

What is the role of cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary behavior in relationship between the genetic predisposition to obesity and cardiometabolic risk score?

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors along with inadequate lifestyle habits are associated with the development of cardiometabolic alterations. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the role of sedentary behavior on the relationship between rs9939609 polymorphism (fat mass and obesity-associated gene-FTO) and cardiometabolic risk score according to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in children and adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 1215 children and adolescents (692 girls), aged between 6 and 17 years. Screen time as a marker of sedentary behavior was evaluated through a self-reported questionnaire and CRF was estimated using the 6-min walking and running test. The genotyping of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) was calculated by summing z-scores of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, glucose, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, and dividing it by five. Moderation analyses were tested using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: The coefficient of the interaction term of FTO (rs9939609) and screen time indicated that screen time was a significant moderator on the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and cMetS (p = 0.047) in children and adolescents classified with low CRF (ß = 0.001; 95% CI = 0.001; 0.002). It was observed a significant association between genotype risk (AA) of FTO polymorphism and cMetS, in participants that spent more than 378 min a day in front of screen-based devices (ß = 0.203; 95% CI = 0.000; 0.405). No interaction term was found for those with high CRF. CONCLUSIONS: High sedentary behavior seems to influence the relationship between genetic predisposition to obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with low CRF.

Integrated role of lifestyle habits in cardiometabolic risk factors according to sex in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: A healthy lifestyle should be adopted by young people to maintain cardiometabolic health. AIM: To verify the prevalence and the integrated role of lifestyle habits in cardiometabolic risk factors according to sex in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study developed with 1502 adolescents, aged 10-17 years. Lifestyle habits included physical activity, screen time and sleep duration evaluated through a questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was calculated by summing z-scores, divided by 6. For statistical analyses, multivariable binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: 80.7% of the boys classified with adverse CMRS presented physical inactivity, compared to normal CMRS. In girls, 42.6% showed inadequate sleep compared to normal CMRS. Boys classified as inactive showed higher odds for obesity, as well as altered triglycerides (TGs), and systolic blood pressure, risk for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), high waist circumference, and CMRS, compared to the active. A prolonged screen time increased the odds for altered glucose and decreased the odds for altered TGs. In girls, inadequate sleep duration presented higher odds for overweight, obesity, risk for CRF, and high CMRS, compared to adequate sleep. CONCLUSION: Physical activity for boys and sleep duration for girls are important to maintain healthy metabolic health amongst youth.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, screen time and cardiometabolic risk in South Brazilian school children.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered a beneficial effect of physical activity (PA). PA and excessive screen time have implications for cardiometabolic risk. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between screen time and CRF grouped by cardiometabolic risk factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study evaluated 1,253 schoolchildren (54.2% girls) aged seven to 17 years from southern Brazil. The outcomes were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic (DBP), glucose, and lipid profile. Exposure was a combined variable of self-reported screen time (television, video game, computer) and CRF. RESULTS: The main result is that CRF had a more consistent association with anthropometric factors than with metabolic variables. Low CRF students, regardless of screen time, showed a 15% increase in the risk of elevated WC (p < 0.001) and a 24% (<2 h screen time) and 19% (≥2 h) higher risk of overweight (p < 0.001). Second, the increase in SBP was associated with a combination of the two risk factors, ≥2 h screen time/low CRF was associated with a 7% increase in elevated SBP (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Low CRF was a risk factor for elevated BMI and WC, regardless of screen time. High screen time and low CRF were associated with higher SBP values.

The genetic predisposition to obesity has no influence on waist circumference when screen time and sleep duration are adequate in children and adolescents.

