Investigating the impact of post-curing cycles on surface hardness and color stability in 3D printed resin crowns.

This study evaluated the effect of different post-curing cycles on the Vickers hardness, color change, and translucency value of 3D printed methacrylic acid ester-based temporary and permanent crown resins. A total of 300 samples were printed in disk shape (ø:8 mm, thickness: 2 mm) using VarseoSmile Crown Plus (VSC) and VarseoSmile Temp (VST) materials from a 3D printer. These disks were divided into five subgroups (n = 30 each) based on flash-curing cycles (0, 750, 1500, 2250, and 3000). Surface hardness tests and color tests were conducted on both the green state and flash-cured groups. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The hardness of 3D printed temporary and permanent crown resin increased with post-curing time. Compared to the post-curing cycle recommended by the manufacturer, no clinically significant color change (ΔE00 ≥ 2.25) was observed in any of the polymerized groups. It was determined that permanent crown material had a more translucent structure than temporary crown material. The interaction between material and post-curing had significant effects on surface hardness, color (ΔE00), and translucency of 3D printed methacrylic acid ester-based resins.

Evaluation of Pediatric Oral Health-Related Quality of Life score in children with traumatic dental avulsion injury: A Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional survey.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental avulsion injury, being one of the traumatic dental injuries, has negative impacts on children's life quality. This study aims to evaluate the Pediatric Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (POQL) scores of children with dental avulsion history from their perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population of this cross-sectional study comprises 40 patients, aged between 8 and 14, who have a history of dental avulsion, in comparison to 40 other healthy peers. A questionnaire including general questions (such as age, gender, loss of tooth due to dental avulsion, malocclusion) and POQL instrument, with subscales including physical function, social function, emotional function, and role function, were completed by these children. Mann-Whitney U-test is used when comparing the POQL scores. RESULTS: The social scores (median: 47, interquartile range [IQR]: 17-95) and total score percentages (median: 30, IQR: 14-40) of children with a history of avulsion were higher than those of their healthy peers (p < 0.05). The higher total POQL scores among girls (median: 37, IQR: 31-47) with a history of dental avulsion compared to boys (median: 19, IQR: 8-34) (p = .002) can be attributed to girls achieving higher scores in both social (median: 81, IQR: 39-100) and emotional (median: 35, IQR: 17-47) scores following dental avulsion (psocial = .02, pemotional = .006). Whether the avulsed tooth is replanted or not, it has not made any visible impact on the POQL scores. However, the loss of replanted teeth over time has created a borderline significant difference in emotional scores (median: 21, IQR: 11-35, p = .055). CONCLUSION: Within the limits of our study, avulsion injuries have negative effects on children's emotional, social, and total quality of life. Even though avulsion injuries may be inevitable, to prevent these negative effects, it is vital to provide appropriate psychological support in the treatment of these children.

The Evaluation of Oral Health Condition and Oral and Dental Care in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.

Objective: Congenital heart disease (CHD) plays a key role in oral and dental health regarding its own impacts on teeth (i.e., enamel hypoplasia), infective endocarditis and choice of dental treatment. The purpose of this study's comparing the oral and dental health status in children with or without CHD is to contribute to the literature by determining the effects of CHD on oral and dental health. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted using a descriptive and correlational design and consisted of 581 children aged between 6 months and 18 years who were healthy (n = 364) or experienced CHD (n = 217). CHD-impacted children were classified according to their shunt and stenosis and then their saturation values were noted. In the intraoral examination, caries data (dmft/DMFT, PUFA/pufa), oral hygiene (OHI-S) and enamel defect (DDE) indices were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: In our study, caries index scores of children with or without CHD in primary or permanent dentition were found to be similar. The mean OHI-S index (p < 0.001) and gingivitis findings (p = 0.047) of children with CHD had a higher prevalence than the healthy ones. The incidence of enamel defects was determined as 16.5% in CHD-affected children whereas an incidence rate of 4.7% was observed in healthy children. The mean saturation value of the participants with enamel defects (89 ± 8.9) was observed to be significantly lower (p = 0.03) than the patients with no enamel defects (95 ± 4.2). Conclusions: Whereas the caries index scores of CHD-affected children with a history of hypoxia in primary and permanent dentition were found to be similar to the healthy ones, children with CHD were observed to be more prone to enamel defects and periodontal diseases. Furthermore, considering the risk of infective endocarditis resulting from existing carious lesions and periodontal problems, it is highly important for pediatric cardiologists, pediatricians and pediatric dentists to collaborate in a multidisciplinary manner.

Evaluating the Cytotoxic Effect of Melatonin and Oxyresveratrol on Dental Pulp Stem Cells.

