Feasibility of Remote Delivering an Exercise and Lifestyle Education Program for Individuals Living with Prediabetes and Diabetes in Brazil.

This study aimed to test the feasibility of remote delivering a 12-week exercise and lifestyle education program (ExLE) or a 12-week exercise program (Ex) for individuals with prediabetes and diabetes in terms of acceptability, implementation, practicality, and limited efficacy. The programs were internet- or telephone-based delivered, depending on the participants' internet access and technology literacy. Of the 196 individuals screened, 15 were included in the study (internet-based delivery (n = 13); telephone-based delivery (n = 2)). Twelve participants completed the program they were randomized to, and most reported being satisfied with the study interventions (acceptability). Data collection procedures, weekly follow-up, study website visits, and educational materials were proper (implementation), and the adherence rate to study interventions ranged from 24% to 58% (practicality). Additionally, both programs (ExLE and Ex) seemed to promote beneficial changes in functional capacity (limited efficacy). The internet-based remote delivery of the interventions showed feasibility. Therefore, in future trials, exercise and educational interventions can be internet-based remote delivered to individuals with prediabetes and diabetes with internet access and technology literacy. In addition, some adjustments to eligibility criteria, study websites, more accessible ways of recording exercise sessions and using educational materials, and an initial supervised exercise session are recommended.

Exercise and Lifestyle Education program for Brazilians living with prediabetes and diabetes: A pilot randomized trial.

AIMS: To test the Diabetes College Brazil Study feasibility, the acceptability of study interventions and their preliminary effectiveness, and describe the study protocol modifications due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Single-center, double-blinded pilot randomized trial with two parallel groups, Exercise and Lifestyle Education (ExLE; 12-week exercise and educational interventions) and Exercise (Ex; 12-week exercise intervention only) involving patients with prediabetes or diabetes. Feasibility (eligibility, recruitment, retention, completeness of variables measures and participation rates), acceptability (satisfaction), and preliminary effectiveness of interventions (variables: functional capacity, physical activity (PA), exercise self-efficacy, diabetes knowledge, health literacy, adherence to Mediterranean food pattern, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), anthropometric measures, cardiac autonomic control, depression, and quality of life (QofL)). RESULTS: Eligibility, recruitment, retention, participation in exercise sessions, and education classes rates were 17%, 93%,82%, 76%, and 71%, respectively. Missing data in the post-intervention assessment (PA, HbA1c, cardiac autonomic control, anthropometric measures, depression, and QofL) were mainly related to research procedure modifications. The interventions were highly acceptable, and most variables improved farther in the ExLE, with moderate effect sizes for PA, diabetes knowledge, health literacy, cardiac autonomic control, and QofL. CONCLUSIONS: The Diabetes College Brazil Study is feasible, and the ExLE may benefit Brazilians living with prediabetes and diabetes.

Maintenance of Physical Activity Behavior by Individuals with Prediabetes and Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic after Completing an Exercise Intervention in Brazil.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the perception of individuals with prediabetes/diabetes about their living conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify the facilitators, barriers, and reasons to remain physically active at home and adhere to recommended exercise. It included individuals with prediabetes/diabetes who had completed an exercise intervention, which started on-site and moved to a remote home-based regime due to the COVID-19 pandemic and were advised to keep exercising at home. The outcomes were assessed by a bespoke questionnaire that was developed by the research team, the Brazilian Portuguese adapted version of the Exercise Adherence Rating scale, and the Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised scale. Of 15 participants (8 female, 58 ± 11 years), most reported positive perceptions about their living conditions and few difficulties maintaining some physical activity at home. However, only 53.8% of them adhered to the recommended exercise. Time flexibility, no need for commuting, and a sense of autonomy were the main facilitators of home exercise, while a lack of adequate space was the main barrier. The descending order of median scores that were obtained in each reason for physical activity was fitness, enjoyment, competence, social, and appearance. Individuals with prediabetes/diabetes maintained some physical activity during the pandemic, mainly motivated by health concerns.

