ABSTRACT
Chronic stress represents a major environmental risk factor for mood disorders in vulnerable individuals. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these disorders involve serotonergic and endocannabinoid systems. In this study, we have investigated the relationships between these two neurochemical systems in emotional control using genetic and imaging tools. CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice (KO) and wild-type littermates (WT) were exposed to chronic restraint stress. Depressive-like symptoms (anhedonia and helplessness) were produced by chronic stress exposure in WT mice. CB1 KO mice already showed these depressive-like manifestations in non-stress conditions and the same phenotype was observed after chronic restraint stress. Chronic stress similarly impaired long-term memory in both genotypes. In addition, brain levels of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) were assessed using positron emission tomography. Decreased brain 5-HTT levels were revealed in CB1 KO mice under basal conditions, as well as in WT mice after chronic stress. Our results show that chronic restraint stress induced depressive-like behavioral alterations and brain changes in 5-HTT levels similarly to those revealed in CB1 KO mice in non-stressed conditions. These results underline the relevance of chronic environmental stress on serotonergic and endocannabinoid transmission for the development of depressive symptoms. Chronic restraint stress induces depressive-like behavior and reduced 5-HTT levels in WT mice similar to those revealed in non-stressed CB1-KO mice. Reduced 5-HTT in both genotypes increases synaptic 5-HT concentration. The 5-HT release is modulated through CB1 receptors and the absence of inhibitory CB1 receptor causes decreased inhibition of 5-HT release resulting in high synaptic 5-HT concentration that are not further enhanced by stress.
Subject(s)
Aniline Compounds/metabolism , Depression/diagnostic imaging , Depression/metabolism , Positron-Emission Tomography , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Serotonin/metabolism , Sulfides/metabolism , Animals , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/metabolism , Carbon Radioisotopes , Depression/psychology , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/deficiency , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism , Stress, Psychological/diagnostic imaging , Stress, Psychological/metabolismABSTRACT
In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using positron emission tomography (PET) and the tracer [¹¹C]OMAR ([¹¹C]JHU75528), an analogue of rimonabant, to study the brain cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor system. Wild-type (WT) and CB1 knockout (KO) animals were imaged at baseline and after pretreatment with blocking doses of rimonabant. Brain uptake in WT animals was higher (50%) than in KO animals in baseline conditions. After pretreatment with rimonabant, WT uptake lowered to the level of KO animals. The results of this study support the feasibility of using PET with the radiotracer [¹¹C]JHU75528 to image the brain CB1 receptor system in mice. In addition, this methodology can be used to assess the effect of new drugs in preclinical studies using genetically manipulated animals.
Subject(s)
Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/metabolism , Carbon Radioisotopes , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Piperidines , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Pyrazoles , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Autoradiography , Brain Chemistry , Carbon Radioisotopes/chemistry , Carbon Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics , RimonabantABSTRACT
Recent hypotheses to explain the neurobiology of depression underline the role played by stress in mood disorders. The endocannabinoid system is one of the major physiological substrates involved in emotional responses and stress. Thus, mice lacking CB(1) receptor exhibit a depressive-like phenotype and an increased vulnerability to deleterious effects of stress. In order to identify possible molecular pathways contributing to this phenotype, we have examined the gene expression profile of mutants at basal conditions and after the exposure to repeated stress. Several genes coding for neurotransmitter receptors, neurotrophic factors, neuropeptides and hormones receptors were differentially expressed in CB(1) knockout mice.