OBJECTIVE: Hypoxia in the pulpitis process, the use of bleaching agents, and resin-containing materials produce reactive oxygen species. Their damage to the pulp tissue can be eliminated by melatonin and oxyresveratrol. However, the cytotoxic effects of these antioxidants on dental pulp stem cells are not well known. The aim of this study was to observe the cytotoxic effects of melatonin and oxyresveratrol for 72 hours on dental pulp stem cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human dental pulp stem cells obtained from the American Type Culture Collection were seeded on E-Plates®, and after 24 hours, 3 different doses of melatonin (100 pM, 100 nM, and 100 µM) and oxyresveratrol (10 µM, 25 µM, and 50 µM) were added. Real-time cell index data was acquired by using xCELLigence® device for 72 hours and inhibitor concentration (IC50) values of experimental groups were obtained. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the cell index values. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group; oxyresveratrol 10 µM and melatonin 100 pM groups increased proliferation whereas oxyresveratrol 25 µM, oxyresveratrol 50 µM, and melatonin 100 µM groups induced cytotoxicity (P < .05). IC50 values at 24th, 48th, and 72th hours were 946 nM, 1220 nM, and 1243 nM for melatonin and 23 µM, 22.2 µM, and 22.5 µM for oxyresveratrol, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cytotoxicity of melatonin was higher than oxyresveratrol and they both increased dental pulp stem cells' proliferation at lower doses and induced cytotoxicity at higher doses.

Morphologic Mandibular Bone Changes on Panoramic Radiographs of Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) has effects on growth and development. However, information on how the structure of the mandibular bone is affected is limited. In the present study, we aim to compare mandibular bone structures of children affected with CHD and healthy ones through the fractal analysis method and radiomorphometric indices based on panoramic radiographs. The study consisted of 80 children (20 with cyanotic CHD, 20 with acyanotic CHD, 40 control) who were diagnosed with CHD and were treated through interventional therapy or followed up through medical therapy. Fractal dimension (FD) was performed in three different areas (angulus, corpus, and interdental bone) on 80 panoramic radiographs. Additionally, we assessed various radiomorphometric indices: mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical index (MCI), and simple visual estimation (SVE). p < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant in the analysis. Values of mean MCW, PMI, MCI, SVE, and FD measurements in children affected with CHD were found to be similar to the control group, regardless of whether they were cyanotic or acyanotic (p > 0.05). In this study, fractal analysis and radiomorphometric indices revealed no trabecular structure and mineral density changes in mandibular bone of children and adolescents with CHD compared to healthy subjects.

The Effect of the Treatment of Severe Early Childhood Caries on Growth-Development and Quality of Life.

PURPOSE: Untreated early childhood caries (ECC) adversely affect children's quality of life. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of ECC on growth, development, and quality of life. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 95 children were divided into three groups: general anesthesia (GA) (n = 31), dental clinic (DC) (n = 31), and control (n = 33). ECOHIS was applied to the parents in the GA and DC groups during a pre-treatment period and also applied in the post-treatment in the first and sixth months. Height, weight, and BMI measurements of the children in the study groups were taken and recorded at the pre-treatment stage and in the post-treatment in the first and sixth months. However, for the control group, these measurements were made just at the baseline and in the sixth month. RESULTS: Upon the treatment of ECC, the total ECOHIS score significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in both groups in the following first month, whereas the scores of the children in the GA group reached a similar level to the DC group at the end of the sixth month. Following treatment, the weight and height of the children with ECC who initially had significantly lower BMI percentiles than the control group (p = 0.008) were observed to increase and, thus, they reached a similar BMI percentile value to the control group in the sixth month. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study revealed that development and growth deficiencies in the children with ECC could be reversed rapidly by dental treatments and, thus, their quality of life would increase. The importance of treating ECC was revealed since treating ECC had positive effects both on the children's growth and development and on the quality of life of the children and their parents.

Effects of irradiation, restoration and crown fracture type on the maximum load to fracture traumatized incisors: An ex vivo study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Radiotherapy makes teeth prone to tooth fractures. However, the relationship between radiotherapy and maximum load to fracture teeth that suffered a crown fracture is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fracture type, radiation dose, fracture time, and their interactions on maximum load to fracture irradiated teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 140 permanent incisors were divided into two fracture type groups (uncomplicated and complicated) each of which included seven radiation dose subgroups (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60). The test groups were exposed to high-energy X-ray at 2 Gy/day, 5 days/week for a total dose of 10-60 Gy. Control groups were not irradiated. The load where the specimen started to break was obtained two different times. The 1st fracture was performed after radiation therapy, and the 2nd fracture was performed after the restoration of these samples. RESULTS: Fracture type had no effect on the maximum load to fracture. In contrast, the maximum load to fracture teeth decreased with increasing radiation doses. Maximum load to fracture the restored teeth was lower than the 1st fracture results. The general linear model procedure revealed a significant interaction between radiation dose and fracture time. Similarly, there was a significant interaction between the fracture type, radiotherapy dose, and fracture time. Maximum load values of teeth with complicated crown fractures restored with fiber posts and composite were not affected by radiation. CONCLUSION: Teeth that have been subjected to radiotherapy have an increased risk of fracture during dental trauma. However, restoration of the irradiated teeth with fiber posts and composite resin did not affect the maximum load required to fracture them.

