ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to describe the involvement of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in the diseases of the ocular anterior segment. This is a narrative review designed using the PUBMED, SCOPE and Web of Science databases, searching for reported literature on findings in the anterior ocular segment related to EBV between 1990 and 2020. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is implicated in the development of salmon-coloured conjunctival masses in the context of acute mononucleosis and lymphoproliferative disorders. Moreover, EBV can cause haemorrhagic conjunctivitis and its corneal implications appear as different types of keratitis patterns. The involvement of EBV in the pathogenesis of anterior segment inflammation is not well-defined. Current evidence regarding anterior segment disease caused by EBV infection has been proved by positive viral detection through polymerase chain reaction test in eyes with lymphoproliferative disorders known to be caused by EBV, as B- and NK/T-cell lymphoid tumours. Antiviral treatment (oral Aciclovir or Valaciclovir) in anterior segment disease caused by EBV remains controversial.
Subject(s)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections , Lymphoma , Lymphoproliferative Disorders , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/diagnosis , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology , Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics , Humans , Lymphoproliferative Disorders/diagnosis , Lymphoproliferative Disorders/pathologyABSTRACT
The presence of transmission clusters (TCs) and their epidemiological characteristics in a treatment-naive cohort of HIV-1 patients in southern Spain over a decade (2004-2015) were evaluated. Protease and reverse transcriptase sequences provided by each genotype test were used in the phylogenetic study, performed first by the neighbor-joining method and then confirmed by Bayesian analysis. We collected clinical, immunovirological, and demographic data for all patients included. Our cohort comprised 757 patients, 428 (56.5%) belonging to a TC. Overall, we found 123 TCs, 21 of them comprising five or more individuals and three with ≥10 sequences. Forty-three TCs (35.0%) remained active. The clustered patients were mainly men (92.8%) who had sex with men (MSM) (81.5%), Spanish (80.6%), and young adults (median age at diagnosis of 32.6 years). They had lower percentages of late diagnosis and AIDS cases (42.1% and 13.6%, respectively), whereas the presence of recent seroconverters (31.1%), HIV-1 B subtypes (79.4%), and transmission drug resistance (20.3%) increased within TCs, with regard to not-clustered individuals. Among the TCs of non-B variants, circulating recombinant forms (CRF) were predominant (87.5%), with the highest frequencies for CRF19_cpx (17.0% of non-B subtype sequences in TCs); CRF02_AG (15.9%); and CRF01_AE (9.1%). In conclusion, over half of our cohort was included within a TC. More than a third of TCs found could be considered active transmission events. Belonging to a TC was related to MSM, Spanish origin, recent seroconversion, high prevalence of resistance mutations, and B HIV subtype. Among the non-B genetic forms in TCs, we found a high prevalence of CRF19_cpx, CRF02_AG, and CRF01_AE variants.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Protease/genetics , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics , HIV-1/genetics , Adult , Bayes Theorem , Female , Gene Expression , Genotype , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Protease/metabolism , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism , HIV-1/drug effects , HIV-1/enzymology , HIV-1/isolation & purification , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Epidemiology , Mutation , Prevalence , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Peritonitis/diagnosis , Peritonitis/microbiology , Cryptococcus neoformans , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcosis/microbiology , Liver Cirrhosis/microbiology , Fatal OutcomeSubject(s)
Cryptococcosis/complications , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Cryptococcosis/microbiology , Disease Susceptibility , Fatal Outcome , Hepatitis, Autoimmune/complications , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Liver Cirrhosis/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Organ Failure/etiology , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complicationsABSTRACT
Presentamos un caso de artritis gonocócica en un paciente con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y revisamos los 17 casos previamente publicados en sujetos con infección por este virus; solo un paciente presentó uretritis y los hemocultivos fueron positivos en un caso. La artritis gonocócica es infrecuente en pacientes con infección por el VIH y suele presentarse de forma aislada. Debe incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial de las artritis agudas en pacientes con infección por el VIH (AU)
We report a case of gonococcal arthritis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and review 17 previously published cases; only one patient presented urethritis, and blood cultures were positive in one case. Gonococcal arthritis is rare in HIV-infected patients and is not usually associated with other symptoms. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute arthritis in patients with HIV infection (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Arthritis, Infectious/complications , Arthritis, Infectious/diagnosis , Arthritis, Infectious/physiopathology , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/drug therapy , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolation & purification , Syphilis, Latent/complications , Syphilis, Latent/drug therapy , Synovitis/complications , Arthritis, Infectious/drug therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Homosexuality, Male , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Penicillin G Benzathine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
We report a case of gonococcal arthritis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and review 17 previously published cases; only one patient presented urethritis, and blood cultures were positive in one case. Gonococcal arthritis is rare in HIV-infected patients and is not usually associated with other symptoms. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute arthritis in patients with HIV infection.