Patient education program for Brazilians living with diabetes and prediabetes: findings from a development study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, the incidence of diabetes is increasing and strategies to reach a comprehensive approach of care are needed, including education in self-management. This is particularly true in low and middle-income countries where the number of people living with diabetes is higher than in the high-income ones. This article describes the development of a structured patient education program for Brazilians living with diabetes or prediabetes. METHODS: These steps were undertaken: 1) a 4-phase needs assessment (literature search of local diabetes guidelines, environmental scan, evaluation of information needs of patients identified by diabetes experts, and patient focus groups); and, 2) the translation and cultural adaptation of the patient guide (preparation, translation, back-translation, back-translation review, harmonization, and proofreading). RESULTS: Four of the seven guidelines identified include educational aspects of diabetes management. No structured education program was reported from the environmental scan. Regarding the information needs, 15 diabetes experts identified their patients' needs, who referred that they have high information needs for topics related to their health condition. Finally, results from six patient focus groups were clustered into six themes (self-management, physical activity, eating habits, diabetes medication, psychosocial being, and sleep), all embedded into the new education program. Constructive theory, adult learning principles, and the Health Action Process Approach model were used in program development and will be used in delivery. The developed program consists of 18 educational sessions strategically mapped and sequenced to support the program learning outcomes and a patient guide with 17 chapters organized into five sections, matched with weekly lectures. CONCLUSIONS: This program is a sequential and theoretical strategic intervention that can reach programs in Brazil to support diabetes and prediabetes patient education.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the DiAbeTes Education Questionnaire (DATE-Q).

BACKGROUND: The DiAbeTes Education Questionnaire (DATE-Q) is a self-administered tool developed to evaluate disease-related knowledge and to assess knowledge of five core components of rehabilitation programs: physical exercise, diet, psychosocial well-being, disease self-management, and complications. OBJECTIVE: To translate and cross-culturally adapt into Brazilian Portuguese, and to test the psychometric properties of the DATE-Q for its use in Brazil. METHODS: The process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation consisted of five steps: translation into Brazilian Portuguese, synthesis of translation, back translation, expert committee, and pilot test of pre-final version. The pre-final version was applied to a sample of 30 patients with diabetes. Psychometric properties (internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, and ceiling and floor effects) of the final version of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the DATE-Q were tested in a sample of 200 adults with diabetes. RESULTS: There was no conceptual divergence between the original and the translated versions. Ten (50%) items of the DATE-Q were culturally adapted. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.6), reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.5), and construct validity (correlation between Diabetes Knowledge Scales and DATE-Q total scores: ρ = 0.7; P < 0.001) were confirmed. Ceiling or floor effects were not identified. The highest scoring item was about healthy eating. The average time for completion of the DATE-Q was 5 min and 51 s, and the completion rate was 100% for all items. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the DATE-Q showed adequate psychometric properties, and results suggested that the tool can be used to assess disease-related knowledge in adults with diabetes in Brazil.

Psychometric validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of Bandura's exercise self-efficacy scale in diabetes patients.

PURPOSE: The management of diabetes comprises diet, pharmacological therapy, lifestyle counseling, patient education, and physical exercising, to achieve change in health behavior and control of the disease. However, a large proportion of diabetes patients does not adhere to treatment recommendations, mainly in the lifestyle aspect, which remains sedentary. Considering that self-efficacy is an essential determinant of health behaviors such as exercise practicing, the objective of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of Bandura's Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (BESES) to be used in diabetes patients. METHODS: The BESES was initially completed by thirty diabetes patients to confirm the feasibility of the answers be provided by themselves. The psychometric properties (i.e., internal consistency, test-retest reproducibility, convergent validity, and ceiling and floor effects) were tested in other two-hundred diabetes patients (≥18 years old). RESULTS: The BESES achieved significant internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.92), substantial test-retest reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83). The convergent validity was confirmed by negative correlations between BESES total scores and barriers to exercise total scores (ρ = -0.333; P = 0.018) and rate of perception exercise corrected by distance covered in the incremental shuttle walking test (ρ = -0.426; P = 0.002). Ceiling and floor effects were not found. In addition, physically active patients had BESES total scores higher compared to sedentary (56.8 ± 21.4 vs. 47.9 ± 20.0; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the BESES showed adequate psychometric properties and proved to be valid for assessing the exercise self-efficacy in diabetes patients in Brazil.

