The importance of oxidative biomarkers in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring schizophrenia patients.

INTRODUCTION: The etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ), an incredibly complex disorder, remains multifaceted. Literature suggests the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathophysiology of SCZ. OBJECTIVES: Determination of selected OS markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with chronic SCZ and those in states predisposing to SCZ-first episode psychosis (FP) and ultra-high risk (UHR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Determination of OS markers and BDNF levels by spectrophotometric methods and ELISA in 150 individuals (116 patients diagnosed with SCZ or in a predisposed state, divided into four subgroups according to the type of disorder: deficit schizophrenia, non-deficit schizophrenia, FP, UHR). The control group included 34 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Lower activities of analyzed antioxidant enzymes and GSH and TAC concentrations were found in all individuals in the study group compared to controls (p < 0.001). BDNF concentration was also lower in all groups compared to controls except in the UHR subgroup (p = 0.01). Correlations were observed between BDNF, R-GSSG, GST, GPx activity, and disease duration (p < 0.02). A small effect of smoking on selected OS markers was also noted (rho<0.06, p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: OS may play an important role in the pathophysiology of SCZ before developing the complete clinical pattern of the disorder. The redox imbalance manifests itself with such severity in individuals with SCZ and in a state predisposing to the development of this psychiatric disease that natural antioxidant systems become insufficient to compensate against it completely. The discussed OS biomarkers may support the SCZ diagnosis and predict its progression.

The Effect of a Rotating Magnetic Field on the Regenerative Potential of Platelets.

Platelets are actively involved in tissue injury site regeneration by producing a wide spectrum of platelet-derived growth factors such as PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor), TGF-ß1 (transforming growth factor ß), FGF (fibroblast growth factor), etc. A rotating magnetic field (RMF) can regulate biological functions, including reduction or induction regarding inflammatory processes, cell differentiation, and gene expression, to determine the effect of an RMF on the regenerative potential of platelets. The study group consisted of 30 healthy female and male volunteers (n = 15), from which plasma was collected. A portion of the plasma was extracted and treated as an internal control group. Subsequent doses of plasma were exposed to RMF at different frequencies (25 and 50 Hz) for 1 and 3 h. Then, the concentrations of growth factors (IGF-1, PDGF-BB, TGF-ß1, and FGF-1) were determined in the obtained material by the ELISA method. There were statistically significant differences in the PDGF-BB, TGF-ß1, IGF-1, and FGF-1 concentrations between the analyzed groups. The highest concentration of PDGF-BB was observed in the samples placed in RMF for 1 h at 25 Hz. For TGF-ß1, the highest concentrations were obtained in the samples exposed to RMF for 3 h at 25 Hz and 1 h at 50 Hz. The highest concentrations of IGF-1 and FGF-1 were shown in plasma placed in RMF for 3 h at 25 Hz. An RMF may increase the regenerative potential of platelets. It was noted that female platelets may respond more strongly to RMF than male platelets.

The effect of a rotating magnetic field on the antioxidant system in healthy volunteers - preliminary study.

Oxidative stress is characterized by an excessive concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from a disturbance in the balance between ROS production and their removal by antioxidant systems (SOD, CAT, GPx). Prolonged and intense oxidative stress can cause various forms of damage to cells, which markers are total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reactive oxygen species modulator (ROMO1), and malondialdehyde (MDA). It has been demonstrated that magnetic fields can positively affect human health, for example, by reducing oxidative stress. Determination of the effect of a rotating magnetic field (RMF) on the activity/concentration of selected oxidative stress markers. A group of 30 healthy volunteers (15 women and 15 men) (mean age 24.8 ± 5.1) in the study classified into the following groups: internal control group (CG);1 h 25 Hz (samples placed in the field for one hour at 25 Hz); 3 h 25 Hz (samples placed in the field for 3 h at 25 Hz), the 1 h 50 Hz group ( placed in RMF for an hour at 50 Hz), and a group of 3 h 50 Hz (samples placed in the field for 3 h at 50 Hz). Serum samples were collected in K2EDTA tubes.. The magnetic induction value obtained for RMF is 37.06 mT and 42.64 mT.Activity/concentration of selected oxidative stress markers was analyzed by ELISA. The influence of an RMF on the activity/concentration of SOD, MDA, TAC, and ROMO1 was demonstrated (p < 0.001; p = 0.0013; p < 0.001; p = 0.003). The RFM can reduce oxidative stress, as evidenced by higher SOD and CAT activities in the CG than in samples placed in the RFM. Prolonged exposure to the RFM at 50 Hz increased the TAC level, indicating an intensification of oxidative stress in these samples. The optimal conditions for staying in the RFM (reducing oxidative stress) are 1 h 50 Hz for SOD and MDA; 3 h 25 Hz for CAT and TAC. In the case of ROMO1, it is stated that 1 h 25 Hz are the optimal conditions for no increased production of ROS.

