[Analysis of development of hip joint dysplasia in dogs]. / Analýza vývoja dysplázie bedrových klbov u psov.

Hip joint dysplasia in dogs occurs mainly in large and heavy breeds. It brings about changes on the acetabulum (socket) and the head of thigh bone, thus causing pain, tiredness, refusal to jump and refusal of increased activity. Even though presently the genetic basis of development of this disease, numerous literary sources indicate existence of pre-disposing factors that facilitate development in later stages of life. Diet and unbalanced development of skeleton and support tissues-ligaments, joint capsule and musculature also have the effect on development of dysplasia. We have analyzed acquired results of X-ray examination of dogs-German shepherds. The size of the group was 4 206 and the examination was aimed at incidence of hip-joint dysplasia during the period of 1977-1995 in the Slovak Republic. We have found out that in 1977 there were 70.7% positive cases out of the total number of examined individuals. Gradual exclusion of dogs with heavier grades of dysplasia (D, E) decreased occurrence of dysplasia to current rate of 40.8%. We considered it to be a high incidence rate. Internal structure of the positive group has changed. The number of dogs with the lightest grade of dysplasia (B) has increased, while the number of heavier grade dysplasia (C, D, E) decreased. In other breeds of dogs, of which more than 20 have been examined at the clinic, the following results have been acquired: Slovak chuvash-32%, Bavarian and Hannover bloodhound-30.6%, Rotweiler-28.6%, Newfoundland dog-26.3%, Bern sheep-dog-13.6%. At the same time we analyze the incidence of dysplasia in dogs whose parents were negative. Group of descendants of 11 negative males and 28 females consisted of 73 dogs. Through x-ray examination, 42.5% of dogs were found to have dysplasia B, C and D at the age of 1 year.

[Complications during myelographic examination in dogs]. / Výskyt komplikácií pri myelografickom vysetrení psov.

The occurrence of spinal disease in dogs is quite frequent. Clinical examination and survey radiography do not allow to make an exact diagnosis in many cases. Therefore the radiographic method-myelograhy is used to make an exact diagnosis and to locate the pathological process in the spinal cord. Myelography can be accompanied by some complications caused by a contrast medium of anaesthesia. In this study, the occurrence of complications was evaluated when the contrast medium Dimer X and three types of general anaesthesia were used: xylazine-ketamine, chlorpromazine-piritramide, chlorpromazine-pentobarbital. Certain relations between the origin of complications, dog weight and total time of anaesthesia are indicated. The results obtained show that the highest number of cases with complicated regeneration was observed after the use of the combination xylazine-ketamine when the average duration of anesthesia was 31.1 minutes comparing to the combination chlorpromazine-pentobarbitale with average duration of anaesthesia was 127.7 minutes with the lowest number of complications. We also refer to certain relations between weight and the occurrence of complications where the highest correlation (r = 0.59) was recorded for xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia. The correlation coefficient (r = 0.27) for chlorpromazine-pentobarbital documents very low correlations of the followed values.

[Desmoids: are there any new developments?]. / Desmoidy: Je neco nového?

In the submitted review of the literature the authors evaluate contemporary therapeutic possibilities of mesenterial desmoids. A more detailed pattern of cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic chemotherapy, actinotherapy and hormonal therapy is presented. Surgical resection is limited by the size of the tumour and above all by early detection before the size of 15 cm is reached. In larger tumours conservative treatment by a combination of non-cytotoxic and hormonal treatment is better. Actinotherapy of the intraabdominal region is not suitable. The percentage of relapses is high, a standard therapeutic procedure has not been elaborated so far. Despite rather surprising remissions of desmoids in individual cases the general results of different groups are not encouraging. In a case-history the authors describe their experience with the treatment of a young female patient with a mesenterial desmoid which, however, was not successful.

Plasma dermatan sulfate proteoglycan in a patient on chronic hemodialysis.

A 68-year-old man on chronic hemodialysis for 6 years, presented with a spontaneous psoas muscle hemorrhage. Investigations showed intermittently elevated activated partial-thromboplastin time and thrombin time. Preliminary investigations suggested a heparin-like inhibitor in the patient's plasma, but no anti-Xa activity could be detected. Investigation of the ability of patient plasma to inhibit exogenous thrombin showed that most thrombin was inhibited by heparin cofactor II, in contrast to normal plasma in which most thrombin was inhibited by antithrombin III. Treatment of plasma with glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes suggested the presence of dermatan sulfate (DS) in patient plasma. This was confirmed in a heparin cofactor II-dependent antithrombin assay for DS that showed anticoagulant equivalent to 2.2 +/- 0.3 micrograms/mL (mean +/- SD) of porcine mucosal DS. Of this activity, approximately 90% was sensitive to enzymes that degrade DS. The glycosaminoglycan containing fraction of plasma was isolated and subjected to gel chromatography. Anticoagulant activity eluted from Sephadex G-100 (Pharmacia, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) as two peaks with Kav of 0.10 and 0.45. After treatment with base, the Kav of the higher molecular weight species was increased to 0.55. This activity was completely sensitive to enzymes that degrade DS. Thus, the active DS was present as a proteoglycan. The lower molecular weight material was not sensitive to enzymes that degrade DS or heparan sulfate and it was active in the heparin cofactor II-dependent antithrombin assay but not in an antithrombin III-dependent antithrombin assay. This activity was not degraded by heating. Subsequently, measurement of DS activity was performed in plasmas obtained from eight other patients on hemodialysis before administration of heparin that showed that all patients had DS activity present that varied from 0.05 to 0.4 microgram/mL. No enzyme-resistant activity could be shown in these patients. In summary, a circulating anticoagulant with properties of DS is present in patients requiring hemodialysis.

