ABSTRACT
La migración es una dimensión inherente a la conducta humana desde el comienzo de la humanidad. Sin embargo, los éxodos actuales de personas empobrecidas hacia las zonas más opulentas del planeta representan nuevos desafíos que necesitan ser explorados con nuevas perspectivas y aproximaciones. La psicología de la liberación puede ayudar a dar respuesta a estos desafíos. Por un lado, permite explicar el sufrimiento de personas desplazadas e inmigrantes en términos de experiencias opresivas de vida impuestas por grupos que pretenden perpetuar y aumentar sus privilegios. Por otro, permite conocer cómo los inmigrantes confrontan y superan condiciones de injusticia, destruyen su posición de oprimidos, fortalecen lazos con otros grupos y llevan a cabo acciones colectivas para asegurar cohesión social y cooperación en los contextos de recepción y logran equitativas relaciones multiculturales. Este artículo describe las iniciativas que ha llevado a cabo CESPYD (Coalición para el Estudio de la Salud, el Poder y la Diversidad) para abordar en profundidad estos aspectos. Primero, discutimos las dificultades que la perspectiva dominante de la psicología de la aculturación tiene para abordar los desafíos de las nuevas migraciones. Complementariamente, proponemos la psicología de la liberación como un adecuado enfoque para completarla perspectiva tradicional. A continuación, redefinimos los conceptos de integración y competenciacultural como procesos de empoderamiento psicopolítico y las organizaciones de base comunitaria y las organizaciones sanitarias como escenarios comunitarios empoderadores. Finalmente, este artículo propone algunas direcciones de investigación que pueden ser abordadas desde este enfoque (AU)
Mobility is a human dimension that has been a part of human behaviour since humanity began. However, the actual exodus of impoverished people to the more opulent zones of the planet represents new challenges that need to be explored with new perspectives and approaches. Liberation psychology can assistin answering these challenges. On one hand, it permits an explanation of displaced people and poor immigrantshuman suffering in terms of the life experiences oppressively imposed on them by other human groups as a means to maintain privileges. On the other hand, it allows knowing how immigrants confrontand overcome unjust conditions, destroy their position as oppressed, strengthen bonds with other groups,and carry out actions as a means to forge cohesion and cooperation in the contexts of reception and toachieve equitable multicultural international relations. This paper describes the initiatives that we have achieved in CESPYD for the purpose of studying these aspects in depth. First we discuss the difficulties that the dominant perspective of acculturation psychology poses in tackling the challenges that new migration represents. Additionally, we suggest liberation psychology as an adequate focus to complete a traditional perspective. Furthermore, we redefine concepts of integration and cultural competency as processes of psychopolitical empowerment and the community-based organizations and health organizations as empowering community settings. Finally, this paper proposes some research directions that can broaden its focus (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology , Cultural Competency/psychology , Acculturation , Minority Health , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Cultural DiversityABSTRACT
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cell suspensions were adapted for growth in 12 &mgr;M dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile or DCB) by a stepwise increase in the concentration of the inhibitor in each subculture. Non-tolerant suspensions (I50 = 0.3 &mgr;M) gave rise to single cells or small clusters while tolerant cell suspensions (I50 = 30 &mgr;M) grown in DCB formed large clusters. The cells in these clusters were surrounded by a thick and irregular cell wall with a lamellate structure and lacking a differentiated middle lamella. Analysis of habituated cell walls by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and cell wall fractionation revealed: (1) a reduced amount of cellulose and hemicelluloses, mainly xyloglucan (2) qualitative and quantitative differences in pectin levels, and (3) a non-crystalline and soluble beta-1,4-glucan. When tolerant cells were returned to medium lacking DCB, the size of the cell clusters was reduced; the middle lamella was only partly formed, and the composition of the cell wall gradually reverted to that obtained with non-tolerant cells. However, dehabituated cells (I50 = 12 &mgr;M) were 40-fold more tolerant to DCB than non-tolerant cells and were only 2.5-fold more sensitive than tolerant cells.