Can Compounds of Natural Origin Be Important in Chemoprevention? Anticancer Properties of Quercetin, Resveratrol, and Curcumin-A Comprehensive Review.

Malignant tumors are the second most common cause of death worldwide. More attention is being paid to the link between the body's impaired oxidoreductive balance and cancer incidence. Much attention is being paid to polyphenols derived from plants, as one of their properties is an antioxidant character: the ability to eliminate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, chelate specific metal ions, modulate signaling pathways affecting inflammation, and raise the level and activity of antioxidant enzymes while lowering those with oxidative effects. The following three compounds, resveratrol, quercetin, and curcumin, are polyphenols modulating multiple molecular targets, or increasing pro-apoptotic protein expression levels and decreasing anti-apoptotic protein expression levels. Experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo on animals and humans suggest using them as chemopreventive agents based on antioxidant properties. The advantage of these natural polyphenols is low toxicity and weak adverse effects at higher doses. However, the compounds discussed are characterized by low bioavailability and solubility, which may make achieving the blood concentrations needed for the desired effect challenging. The solution may lie in derivatives of naturally occurring polyphenols subjected to structural modifications that enhance their beneficial effects or work on implementing new ways of delivering antioxidants that improve their solubility and bioavailability.

Bacteriophage-based approach for treatment of urinary tract infections: a quick outlook.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections affecting millions worldwide. The increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a serious concern in managing UTIs. Therefore, there is a growing interest in using bacteriophages as an alternative or adjunct therapy for UTIs. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria, making them a promising tool for treating UTIs caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This article provides a quick outlook on using bacteriophages to treat UTIs. We summarize the current understanding of the biology of bacteriophages, the challenges associated with developing phage-based therapies, and the promising results of several case reports and clinical trials. We also highlight the potential of phage therapy as a valuable tool in the fight against antibiotic-resistant UTIs. This quick outlook on a bacteriophage-based approach for treating UTIs offers a timely and informative summary of the current research in this field.

Response Surface Methodology Application for Bacteriophage-Antibiotic Antibiofilm Activity Optimization.

Phage-antibiotic combination-based protocols are presently under heightened investigation. This paradigm extends to engagements with bacterial biofilms, necessitating novel computational approaches to comprehensively characterize and optimize the outcomes achievable via these combinations. This study aimed to explore the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in optimizing the antibiofilm activity of bacteriophage-antibiotic combinations. We employ a combination of antibiotics (gentamicin, meropenem, amikacin, ceftazidime, fosfomycin, imipenem, and colistin) alongside the bacteriophage vB_AbaP_AGC01 to combat Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm. Based on the conducted biofilm challenge assays analyzed using the RSM, the optimal points of antibiofilm activity efficacy were effectively selected by applying this methodology, enabling the quantifiable mathematical representations. Subsequent optimization showed the synergistic potential of the anti-biofilm that arises when antibiotics are judiciously combined with the AGC01 bacteriophage, reducing biofilm biomass by up to 80% depending on the antibiotic used. The data suggest that the phage-imipenem combination demonstrates the highest efficacy, with an 88.74% reduction. Notably, the lower concentrations characterized by a high maximum reduction in biofilm biomass were observed in the phage-amikacin combination at cA = 0.00195 and cP = 0.38 as the option that required minimum resources. It is worth noting that only gentamicin antagonism between the phage and the antibiotic was detected.

Biomarkers of the Complement System Activation (C3a, C5a, sC5b-9) in Serum of Patients before and after Liver Transplantation.

