Regulation of protein translation and c-Jun expression by prostate tumor overexpressed 1.

Prostate tumor overexpressed-1 (PTOV1), a modulator of the Mediator transcriptional regulatory complex, is expressed at high levels in prostate cancer and other neoplasias in association with a more aggressive disease. Here we show that PTOV1 interacts directly with receptor of activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1), a regulator of protein kinase C and Jun signaling and also a component of the 40S ribosome. Consistent with this interaction, PTOV1 was associated with ribosomes and its overexpression promoted global protein synthesis in prostate cancer cells and COS-7 fibroblasts in a mTORC1-dependent manner. Transfection of ectopic PTOV1 enhanced the expression of c-Jun protein without affecting the levels of c-Jun or RACK1 mRNA. Conversely, knockdown of PTOV1 caused significant declines in global protein synthesis and c-Jun protein levels. High levels of PTOV1 stimulated the motility and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells, which required c-Jun, whereas knockdown of PTOV1 strongly inhibited the tumorigenic and metastatic potentials of PC-3 prostate cancer cells. In human prostate cancer samples, the expression of high levels of PTOV1 in primary and metastatic tumors was significantly associated with increased nuclear localization of active c-Jun. These results unveil new functions of PTOV1 in the regulation of protein translation and in the progression of prostate cancer to an invasive and metastatic disease.

Impacto de la diabetes en la carga hospitalaria / Impact of diabetes on hospital consumption

Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la diabetes en el consumo de recursos hospitalarios. Método: Se analizaron todos los ingresos de un hospital terciario en 2006, registrados en el conjunto mínimo básico de datos (CMBD). Se estudiaron las características demográficas, de complejidad y de uso de servicios de pacientes con y sin diabetes. Resultados: En el 14,11 % constaba el diagnóstico de diabetes. El 66,4 % fueron ingresos urgentes y un 6,2 % fallecieron en el hospital. El 24 % tuvo más de un ingreso durante el año de estudio. La estancia media fue de 10,26 días frente a los 7,72 de los no diabéticos (p < 0,001). Complejidad, número de diagnósticos secundarios, sexo, tipo de ingreso y tipo de GRD influyeron en la duración de la estancia. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de diabetes es frecuente en los pacientes hospitalizados (14 %) y estos pacientes presentan estancias más elevadas (AU)

Objective: To analyze the impact of diabetes on hospital resources utilization by inpatients. Method: We analyzed all the episodes of hospitalisation in the year 2006 of a tertiary hospital by means of the Basic Minimun data Set (CMBD).We studied demographic characteristics, case-mix, and use of hospital services for patients with and without diabetes. Results: A total of 28.383 episodes of hospitalisation wereregistered and out of these: 14.11 % were diabetic patients. Out of the total episodes, 66.4 % were emergency admissions with a hospital mortality rate of 6.2 %. Of these patients 24 % had more than one episode of hospitalisation during the study time period. The mean stay in the hospital was 10.26 days. Variables such as the complexity, the number of secondary diagnosis, sex, type of admission and the type of GRD’S affects the mean hospital stay in these patients. Conclusions: Diabetic patients account for more than 14 % of hospital admissions, and have a higher average stay than non-diabetics (AU)

Photosynthesis of Prochloron as affected by environmental factors.

The effects of light intensity, pH, temperature, and UV irradiation on the photosynthetic rate of Prochloron isolated from the ascidian host Lissoclinum patella, collected from Palau, were examined. Photosynthesis increased with light intensity with saturation at 500 micromol/m(2) per second. It was maximum at pH 8 to 9 but almost completely suppressed below pH 7. The optimum temperature was 35 degrees to 40 degrees C, but the photosynthesis was absent at < or =20 degrees C and at 45 degrees C. It was recovered when the symbiont was transferred from 1 hour of incubation at < or =20 degrees C to 35 degrees C but not when transferred from incubation at 45 degrees C. Ultraviolet irradiation severely inhibited the photosynthesis of Prochloron in isolation but not in vivo. This protection was brought about by the tunic covering the ascidian colony, which contains UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids. These results indicate that the characteristic condition of the tropical marine environment largely determines the ecological distribution of Prochloron, and the ascidian tunic protects the organism from UV radiation.

Light-Induced Carbonic Anhydrase Expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The effect of external inorganic carbon concentration and light on carbonic anhydrase (CA) protein accumulation and steady-state mRNA levels were examined in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. When photoautotrophically grown high-CO(2) cells were transferred to low-CO(2) conditions, they exhibited a significant accumulation of the 2.0-kilobase CA transcript after 1 hour with the maximum level reached after 2 hours. An increase in the accumulation of the 37-kilodalton CA monomer was observed after 2-hour exposure to air. Cells allowed to adapt to air levels of CO(2) in the dark showed neither an increase in CA mRNA abundance nor in the accumulation of the enzyme. Similarly, addition of 10 micromole 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea immediately after transferring high-CO(2) cells to low-CO(2) condition did not cause an increase in CA transcript abundance and enzyme accumulation, suggesting that photosynthesis is absolutely required in the regulation of CA transcript abundance. In addition to the photosynthesis-dependent process, a blue light stimulated mechanism is also involved in CA transcript regulation. Experiments with transcription inhibitors confirmed the notion that the gene for carbonic anhydrase enzyme is encoded by the nuclear genome and that the induction of the enzyme depends heavily on the transcription of the CA gene.

cDNA cloning, sequence, and expression of carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: regulation by environmental CO2 concentration.

cDNA clones for the periplasmic carbonic anhydrase (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were isolated and characterized. The fact that the cloned cDNA fragments encoded a 377-amino acid polypeptide (41,626 Da) consisting of an NH2-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide of 20 amino acids, a large (35,603 Da) subunit polypeptide, and a small (4144 Da) subunit polypeptide indicates that the two subunits are cotranslated as a precursor polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of mature subunits deduced from the nucleotide sequence showed 20-22% homology with human CA isozymes (CAI, CAII, and CAIII). Three zinc-liganded histidine residues and those forming a hydrogen-bond network to zinc-bound solvent molecules were highly conserved in the plant and animal enzymes. Three possible asparagine-linked glycosylation sites were found in the large subunit. Northern blot analysis was carried out using the cDNA fragment as a probe. The level of 2.0-kilobase CA mRNA increased within 1 hr when CO2 concentration of the bubbling gas was changed from 5% to 0.04% (air level) in the presence of light. On the other hand, CA mRNA did not accumulate when CO2 concentration was lowered in the dark. Experiments using 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea showed that photosynthesis is absolutely required for the accumulation of CA mRNA. These results indicate that CA biosynthesis is regulated by changes in environmental CO2 concentration as well as light at the level of mRNA abundance.