Efficacy of dual-task training on stability and function in children with ataxia after medulloblastoma resection: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: In children, medulloblastoma (MB) is the most prevalent posterior fossa tumor. The first line of treatment is maximal safe resection. Therefore, symptoms of ataxia are commonly seen. Training the brain on balance and cognitive tasks makes balance more automatic than without cognitive tasks. The goal was to assess the effectiveness of dual-task practice on balance after MB excision in children with ataxia. METHODS: Thirty children with ataxia after MB resection at Children Cancer Hospital Egypt were randomized into two equal groups. Exercises for mobility, balance, and gait training were given to both groups. The research group underwent a specific dual-task program (balance and cognitive). The program ran 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Children were evaluated before and after the treatment regimen using the Scale of Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), the HUMAC Balance System, Pediatric Balance Scale, and Functional Independent Measurement. All children's legal guardians signed an ethical agreement. RESULTS: A notable improvement in balance was found in the dual group in Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) (p = .028) and stability test (p = .0001) in favor of the study group. No discernible difference was observed in the Functional Independent Measurement score among the two groups (p = .158), although there was a statistically significant increase in both groups after treatment. CONCLUSION: Dual-task program is more effective than traditional physical therapy alone in improving balance in children with ataxia after MB resection.

Biologically formed silver nanoparticles and in vitro study of their antimicrobial activities on resistant pathogens.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been found to have multiple uses as antibacterial, antifungal and anti-biofilm agents because of their biological activities and safety. The present study was aimed to analyze the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities as well as the cytotoxic effect of AgNPs against different human pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AgNPs were synthesized using cell free supernatants of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27856), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047) and Penicillium oxalicum strain, then were analyzed using UV/Vis Spectral Analysis, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive-X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Antimicrobial activities of biosynthesized AgNPs were assessed with selected antimicrobial agents against multidrug resistant bacteria and candida. Anti-biofilm and cytotoxicity assays of these biosynthesized AgNPs were also done. RESULTS: The synthesis of AgNPs were confirmed through observed color change and monitoring UV-Vis spectrum which showed homogeneous (little agglomeration) distribution of silver nanoparticles. TEM and SEM have shown that the particle size ranged from 13 to 34 (nm) with spherical shape and a high signal with EDX analysis. Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of antibiotics and fluconazole were increased in combination with biosynthesized AgNPs against resistant bacteria and candida. Significant reduction in biofilm formation was found better with Penicillium oxalicum AgNPs against biofilm forming bacteria. CONCLUSION: Penicillium oxalicum has the best effect towards synthesizing AgNPs, for antimicrobial activities against resistant bacteria and candida, in addition to anti-biofilm activities against biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli and the safest cytotoxicity effect on (MRC-5) cell line.