The liver has a huge impact on the functioning of our body and the preservation of homeostasis. It is exposed to many serious diseases, which may lead to the chronic failure of this organ, which is becoming a global health problem today. Currently, the final form of treatment in patients with end-stage (acute and chronic) organ failure is transplantation. The proper function of transplanted organs depends on many cellular processes and immune and individual factors. An enormous role in the process of acceptance or rejection of a transplanted organ is attributed to, among others, the activation of the complement system. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the concentration of selected biomarkers' complement system activation (C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9 (terminal complement complex)) in the serum of patients before and after liver transplantation (24 h, two weeks). The study was conducted on a group of 100 patients undergoing liver transplantation. There were no complications during surgery and no transplant rejection in any of the patients. All patients were discharged home 2-3 weeks after the surgery. The levels of all analyzed components of the complement system were measured using the ELISA method. Additionally, the correlations of the basic laboratory parameters-C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin (Hb), total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), and albumin-with the parameters of the complement system (C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9) were determined. In our study, changes in the concentrations of all examined complement system components before and after liver transplantation were observed, with the lowest values before liver transplantation and the highest concentration two weeks after. The direct increase in components of the complement system (C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9) 24 h after transplantation likely affects liver damage after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), while their increase two weeks after transplantation may contribute to transplant tolerance. Increasingly, attention is being paid to the role of C3a and CRP as biomarkers of damage and failure of various organs. From the point of view of liver transplantation, the most interesting correlation in our own research was found exactly between CRP and C3a, 24 h after the transplantation. This study shows that changes in complement activation biomarkers and the correlation with CRP in blood could be a prognostic signature of liver allograft survival or rejection.

The Use of Stem Cells as a Potential Treatment Method for Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases: Review.

Stem cells have been the subject of research for years due to their enormous therapeutic potential. Most neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD) are incurable or very difficult to treat. Therefore new therapies are sought in which autologous stem cells are used. They are often the patient's only hope for recovery or slowing down the progress of the disease symptoms. The most important conclusions arise after analyzing the literature on the use of stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases. The effectiveness of MSC cell therapy has been confirmed in ALS and HD therapy. MSC cells slow down ALS progression and show early promising signs of efficacy. In HD, they reduced huntingtin (Htt) aggregation and stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis. MS therapy with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) inducted significant recalibration of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory components of the immune system. iPSC cells allow for accurate PD modeling. They are patient-specific and therefore minimize the risk of immune rejection and, in long-term observation, did not form any tumors in the brain. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC-EVs) and Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) cells are widely used to treat AD. Due to the reduction of Aß42 deposits and increasing the survival of neurons, they improve memory and learning abilities. Despite many animal models and clinical trial studies, cell therapy still needs to be refined to increase its effectiveness in the human body.

Proteomic and lipidomic biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease - a review.

PURPOSE: There is an increasing prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to date, no effective treatment has been developed and the exact etiology of this disease remains unknown. Nevertheless, a growing number of proteomic and lipidomic studies have identified certain proteins and lipids which can be used successfully in patients to improve diagnoses and monitoring of treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We have focused on the applications of proteins and lipids for IBD diagnostics, including differentiation of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), treatment monitoring, monitoring of clinical state, likelihood of relapse, and their potential for novel targeted treatments. RESULTS: Analysis of protein and lipid profiles can: improve the availability and use of diagnostic markers; improve understanding of the pathomechanisms of IBD, for example, several studies have implicated platelet dysfunction (PF4), autoimmune responses (granzyme B, perforin), and abnormal metabolism (arachidonic acid pathways); aid in monitoring patient health; and improve therapeutics (experimental phosphatidylcholine therapy has been shown to result in an improvement in intestinal condition). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the enormous progress of proteomics and lipidomics in recent years and the development of new technologies, further research is needed to select some of the most sensitive and specific markers applicable in diagnosing and treating IBD.

Advances in bacteriophage-mediated strategies for combating polymicrobial biofilms.

Bacteria and fungi tend to coexist within biofilms instead of in planktonic states. Usually, such communities include cross-kingdom microorganisms, which make them harder to remove from abiotic surfaces or infection sites. Additionally, the produced biofilm matrix protects embedded microorganisms from antibiotics, disinfectants, or the host immune system. Therefore, classic therapies based on antibiotics might be ineffective, especially when multidrug-resistant bacteria are causative factors. The complexities surrounding the eradication of biofilms from diverse surfaces and the human body have spurred the exploration of alternative therapeutic modalities. Among these options, bacteriophages and their enzymatic counterparts have emerged as promising candidates, either employed independently or in synergy with antibiotics and other agents. Phages are natural bacteria killers because of mechanisms of action that differ from antibiotics, phages might answer worldwide problems with bacterial infections. In this review, we report the attempts to use bacteriophages in combating polymicrobial biofilms in in vitro studies, using different models, including the therapeutical use of phages. In addition, we sum up the advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives of phage therapy.

Activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in healthy women depends on age, BMI, physical activity, and diet.