The aim of the present study was to verify whether the amount of sleep duration, screen time, and physical activity moderate the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and waist circumference (WC) in children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 1338 children and adolescents, aged between 6 and 17 years. Lifestyle habits were assessed through self-reported questionnaire. WC was measured on the narrowest part of the trunk between the last rib and the iliac crest. FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped by real time polymerase chain reaction. The PROCESS macro for the SPSS was used for moderation analyses, through multiple linear regression models. Results indicated significant interactions were found between sleep duration and screen time X FTO rs9939609, showing that these lifestyle behaviours are moderators in the relationship between a genetic predisposition for obesity and higher WC. For physical activity, there was no significant interaction. Therefore, sleeping more than 564 min a day (i.e. 9.4 h) and spending no more than 233 min in front of screen may counteract the genetic predisposition to obesity in children and adolescents.Highlights A healthy lifestyle may counteract the genetic predisposition to central obesity;Children and adolescents should sleep more than approximately 9 h (564 min) per day and spend less than approximately 4 h (233 min) per day in front of screens in order to counteract the genetic predisposition to central obesity conferred by the FTO gene variant.It is fundamental to promote actions for the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, including the importance of presenting adequate sleep habits and low screen time for a better cardiometabolic health and reduction of obesity.

Biological and socioeconomic factors as moderator in relationship between leisure-time physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents from southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Given the important repercussions that sociodemographic factors can have on physical activity, especially in the field of leisure, and cardiometabolic risk, it seems relevant to analyze the implications of these variables on the relationship between physical activity in leisure time (LTPA) and cardiometabolic risk. In this sense, the present study aims to verify the moderating role of biologic and socioeconomic factors in the relationship between LTPA and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents in southern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 1596 adolescents selected at random (58.2% girls), aged between 10 and 17 years. LTPA, biological and socioeconomic factors were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire and the cardiometabolic risk score (total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, triglycerides, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, considering the participant's age and sex) was included as an outcome. Associations and moderations were tested by multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: It was observed a positive interaction of LTPA and sex (p = 0.048) and LTPA and school system (p = 0.037), and negative interaction of LTPA and skin color (p = 0.040), indicating that these factors were moderators in the relationship between LTPA and clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) in adolescents. A reduction in cardiometabolic risk was observed according to the increase in weekly minutes of LTPA among boys, non-white adolescents, and students from municipal schools. CONCLUSIONS: The association between LTPA and cardiometabolic risk was moderated by sex, skin color, and school system in adolescents from southern Brazil.

Neck circumference and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: the moderator role of cardiorespiratory fitness.

BACKGROUND: The increased incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors has become a public health issue, especially in childhood and adolescence. Thus, early identification is essential to avoid or reduce future complications in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a moderator in the association between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 2418 randomly selected children and adolescents (52.5% girls), aged 6 to 17 years old. Anthropometric measurements, such as NC and body mass index (BMI), and CRF was measured by the six-minute running/walking test, as well as cardiometabolic risk (systolic blood pressure, glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides), were assessed. RESULTS: For all age groups, NC showed a negative relationship with CRF. A significant interaction term was found for CRF x NC with cardiometabolic risk for children (6 to 9 years old), early adolescents (10 to 12 years old), and middle adolescents (13 to 17 years old). It was found that children who accomplished more than 1092.49 m in CRF test were protected against cardiometabolic risk when considering NC. In adolescents, protection against cardiometabolic risk was found when the CRF test was completed above 1424.14 m and 1471.87 m (early and middle stage, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: CRF is inversely associated with NC and acts as a moderator in the relationship between NC and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Therefore, this detrimental health impact linked to fatness might be attenuated by improving CRF levels.

Relationship between sleep duration and TV time with cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between sleep duration and television time with cardiometabolic risk and the moderating role of age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity in this relationship among adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 1411 adolescents (800 girls) aged 10 to 17 years. Television time, sleep duration, age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity were obtained by self-reported questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated using the continuous metabolic risk score, by the sum of the standard z-score values for each risk factor: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Generalized linear regression models were used. RESULTS: There was an association between television time and cardiometabolic risk (ß, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.003). Short sleep duration (ß, 0.422; 95% CI, 0.012; 0.833) was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, age moderated the relationship between television time and cardiometabolic risk (ß, - 0.009; 95% CI, - 0.002; - 0.001), suggesting that this relationship was stronger at ages 11 and 13 years (ß, 0.004; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.006) compared to 13 to 15 years (ß, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.004). No association was found in older adolescents (ß, 0.001; 95% CI, - 0.002; 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Television time and sleep duration are associated with cardiometabolic risk; adolescents with short sleep have higher cardiometabolic risk. In addition, age plays a moderating role in the relationship between TV time and cardiometabolic risk, indicating that in younger adolescents the relationship is stronger compared to older ones.

