Subject(s)
COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods , COVID-19/diagnosis , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Humans , Nasopharynx/virology , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods , Point-of-Care Testing , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Viral LoadABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to review and illustrate the sometimes diagnostically challenging features of cardiac sarcoidosis. We emphasize variable phenotypes presented at explant and biopsy evaluation and review literature regarding ancillary clinical and pathologic studies to enhance diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: A literature review was performed and two cardiac sarcoidosis cases were illustrated. RESULTS: Our cases and literature review demonstrate the pathologic spectrum of cardiac sarcoidosis. Irregular left ventricular free wall involvement is most common, followed by the interventricular septum and right ventricle. Although granulomas are often composed of tight epithelioid macrophage aggregates, early granulomas comprise loosely associated macrophages with lymphocyte predominance. Chronic disease leads to fibrosis and end-stage heart failure. Sampling errors and variable histology cause low endomyocardial biopsy sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Current guidelines use clinical, radiologic, and immunohistologic criteria for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis. Knowledge of these guidelines will assist pathologists in making accurate diagnosis of this disease.
Subject(s)
Cardiomyopathies/diagnosis , Myocardium/pathology , Sarcoidosis/diagnosis , Cardiomyopathies/pathology , Granuloma/pathology , Humans , Macrophages/pathology , Sarcoidosis/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Analysis of many clinically important analytes is dependent on antibody-based assays. However, depending on the design, these assays are vulnerable to interference from endogenous molecules including circulating antibodies and free biotin. In this case report, we describe a patient whose laboratory findings from immunoassay based methodologies, are inconsistent with the clinical presentation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 14-year-old male was referred to Pediatric Endocrinology for suspected hyperthyroidism based on critically elevated free thyroxine (fT4) levels although clinical assessment was inconsistent with hyperthyroidism. Because repeat testing was discrepant, Endocrinology questioned the validity of the results prompting consultation with the laboratory to investigate the source of the inconsistent findings. Review of discordant results revealed that fT4 levels measured in laboratories utilizing Roche instrumentation were critically high, while results from laboratories using alternative platforms (i.e. Siemens Centaur) were within normal limits. CONCLUSION: After a comprehensive evaluation which included testing of paired specimens on multiple platforms, measurement of serially diluted specimens and a formal evaluation for the presence of heterophile antibodies, it was determined that a heterophile antibody interference was the most likely cause of the aberrant results in this patient.