INTRODUCTION: Antioxidant enzymes protect the human body against the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The activity of antioxidant enzymes changes with age and depends on dietary nutrients such as fats and vitamins, which can have a significant impact on minimizing or exacerbating oxidative stress. AIM: To examine the effect of age, BMI, diet, physical activity, and smoking status on the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione concentrations in healthy women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 98 healthy women aged between 20 and 65 years. All women underwent anthropometric tests: body weight, height, hip, and waist circumference. Antioxidant activity in erythrocytes was measured by spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS: Catalase activity increased significantly with age (p < 0.001), while superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione decreased with age (p = 0.008, p = 0.023, respectively). Women with a lower BMI (emaciation) had higher superoxide dismutase activity than those in the first degree of obesity (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: (1) Increased catalase activity with age may signify a large amount of hydrogen peroxide resulting from malfunctioning antioxidant systems in old age. (2) A decline in superoxide dismutase activity with age may indicate inactivation of this enzyme, inappropriate SOD function in the presence of excessive amounts of hydrogen peroxide, and glycation of superoxide dismutase molecules. (3) A negative correlation between superoxide dismutase activity and the BMI index may indicate a decreased enzymatic activity in obese people.

Prostate Cancer Eligible for Radical Prostatectomy: Self-Esteem of Patients and Forms of Coping with Stress.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the strategies and styles of coping with stress and self-esteem in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. One hundred and five patients with prostate cancer participated in the study. Coping strategies were assessed with the Mini-Cope questionnaire, coping styles were assessed with the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Patients' self-esteem and stress coping styles and strategies were analyzed using a Pearson correlation analysis. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of self-esteem. The self-esteem level was positively related to the task-focused style (r = 0.228) and negatively related to the emotion-focused style (r = −0.329). The self-esteem level was significantly positively related to the strategies of active coping (r = 0.358), planning (r = 0.355), and seeking emotional support (r = 0.319) and was negatively related to self-blaming (r = −0.448) and to substance use (r = −0.301). The predictors of self-esteem level were: the strategies of self-blaming, planning, and the support-seeking dimension (F(3, 95) = 17.65; p < 0.001), explaining 33.8% of the variability in subjects' self-esteem level. The moderating effect of age occurred in patients up to 65 years; it was statistically insignificant in patients older than 65 years. Replacement of the self-blame strategy and the emotion-focused style may lead to higher self-esteem of patients. The level of self-esteem can predict the strategies of self-blaming, planning, and the dimension of seeking support. For patients up to 65 years, psychological support should include reinforcement of adaptive forms of coping.

PhageScore-based analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii infecting phages antibiotic interaction in liquid medium.

The growing interest in bacteriophages and antibiotics' combined use poses new challenges regarding this phenomenon's accurate description. This study aimed to apply the PhageScore methodology to assess the phage-antibiotic combination activity in liquid bacterial culture. For this purpose, previously described Acinetobacter infecting phages vB_AbaP_AGC01, Aba-1, and Aba-4 and antibiotics (gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, norfloxacin, and fosfomycin) were used to obtain a lysis curve of bacteriophages under antibiotic pressure. The experimental data were analyzed using the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) and PhageScore methodology. The results obtained by this method clearly show differences between phage lytic activity after antibiotic addition. Thus, we present the potential use of the PhageScore method as a tool for characterizing the phage antibiotic synergy in liquid culture. Further, the optimization of the PhageScore for this purpose can help compare antibiotics and their outcome on bacteriophage lytic activity.

Rotating Magnetic Field-Assisted Reactor Enhances Mechanisms of Phage Adsorption on Bacterial Cell Surface.

Growing interest in bacteriophage research and use, especially as an alternative treatment option for multidrug-resistant bacterial infection, requires rapid development of production methods and strengthening of bacteriophage activities. Bacteriophage adsorption to host cells initiates the process of infection. The rotating magnetic field (RMF) is a promising biotechnological method for process intensification, especially for the intensification of micromixing and mass transfer. This study evaluates the use of RMF to enhance the infection process by influencing bacteriophage adsorption rate. The RMF exposition decreased the t50 and t75 of bacteriophages T4 on Escherichia coli cells and vb_SauM_A phages on Staphylococcus aureus cells. The T4 phage adsorption rate increased from 3.13 × 10-9 mL × min-1 to 1.64 × 10-8 mL × min-1. The adsorption rate of vb_SauM_A phages exposed to RMF increased from 4.94 × 10-9 mL × min-1 to 7.34 × 10-9 mL × min-1. Additionally, the phage T4 zeta potential changed under RMF from -11.1 ± 0.49 mV to -7.66 ± 0.29 for unexposed and RMF-exposed bacteriophages, respectively.