Assessment of Permanent First Molars in Children Aged 7 to 10 Years Old.

Background: Dental caries is a chronic, infectious and preventable disease that is very common around the world. It has been observed that dental caries affect not only the majority of adults but also 60% to 90% of children. Permanent first molars (PFM) are the most commonly decayed teeth observed in children. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the decayed, missing filled teeth (DMFT) scores of PFMs in the early post-eruptive stage, within the scope of the United Nations Agenda for 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, thereby raising awareness for the prevention and treatment of permanent tooth decay. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in Erzurum between the years 2015−2016 by collecting data from children aged 7−10 years (17,208). In addition to the decayed, filled and missing data of the students' 6-year-molars, their ages, genders, frequencies of both tooth brushing and dental office visits were evaluated. The relationship between the variables was analyzed with chi-square. Result: The present study analyzed the data of a total of 11,457 children, 5704 girls and 5753 boys with a mean age of 8.74 ± 1.18. There was a statistically significant difference between the PFMs 16, 26, 36 and 46 regarding the number of healthy, decayed, missing and restored teeth (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of caries in the PFMs of children aged 7−10 years was 15.9% and the mean DMFT was 0.79 ± 1.39. This result showed that PFMs might develop carious lesions and even be lost within three years in the early post-eruptive stage.

Early Childhood Caries in 4- to 5-Year-Old Children in Erzurum, Turkey.

Introduction: Early childhood caries is tooth decay seen in children under 72 months old. It is associated with multiple predisposing factors and has a negative impact on quality of life. In this study, our aim was to assess the oral health conditions and prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in children in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in Atatürk University, Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry Department/Erzurum-Turkey, in the 2015-2016 academic year. A total of 1,156 children (588 girls and 568 boys), with mean age of 4.9 ± 0.3 years (min 4, max 5) were included in the study. Restorative index (RI), deft, significant caries index (SiC), SiC10, treatment needs, number of lost primary teeth per 100 children, care index, and prevalence of carious primary teeth were evaluated. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 73.3% prevalence of ECC was observed in preschool children with a mean deft score of 3.9±4 and an increase in ECC with age. RI was 2.2%, SiC was 8.5, SiC10 was 12.3, caries treatment needs was 93.5%, care index was 2.1%, and number of lost primary teeth per 100 children was 0.9 tooth. Conclusion: High level of ECC indicates the necessity of starting an oral health education program for mothers and dental screening of children, and the demand for improving oral and dental services.

A Strange Gingival Orifice in an Infant: A Case of Oral Myiasis.

Myiasis is a parasitic infection of humans and animals caused by dipterous larvae and is often seen in rural areas. For the first time in the literature as a case of gingival myiasis in an 18-month-old healthy child with good oral hygiene is reported. This case presents the clinical and histopathologic features of oral myiasis. The patient had a swelling in the upper lip for three days and a perforation in the gingiva. After mechanical removal of larvae intraoral symptoms resolved within six days. The larva was identified as Wohlfahrtia magnifica according to the histopathologic evaluation. Dentists working in rural areas should be aware of this very rare condition and its treatment.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the composite and compomer onlays in primary molars.

Resin onlay restoration is an esthetic alternative technique used for restoring extensively damaged primary molars. Understanding the behavior of materials under repeated functional stress and how the stress is transmitted to the remaining tooth structure is important. The aim of this study was to compare stresses in primary molars restored with indirect composite and compomer onlay. 3D frame models of the right mandibular and maxillary primary molars and the alveolar bone were created using computerized tomography images of a six-year-old girl. The enamel and dentine layers above the cement layer were unified to generate onlay restoration, and composite and compomer were used as restorative materials. The vertical occlusal load (100 N) was applied to the teeth in the occlusal contact areas. The von Mises stress distributions and normal stress distributions of the y-axis (parallel to the long axis of tooth) were evaluated. The occlusal stress is transmitted to the cervical part of healthy teeth by spreading it through the enamel layer. The composite and compomer restorative materials exhibited similar stress distribution patterns. An indirect technique creates a structure similar to the original morphological form, and it allows restorations to distribute high occlusal stresses and to minimize possible breakages.