Efeitos do treinamento muscular inspiratório no controle autonômico: revisão sistemática / Los efectos del entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio en el control autonómico: la revisión sistemática / Effects of inspiratory muscle training on autonomic control: systematic review

RESUMO A disfunção do sistema nervoso autônomo tem papel importante na fisiopatologia de diversas doenças. Uma possível maneira de melhorar o controle autonômico é o treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI), sendo o objetivo deste estudo revisar sistematicamente a literatura disponível sobre os efeitos desta modalidade. Dois revisores buscaram ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, PEDro, SciELO e LILACS, avaliando também sua qualidade metodológica (escala de PEDro). Foram encontrados 181 artigos e, após verificar os critérios de elegibilidade, foram incluídos quatro pesquisas que avaliaram o efeito do TMI sobre o controle autonômico de participantes com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, por meio da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e dos níveis plasmáticos de noradrenalina. O TMI melhorou o controle autonômico em três estudos, reduzindo a atividade nervosa simpática (níveis plasmáticos de noradrenalina; LF u.n. - VFC) e aumentando a atividade nervosa vagal (HF u.n. - VFC). Conclui-se que o TMI parece ser uma alternativa terapêutica para melhorar o controle autonômico.

RESUMEN La disfunción del sistema nervioso autonómico tiene el papel importante en la fisiopatología de diversas enfermedades. Una posible manera de mejorar el control autonómico es el entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (TMI), siendo el objetivo del presente estudio revisar sistemáticamente la literatura disponible sobre los efectos de esta modalidad de entrenamiento sobre la función autonómica. Ha sido realizada la búsqueda por ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados en las bases de datos MEDLINE, PEDro, SciELO y LILACS por dos revisores independientes, que también han evaluado la cualidad metodológica (escala de PEDro). Han sido encontrados 181 artículos y, después de certificar los criterios de elegibilidad, han sido incluidos cuatro estudios. Los estudios que han sido incluidos han presentado buena cualidad metodológica y han evaluado el efecto del TMI sobre el control autonómico de los participantes con factores de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El control autonómico ha sido evaluado por el análisis de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) y por medio de los niveles plasmáticos de noradrenalina. El TMI ha mejorado el control autonómico en tres estudios, reduciendo la actividad nerviosa simpática (los niveles plasmáticos de noradrenalina; LF u.n. - VFC) e incrementando la actividad nerviosa vagal (HF u.n. - VFC). Se concluye que el TMI parece ser alternativa terapéutica para mejorar el control autonómico.

ABSTRACT The autonomic nervous system dysfunction has an important role on the physiopathology of some diseases. A possible option to improve the autonomic control is the inspiratory muscle training (IMT). The aim of this study was to systematically review the available literature about the effects of this training modality on autonomic control. A search was performed for controlled and randomized clinical trials on database MEDLINE, PEDro, SciELO and LILACS by two independent reviewers, who also evaluated the methodologic quality (PEDro scale). 181 articles were found and, after elegibility criteria analysis, four studies were included. The included studies showed good methodological quality and assessed the effect of IMT on the autonomic control of participants with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The autonomic control was evaluated by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis and by noradrenaline plasma levels. The IMT improved autonomic control in 3 studies, reducing the sympathetic nervous system (noradrenaline plasma levels; LF nu - HRV) and increasing the vagal nervous system (HF un - HRV). It is concluded that IMT may be a therapeutic alternative to improve the autonomic control.