Bacteriophage-Ciprofloxacin Combination Effectiveness Depends on Staphylococcus aureus-Candida albicans Dual-Species Communities' Growth Model.

Alternative therapies against multidrug-resistant bacteria are widely investigated in the postantibiotic era. Polymicrobial biofilms formed by two or more species of bacteria or fungi pose an additional threat. The removal of such complex communities requires more effort and a multidirectional approach. In this study, the effectiveness of two bacteriophages vB_SauM-A (A) and vB_SauM-D (D) combined with ciprofloxacin was used to combat Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of Candida albicans both in liquid culture and biofilm. The results showed that phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS) led to the complete removal of S. aureus in liquid culture without bacterial population regrowth after 24 hours, and C. albicans enhanced this therapeutic effect. In a biofilm assay, C. albicans presence caused a decrease of bacterial eradication and a reduction of biofilm-specific activity (BSA). However, the strong effect of PAS was observed both in mono- and dual-species biofilm. Usage of phages and ciprofloxacin (1 mg/L) caused a 90% reduction of BSA of mono-species biofilm and 69% of dual-species biofilm. Phages alone resulted in a decrease of 71% and 48%, and ciprofloxacin (1 mg/L) alone resulted in 45% and 23% reduction, respectively. The influence of C. albicans on the PAS effect against S. aureus presented in this study was not previously investigated.

Problematic Internet Use, health behaviors, depression and eating disorders: a cross-sectional study among Polish medical school students.

BACKGROUND: Problematic Internet Use is defined as a use of the Internet which leads to various difficulties. The aim of this study was to check whether Problematic Internet Use is associated with health risks, such as: anti-health behaviors, depressive symptoms, abnormal body weight or eating disorders. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 540 medical school students of Polish descent (83.5% females; 16.5% males), whose mean age was 22.49 years (SD = 5.20). The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire set, including the Problematic Internet Use Test, Juczynski's Health-Related Behavior Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Eating Attitudes Test and a self-designed demographic survey. RESULTS: Increased Problematic Internet Use scores were observed in male, full-time students, persons who use the Internet on the computer (compared to those who mostly use it on the phone), and those who go online mainly for entertainment purposes (compared to those who indicated another main purpose of using the Internet). 47.6% of the sample reported poor health behaviors, while 27.1% met the criteria of a depressive episode and 6.9% of an eating disorder. High risk of Problematic Internet Use was observed in 2.8% of the sample, particularly those who reported having more free time during the day, engaged in fewer health protective behaviors, manifested more severe depressive symptoms and scored higher on the Eating Attitudes Test. CONCLUSION: Such results indicate that students with Problematic Internet Use lead an unhealthy lifestyle and more often show symptoms of depression and eating disorders than students without Problematic Internet Use.

Renal and Inflammation Markers-Renalase, Cystatin C, and NGAL Levels in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a One-Month Follow-Up Study.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of asymptomatic infection and the occurrence of symptomatic COVID-19 on specific biochemical, renal, and immune parameters-renalase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) cystatin C (CysC), and creatinine-and their weekly fluctuations during a one-month observation period in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital. The study involved 86 individuals: 30 patients with diagnosed COVID-19, 28 people with asymptomatic infection confirmed with IgG antibodies-the IG(+) group-and 28 individuals without any (IgG, IgE) anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies-the IG(-) group. In the COVID-19 group, blood was drawn four times: (1) on day 0/1 after admission to hospital (C1 group), (2) 7 days later (C7 group), (3) 14 days later (C14 group), and (4) 28 days later (C28 group). In the IG(-) and IG(+) groups, blood was drawn once. There were no significant differences in creatinine, Cys C, and uric acid between any of the analyzed groups. NGAL levels were significantly higher in IG(+) and at all time-points in the COVID-19 groups than in controls. A similar observation was made for renalase at the C7, C14, and C28 time-points. Plasma renalase, NGAL, and CysC are unrelated to kidney function in non-critically ill COVID-19 patients and those with asymptomatic infection. Renalase and NGAL are most likely related to the activation of the immune system rather than kidney function. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a rise in plasma NGAL levels similar to those observed in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Therefore, more attention should be paid to tracking and monitoring the health of these people.