Mind Conduct disorders in children with poor oral hygiene habits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with excessive tooth decay.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries and poor oral hygiene are among the major childhood public health problems. Although dental research frequently refers to the link between these conditions and behavioural issues, little attention has been paid to understanding the reason for oral health problems from a psychiatric point of view. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between poor oral health and hygiene and parental attitudes towards child rearing, parents' and children's oral hygiene behaviours, and childhood psychiatric disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 323 children aged 3-15 years. Decayed, missing, filled and decayed, extracted, filled indices, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Parent Attitude Research Instrument were used in the study. RESULTS: We found that the subjects' hyperactivity/inattention scores were positively correlated with poor oral health (p = 0.001) and heavy cariogenic food consumption (p = 0.040). Tooth brushing frequency was found to be significantly lower in children who have a risk for conduct/oppositional disorders than in their non-problematic peers (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Dental health and oral hygiene behaviours have close links with psychiatric disorders and psychosocial issues. Improving cooperation between child psychiatrists and dentists seems to be important in the prevention of paediatric dental problems.

Carbonic Anhydrase VI Gene Polymorphism rs2274327 Relationship Between Salivary Parameters and Dental-Oral Health Status in Children.

The aim of this study was to research carbonic anhydrase (CA) VI one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and its potential association with dental-oral health status (dental caries, Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI)) and salivary parameters (salivary buffering capacity, salivary flow rate (SFR)) in children. A total of 178 children were divided into two groups: non-carious (n = 70, 34 boys and 36 girls) and carious (n = 108, 47 boys and 61 girls). The clinical evaluations were performed according to the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index by a specialist. Clinical parameters including PI, GI, and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) were recorded. Salivary pH (SpH) was measured using pH paper. Blood samples and unstimulated whole saliva were collected, and SFR was calculated. The CA VI rs2274327 polymorphism was determined by a LightSNiP assay on the realtime PCR system. The frequencies of rs2274327 were not significant between groups (p > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between OHI-S and SpH in the carious and non-carious groups (p < 0.05). There was no correlation among the SNPs' frequencies and OHI-S, PI, GI, SFR, and SpH (p > 0.05). CA VI SNP (rs2274327) had no statistically significant association with OHI-S, PI, GI, SFR, and SpH in the children.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a minor salivary gland in a child.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), one of the most common salivary gland malignancies, is rare in children. MEC mainly occurs in the parotid gland, along with minor glands being the second common site, particularly in palate. Clinical, histological, and radiological findings of palatal MEC in a 12-year-old girl are presented with three-year follow-up. Pathologic lesions must be considered in differential diagnoses of intraoral asymptomatic lesions, and their detailed inspection should be taken into consideration.

Finite element stress analysis of short-post core and over restorations prepared with different restorative materials.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect on the distribution of stress with the use of short-post cores and over restorations composed of different materials. The restorative materials used were namely two different composite resin materials (Valux Plus and Tetric Flow), a polyacid-modified resin material (Dyract AP), and a woven polyethylene fiber combination (Ribbond Fiber + Bonding agent + Tetric Flow). Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to develop a model for the maxillary primary anterior teeth. A masticatory force of 100 N was applied at 148 degrees to the incisal edge of the palatal surface of the crown model. Stress distributions and stress values were compared using von Mises criteria. The tooth model was assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous, elastic, and asymmetrical. It was observed that the highest stress usually occurred in the cervical area of the tooth when Tetric Flow was used as the short-post core and over restoration material. The same maximum stress value was also obtained when Ribbond fiber + Tetric Flow material was used for the short-post core. The results of FEA showed that the mechanical properties and elastic modulus of the restorative material influenced the stresses generated in enamel, dentin, and restoration when short-post core restorations were loaded incisally. Resin-based restorative materials with higher elastic moduli were found to be unsuitable as short-post core materials in endodontically treated maxillary primary anterior teeth.

Performance of laser fluorescence for residual caries detection in primary teeth.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a visual-tactile examination and a laser fluorescence device for detecting residual dentinal caries after carious dentin removal with bur excavation, hand excavation and chemomechanical excavation (Carisolv()]. METHODS: Thirty extracted coronal caries primary second molars were used. The caries infected dentin has been removed. A blinded examiner checked all cavities for residual caries using a visual-tactile examination and laser fluorescence. Then the teeth were sectioned through the prepared cavities and the two halves of each tooth were processed for light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The presence or absence of residual caries was verified using polarized light microscopy as the gold standard. The cavity floor dentin after removing carious dentin was examined using SEM. RESULTS: In among all groups a significant difference is determined between visual-tactile examination and laser fluorescence (P<.05). There was an agreement between laser fluorescence or visual-tactile examination and histological gold standard (P>.05). In addition, SEM images of the surfaces with the caries removed have shown that a vast majority of the tubule openings is observed to be open in the samples of the Carisolv group in opposition to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The laser fluorescence system could be effective in checking the removal by other methods, such as bur or Carisolv and avoid excessive removal of the sound dentin.