[Changes in blood levels of progesterone, triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the results of quantitative histological analysis of the placentoma and corpus luteum in cows after prolonged labor]. / Zmeny koncentrácie progesterónu, trijódtyronínu a tyroxínu v krvi a výsledky kvantitatívnej histologickej analýzy placentómu i zltého telieska kráv po protrahovanom pôrode.

Changes in the cell structure of the placentoma and the corpus luteum were subjected to quantitative histological investigation, parallel with the examination of the concentrations of progesterone (P4), triiodotyronine (T3) and tyroxin (T4) during parturition (Oth hour) and two and six hours after parturition. The hormone concentrations were determined by the RIA method. The results of the quantitative histological analysis of the placentomae and the corpus luteum suggest that when the placenta is retained there is a significantly higher number of maintained epithelial cells in the placentoma crypts and a higher number of unchanged small, dark and large, light lutein serraetion cells in the biopsy of the corpus luteum during the period under investigation. The morphological finding significantly correlates with higher concentrations of P4 in the blood of the cows with retained placenta, as compared with those whose placenta was not retained. It can be derived from the pattern of changes in T3 and T4 concentrations, compared with P4 and with the histological finding, that there is a functional relationship between the placentoma, corpus luteum, and the thyroid gland.

[Fixed acids during the traditional cesarean section in cows]. / Fixné kyseliny pri konzervatívnom cisárskom reze u kráv

The values of lactic acid, pyruvic acid and L/P index were studied in cows at the traditional Caesarean section. The values of the mentioned metabolites are presented in dependence on the intensity and length of parturient activity that are affected by the anesthesia applied during surgical procedures. An increase of the level of lactic acid was hindered by the anesthesia at the protracted parturient activity. An unequal drop of the level of lactic acid resulted from the interrupted intensive parturient activity and lowered labor of the organisms due to anesthesia during the surgical procedure. The levels of pyruvic acid increase after the anesthetic applied, but already during the surgical procedure a drop of their levels occurs that continues, with certain fluctuations, for 48 hours after the fetus extraction. The L/P index is relevant to the levels of fixed acids that reflect the labor of the organism at the protracted parturient activity and under an oxygen deficit. The increased L/P index after the application of the anesthetic decreases for three hours after the surgical procedure and later on, it maintains approximately the same level.

[Changes of lactic and pyramic acid levels and of the L/P index in cows and calves during parturition]. / Zmeny kyseliny mlieconej, pyrohroznovej a indexu L/P u kráv a teliat pri pôrode

The levels of lactic acid, pyruvic acid and L/P index were studied during parturition in cows and calves. The results demonstrate various values of the metabolites studied in dependence on the length of parturient activity and on the way of finishing the parturition. The level of lactic acid increases with protracted parturient activity and that of puruvic acid decreases. Anesthesia applied at the traditional caesarean section hinders the course of fixed acids, which is reflected in the values of the L/P index. An excessive accumulation of fixed acids in mother's organism at the protracted parturition unfavorably influences the metabolism of fetus by means of the fetoplacental bed. Anesthesia does not affect the levels of the metabolites studied in calves. The values of the L/P index are in the same proportion as the levels of lactic and pyruvic acids are.

[Fixed acids in physiological parturition]. / Fixné kyseliny pri fyziologickom pórode

The levels of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and L/P index in blood were studied. During physiological parturition in 25 cows it was found that the levels of lactic acid and pyruvic acid showed an increase during parturition, and this increase reached a maximum at the expulsion stage. When foetus is delivered and parturient activity decreases, the levels of the two metabolites decline gradually. The increased values of the L/P index showing the saturation of tissues with oxygen indicate some degree of oxygen starvation during parturition which does not stop when foetus is out but persists some time after parturition.

[Fixed acids in protracted parturition]. / Fixné kyseliny pri protrahovanom pôrode

The levels of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and L/P index were studied in 15 cows during protracted parturition. All the indices under study respond to the stress to which the organism is exposed as a result of continuing parturient activity:the indices increase in their values, and the peak values occur when the foetus is delivered. The levels of lactic acid and pyruvic acid drop immediately after parturition and the L/P index values decrease from the first hour post partum.