Relação tempo de tela e aptidão cardiorrespiratória: associação com pressão arterial alterada em escolares / Relation between screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness: association with altered blood pressure in schoolchildren

Objetiva-se verificar se a relação tempo de tela (TT) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) está associada com as alterações na pressão arterial (PA) em crianças e adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 2166 escolares, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 6 e 17 anos. Foi aplicado um questionário com questões referentes ao estilo de vida, para verificação do TT (computador, vídeo game e TV), que foi computado em horas e classificado como elevado TT (≥ 2 horas diárias) e baixo TT (< 2 horas diárias). Para avaliação da PA, foi considerada alterada nos casos limítrofes e hipertensão, para pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). A APCR foi avaliada por meio do teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, por meio da frequência e percentual, para caracterizar os sujeitos, sendo aplicada a regressão de Poisson para obtenção dos valores de razão de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC), na relação da variável preditora (relação TT/APCR) com o desfecho (PA alterada). Como resultados encontrados, observou-se que 24,8% dos escolares apresentam elevado TT e baixos níveis de APCR. Em relação à PA, 18,7% dos indivíduos estiveram com a PAS alterada e 15,4% com PAD alterada. A associação entre PA alterada e a relação TT/APCR somente foi evidenciada para PAS entre as meninas. Nesse sentido, observou-se que a alteração na PAS é mais prevalente entre os escolares com baixo TT/inapto (RP: 1,07; p=0,008) e com elevado TT/inapto (RP: 1,06; p=0,029). Conclui-se que as meninas com baixos níveis de APCR, independente do TT, apresentam maior prevalência de PAS alterada....(AU)

This study aims to verify if the relation of screen time (ST) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with the presence of alteration in blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with 2166 students, aged 6 to 17 years. A questionnaire with questions related to lifestyle was used to verify the ST (computer, video game and TV), which was computed in hours and classified as high ST (≥ 2 hours daily) and low ST (<2 hours daily). For BP evaluation, borderline cases and hypertension were considered as altered BP, for systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure. CRF was assessed by the 6-minute walk/run test. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were used, by means of frequency and percentage, to characterize the subjects, and Poisson regression was used to obtain the prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (CI) values, in relation to the predictor variable ST/CRF) with the outcome (PA altered). As results, we observed that 24.8% of the students present high ST and low levels of CRF. In relation to BP, 18.7% and 15.4% of subjects had altered SBP and DBP, respectively. The association between altered BP and the ST/CRF ratio was only evidenced for SBP among girls. In this sense, it was observed that the change in SBP is more prevalent among schoolchildren with low ST/inapt (PR: 1.07, p = 0.008) and with high ST/inapt (PR: 1.06, p = 0.029). It is concluded that girls with low CRF levels, regardless of ST, present a higher prevalence of altered SBP....(AU)

Relationship between Cardiometabolic Parameters and Elevated Resting and Effort Heart Rate in Schoolchildren / Associação entre Indicadores Cardiometabólicos e Elevação da Frequência Cardíaca de Repouso e Esforço em Escolares

Abstract Background: Little has been studied on heart rate and its relationship with metabolic disorders. Objective: To identify possible association between heart rate (HR) and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 2.098 subjects, aged between 7 and 17 years. The variables evaluated were: HR, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), double-product (DP), myocardial oxygen consumption (mVO2), lipids, glucose and uric acid levels, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The values of HR at rest and effort were divided into quartiles. The association between continuous values of HR and cardiometabolic indicators was tested by linear regression. Results: LDL cholesterol presented a significantly higher mean (p = 0.003) in schoolchildren with resting HR greater or equal to 91 bpm, compared to students with less than 75 bpm. Compared with the quartiles of effort HR, SBP, DBP, glucose and uric acid presented high values when HR was greater or equal than 185 bpm. SBP, glucose and HDL cholesterol demonstrated a significant association with resting HR. Uric acid was observed as a predictor of increased effort HR. Conclusion: Schoolchildren with a higher resting HR have higher mean of LDL cholesterol. For effort HR, there was an increase in blood pressure, glucose and uric acid levels. Uric acid has been shown to be a predictor of elevated effort HR.