REABILITAÇÃO DOMICILIAR COM EXERCÍCIO NÃO SUPERVISIONADO NA DPOC: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA / HOME REHABILITATION WITH UNSUPERVISED EXERCISE IN COPD: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW / REHABILITACIÓN DOMICILIARIA CON EJERCICIO NO SUPERVISADO EN LA EPOC: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA

RESUMO O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi verificar os efeitos de programas de reabilitação pulmonar com exercícios domiciliares não supervisionados em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), uma vez que a baixa disponibilidade de centros especializados no país, alto custo e outros fatores fazem com que poucos doentes tenham acesso a programas de reabilitação supervisionados em ambiente ambulatorial. Foram selecionados pelos autores oito ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, atingiram pontuação mínima de cinco pontos na escala PEDro, publicados até novembro de 2014 na base de dados PubMed. Cinco desses trabalhos compararam um grupo de reabilitação domiciliar não supervisionado (GRNS) com um controle sem exercício (GC) e três compararam GRNS com um grupo que participou de reabilitação supervisionada (GRS) como controle. Os principais desfechos avaliados foram: capacidade funcional, função pulmonar, dispneia e qualidade de vida. De acordo com a análise realizada foi possível demonstrar que o treinamento não supervisionado em ambiente domiciliar ou na comunidade pode ser uma alternativa para pacientes estáveis com DPOC moderada à grave, visando sobretudo os benefícios relacionados à qualidade de vida e à dispneia; não foi possível verificar melhora em outros desfechos. Além disso, parece que esta forma de reabilitação no tratamento desses pacientes é segura e viável, porém mais estudos são necessários para averiguar os efeitos do treinamento automonitorado em outros desfechos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this systematic review was to verify the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation programs with unsupervised home exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), since the low availability of specialized centers in the country, the high cost and other factors mean that few patients have access to supervised rehabilitation programs. The authors selected eight randomized controlled clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria and reached a minimum score of five points on the PEDro scale, published in the PubMed database up to November 2014. Five of these studies compared a home unsupervised rehabilitation group (URG) with a non-exercise control group (CG) and three studies compared a URG with a supervised rehabilitation group (SRG) as control. The main outcomes measured were: functional capacity, pulmonary function, dyspnea, and quality of life. Based on the analysis it was demonstrated that unsupervised training in the home environment, or in the community, can be an alternative for stable patients with moderate to severe COPD, especially in terms of the benefits related to quality of life and dyspnea; it was not possible to identify any improvement in the other outcomes measured. In addition, it appears that this form of rehabilitation in the treatment of these patients is safe and feasible, but further studies are needed to determine the effects of unsupervised rehabilitation on other outcomes.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar los efectos de los programas de rehabilitación pulmonar con ejercicios domiciliarios no supervisados en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), ya que la baja disponibilidad de centros especializados en el país, el alto costo y otros factores hacen que pocos pacientes tengan acceso a programas de rehabilitación supervisados de forma ambulatoria. Fueron seleccionados por los autores ocho ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, alcanzado la puntuación mínima de cinco puntos en la escala PEDro, publicados hasta noviembre de 2014 en la base de datos PubMed. Cinco de estos estudios compararon un grupo de rehabilitación domiciliaria no supervisada (GRNS) con un grupo control sin ejercicio (GC) y tres compararon GRNS con un grupo que participó en la rehabilitación supervisada (GRS) como control. Los principales resultados evaluados fueron: capacidad funcional, función pulmonar, disnea y calidad de vida. De acuerdo con el análisis realizado se pudo demostrar que el entrenamiento no supervisado domiciliario o en la comunidad puede ser una alternativa para los pacientes estables con EPOC moderada a grave, enfocando en particular los beneficios relacionados con la calidad de vida y la disnea; no se pudo identificar mejoría en otros resultados. Además, parece que esta forma de rehabilitación en el tratamiento de estos pacientes es segura y factible, pero se necesitan más estudios para determinar los efectos del entrenamiento automonitorizado para otros resultados.