Adiponectin is unrelated to kidney function or injury markers in renal transplant recipients: A one-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Adiponectin (ADPN) is a biologically active cytokine produced by adipose tissue. This protein exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic, and insulin-sensitizing properties. As ADPN is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, it is a potential biomarker of chronic kidney disease progression. This study aimed to analyze the fluctuations in ADPN levels after kidney transplantation during a one-year follow-up and to compare them to significant renal (eGFR, NGAL) and metabolic (insulin, glucose, lipids, HOMA-IR) markers. METHODS: Insulin, ADPN, NGAL, and basic biochemical parameters were evaluated in 51 healthy controls and 39 patients right before kidney transplantation and at five time points following transplantation (5-7 days, one month, three months, six months, and twelve months). RESULTS: Mean ADPN levels dropped significantly right after transplantation (from 35.449 to 30.920 µg/mL, p = 0.001) and decreased gradually over a year. From the third month after the transplantation, ADPN levels were comparable to healthy individuals. At the pre-transplant time point, ADPN correlated only with insulin (r = -0.60, p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.55, p < 0.001). At the timepoints after transplantation, ADPN correlated only with NGAL at three months (r = -0.70, p = 0.048). The correlation of ADPN with HOMA-IR found at pre-transplant was not significant at any post-transplant time point, but at one and three months after transplant, the correlations reached a borderline significance (p = 0.07 and p = 0.08, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Successful kidney transplantation is followed by a gradual and significant ADPN decrease. In pre- and post-transplant patients, ADPN is unrelated to kidney function defined by GFR, but to glucose metabolism. Most of the analyzed metabolic and kidney parameters, apart from NGAL, stabilize within three months after transplantation.

Xanthine oxidoreductase activity in platelet-poor and rich plasma as a oxidative stress indicator in patients required renal replacement therapy.

BACKGROUND: Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a hydroxylase enzyme involved in the metabolism of purines. XOR activity can vary: the homodimer protein can be converted into two different isoforms XD (antioxidant) and XO (prooxidant). Oxidative stress and inflammation that accompanying chronic kidney disease (CKD), dialysis, and kidney transplantation, resulted in platelet activation. Present study aimed to determine the influence of applied renal replacement therapy on xanthine oxidoreductase and its isoforms activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 117 patients, divided into 4 groups: hemodialysis - 30 patients, peritoneal dialysis - 30 patients, kidney transplant patients - 27 and conservative treatment - 30 patients. The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in XOR activity in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) within the groups studied (p = 0.001). There was a relationship between the type of renal replacement therapy of all oxidoreductase isoforms in PPP (p < 0.001 all isoforms) and XD (p = 0.008), XO (p < 0.001) in platelet rich-plasma (PRP). A relationship was observed between the activity of all oxidoreductase isoforms in PPP and PRP, and the type of renal replacement therapy and the duration of dialysis and the age of patients. The cause of chronic kidney disease was also reflected differences in XD and XO activity in PPP. CONCLUSIONS: The type of renal replacement therapy used in CKD patients, age of patients, duration of dialysis, CKD causes, and stage of progression significantly affect the activity of XOR and its isoforms.

Importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and monitoring of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, a review.

Oxidative stress is defined as the persistent imbalance between the activity of toxic reactive forms of both oxygen and nitrogen and the antioxidant defense. In low concentrations, they are essential for the proper functioning of the body. Still, their excessive amount contributes to the damage of the biomolecules, consequently leading to various pathologies of the organism. Due to the lipid-rich brain structure, enormous oxygen consumption, and the lack of a sufficient antioxidant barrier make it highly susceptible to oxidative imbalance. Hence, oxidative stress has been linked to various psychiatric disorders. These diseases include all behavioral, emotional, and cognitive abnormalities associated with a significant impediment to social life. Each of the diseases in question: Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, is characterized by excessive oxidative stress. Considerable damages to DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and mitochondrial dysfunction, are observed. All conditions show increased lipid peroxidation, which appears to be typical of psychiatric disorders because the brain contains large amounts of these types of molecules. In addition, numerous abnormalities in the antioxidant defense are noted, but the results of studies on the activity of antioxidant enzymes differ significantly. The most promising biomarkers seem to be GSH in Alzheimer's disease as an early-stage marker of the disease and thioredoxin in schizophrenia as a marker for therapy monitoring. Data from the literature are consistent with the decrease in antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, uric acid, albumin, etc. Despite these numerous inconsistencies, it seems that oxidative stress is present in the course of psychiatric diseases. Still, it cannot be conclusively determined whether it is the direct cause of development, a consequence of other abnormalities at the biochemical or molecular level, or the result of the disease itself.