Resumo Fundamento: Pouco se tem estudado sobre frequência cardíaca e suas relações com alterações metabólicas. Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre frequência cardíaca e disfunções metabólicas em crianças e adolescentes. Método: Estudo transversal com 2.098 escolares, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e de pulso (PP), duplo-produto (DP), consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio (mVO2), perfil lipídico e glicêmico, níveis de ácido úrico, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Os valores de FC de repouso e esforço foram divididos em quartis. A associação entre os valores contínuos de FC com indicadores cardiometabólicos foi testada por meio da regressão linear. Resultados: O colesterol LDL apresentou média significativamente superior (p = 0,003) nos escolares com FC de repouso maior ou igual a 91 bpm, em comparação aos escolares que apresentaram menos de 75 bpm. Comparados com os quartis da FC de esforço, a PAS, PAD, glicose e ácido úrico apresentaram valores elevados quando a FC foi igual ou superior a 185 bpm. A PAS, a glicose e o colesterol HDL demonstraram associação significativa com a FC de repouso. Observou-se o ácido úrico como um preditor do aumento da FC de esforço. Conclusão: Escolares com FC de repouso mais elevada apresentam médias superiores de colesterol LDL. Para FC de esforço, observou-se elevação na pressão arterial, nos níveis de glicose e de ácido úrico. O ácido úrico demonstrou ser preditor da elevação da FC de esforço.

Relationship between Cardiometabolic Parameters and Elevated Resting and Effort Heart Rate in Schoolchildren.

Background: Little has been studied on heart rate and its relationship with metabolic disorders. Objective: To identify possible association between heart rate (HR) and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 2.098 subjects, aged between 7 and 17 years. The variables evaluated were: HR, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), double-product (DP), myocardial oxygen consumption (mVO2), lipids, glucose and uric acid levels, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The values of HR at rest and effort were divided into quartiles. The association between continuous values of HR and cardiometabolic indicators was tested by linear regression. Results: LDL cholesterol presented a significantly higher mean (p = 0.003) in schoolchildren with resting HR greater or equal to 91 bpm, compared to students with less than 75 bpm. Compared with the quartiles of effort HR, SBP, DBP, glucose and uric acid presented high values when HR was greater or equal than 185 bpm. SBP, glucose and HDL cholesterol demonstrated a significant association with resting HR. Uric acid was observed as a predictor of increased effort HR. Conclusion: Schoolchildren with a higher resting HR have higher mean of LDL cholesterol. For effort HR, there was an increase in blood pressure, glucose and uric acid levels. Uric acid has been shown to be a predictor of elevated effort HR.

Fundamento: Pouco se tem estudado sobre frequência cardíaca e suas relações com alterações metabólicas. Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre frequência cardíaca e disfunções metabólicas em crianças e adolescentes. Método: Estudo transversal com 2.098 escolares, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e de pulso (PP), duplo-produto (DP), consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio (mVO2), perfil lipídico e glicêmico, níveis de ácido úrico, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Os valores de FC de repouso e esforço foram divididos em quartis. A associação entre os valores contínuos de FC com indicadores cardiometabólicos foi testada por meio da regressão linear. Resultdos: O colesterol LDL apresentou média significativamente superior (p = 0,003) nos escolares com FC de repouso maior ou igual a 91 bpm, em comparação aos escolares que apresentaram menos de 75 bpm. Comparados com os quartis da FC de esforço, a PAS, PAD, glicose e ácido úrico apresentaram valores elevados quando a FC foi igual ou superior a 185 bpm. A PAS, a glicose e o colesterol HDL demonstraram associação significativa com a FC de repouso. Observou-se o ácido úrico como um preditor do aumento da FC de esforço. Conclusão: Escolares com FC de repouso mais elevada apresentam médias superiores de colesterol LDL. Para FC de esforço, observou-se elevação na pressão arterial, nos níveis de glicose e de ácido úrico. O ácido úrico demonstrou ser preditor da elevação da FC de esforço.

