miRNA expression in PCOS: unveiling a paradigm shift toward biomarker discovery.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects a substantial percentage of women, estimated at around 9-21%. This condition can lead to anovulatory infertility in women of childbearing age and is often accompanied by various metabolic disturbances, including hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, obesity, type-2 diabetes, and elevated cholesterol levels. The development of PCOS is influenced by a combination of epigenetic alterations, genetic mutations, and changes in the expression of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs, commonly referred to as non-coding RNAs, are approximately 22 nucleotides in length and primarily function in post-transcriptional gene regulation, facilitating mRNA degradation and repressing translation. Their dynamic expression in different cells and tissues contributes to the regulation of various biological and cellular pathways. As a result, they have become pivotal biomarkers for various diseases, including PCOS, demonstrating intricate associations with diverse health conditions. The aberrant expression of miRNAs has been detected in the serum of women with PCOS, with overexpression and dysregulation of these miRNAs playing a central role in the atypical expression of endocrine hormones linked to PCOS. This review takes a comprehensive approach to explore the upregulation and downregulation of various miRNAs present in ovarian follicular cells, granulosa cells, and theca cells of women diagnosed with PCOS. Furthermore, it discusses the potential for a theragnostic approach using miRNAs to better understand and manage PCOS.

Comparison of Outcome of Normal and High-Risk Pregnancies Based Upon Cerebroplacental Ratio Assessed by Doppler Studies.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cerebroplacental ratio which is the ratio of pulsatility index of fetal middle cerebral and umbilical arteries, in normal and high-risk pregnancies during 30-36 weeks of gestation. METHODS: In this study, we included 70 patients, who were scanned for Doppler parameters of Middle cerebral artery and Umbilical artery pulsatility index ratio of fetus, between 30 and 36 weeks, and then were followed till delivery. Thirty-five patients with normal pregnancy and 35 patients with high-risk pregnancy were included. Perinatal outcome was evaluated in relation to indices ratio. RESULTS: There was cerebroplacental ratio of <1.00 in eight cases of the study group in comparison with the control group in which there is no case of <1.00 value. It was associated with poor perinatal outcome in terms of need for lower segment cesarean section for fetal distress, Apgar <8 at 5 min, and admission to nursery. CONCLUSION: Cerebroplacental ratio is highly sensitive in diagnosing hemodynamically compromised fetuses and very useful for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in these fetuses.