Pressão arterial alterada em adolescentes: associação com fatores de risco às doenças cardiovasculares de seus pais / Altered arterial blood pressure in adolescents: association with risk factors to their parents´ cardiovascular diseases

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se existe associação entre pressão arterial (PA) alterada em adolescentes com fatores de risco às doenças cardiovasculares de seus pais. Estudo transversal com 859 adolescentes, sendo 479 (55,8%) do sexo feminino, entre dez a 17 anos, estudantes de escolas da rede pública e privada, do município de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. Considerou-se alteração na PA sistólica e diastólica os casos limítrofes e hipertensão. Foram utilizados os valores de razão de prevalência (RP), por meio da regressão de Poisson. Constatou-se elevado percentual de adolescentes com alteração na PA (19,4%), sendo esta superior entre os adolescentes, cujas mães apresentam hipertensão (RP: 1,09) e histórico de infarto (RP: 1,25). Entre os pais, somente colesterol elevado associou-se com a alteração da PA, nos adolescentes (RP: 1,08). Conclui-se que é elevada a prevalência de PA alterada em escolares, estando esta associada com fatores de risco às doenças cardiovasculares dos pais.

Current analysis verified whether there was any association between altered arterial blood pressure (BP) in adolescents and risk factors for their parents´ cardiovascular diseases. Current transversal analysis involved 859 adolescents, 479 (55.8%) females, aged 10 - 17 years, in government-run and private schools in Santa Cruz do Sul RS Brazil. Borderline and hypertension cases were considered alterations in systolic and diastolic AP. Prevalence ratio (PR) rates were employed by Poisson regression. Results showed high percentage of adolescents with changes in BP (19.4%), which was higher among adolescents with hypertensive mothers (PR: 1.09) and stroke history (PR: 1.25). Only high cholesterol among parents was associated with AP alterations in adolescents (PR: 1.08). High AP in school children is associated with risk factors for parents´ cardiovascular diseases.

Perfil sociodemográfico associado em nível de aptidão física relacionada à saúde em escolares / Social and demographic profile associated to physical capacity level related to school children´s health

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se existe associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e níveis de aptidão física relacionada à saúde em escolares. Foram sujeitos deste estudo transversal 1.000 crianças e adolescentes, de sete a 17 anos de idade, de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. Analisou-se o nível socioeconômico, o perfil nutricional, a flexibilidade, a resistência abdominal e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR). Todas as análises foram realizadas no programa estatístico SPSS v. 23.0, considerando um nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados demonstraram que a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi superior no sexo masculino (RP: 1,05; p=0,025) e inferior entre os adolescentes (RP: 0,89; p<0,001). Por outro lado, escolares do sexo masculino apresentam prevalência 6% menor de baixos níveis de APCR (p=0,001). Adolescentes (RP: 1,07; p=0,005), estudantes da rede municipal (RP: 1,10; p=0,049) e da zona urbana (RP: 1,09; p=0,002) apresentam maior prevalência de baixos níveis de APCR. Concluiu-se que fatores sociodemográficos estão associados aos baixos níveis de aptidão física em escolares.

The association between socio-demographic and physical capacity levels related to school children´s health is investigated. Current transversal study comprised 1000 children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 17 years, in Santa Cruz do Sul RS Brazil. The socio-economic level, nutritional profile, flexibility, abdominal resistance and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were analyzed with statistical program SPSS v. 23.0, at significance level p<0.05. Results demonstrated that prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in males (PR: 1.05; p=0.025) and lower among adolescents (PR: 0.89; p<0.001). Moreover, male school children had a 6% prevalence lower than APCR low levels (p=0.001). Adolescents (PR: 1.07; p=0.005), school children in public schools (PR: 1.10; p=0.049) and students from the rural area (PR: 1.09; p=0.002) had a higher prevalence in APCR low levels. Socio-demographic factors are actually associated to low levels of physical capacity in school children.