The application of peroxidase mimetic nanozymes in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

In recent decades, scholarly investigations have predominantly centered on nanomaterials possessing enzyme-like characteristics, commonly referred to as nanozymes. These nanozymes have emerged as viable substitutes for natural enzymes, offering simplicity, stability, and superior performance across various applications. Inorganic nanoparticles have been extensively employed in the emulation of enzymatic activity found in natural systems. Nanoparticles have shown a strong ability to mimic a number of enzyme-like functions. These systems have made a lot of progress thanks to the huge growth in nanotechnology research and the unique properties of nanomaterials. Our presentation will center on the kinetics, processes, and applications of peroxidase-like nanozymes. In this discourse, we will explore the various characteristics that exert an influence on the catalytic activity of nanozymes, with a particular emphasis on the prevailing problems and prospective consequences. This paper presents a thorough examination of the latest advancements achieved in the domain of peroxidase mimetic nanozymes in the context of cancer diagnosis and treatment. The primary focus is on their use in catalytic cancer therapy, alongside chemotherapy, phototherapy, sonodynamic therapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. The primary objective of this work is to offer theoretical and technical assistance for the prospective advancement of anticancer medications based on nanozymes. Moreover, it is anticipated that this will foster the investigation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving efficacious tumor therapy.

Photothermic therapy with cuttlefish ink-based nanoparticles in combination with anti-OX40 mAb achieve remission of triple-negative breast cancer.

Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (IS-mAb) have been proven to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of various anticancer therapy. In the present investigation, we launched a separate combinational therapy for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) using cuttlefish ink-based nanoparticles (CINPs) for photothermal therapy (PTT) and anti-OX40 antibody. Our goal was to increase the therapeutic response to the disease. CINPs were characterized by their physicochemical properties, which revealed that they had a hydrodynamic diameter ranging from 128 to 148 nm, a negative surface charge, and a high photothermal conversion efficiency under both in vitro and in vivo settings. In TNBC model, we evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of the following groups: CINP-PTT + anti-OX40 Ab (G1), CINPs-PTT (G2), CINPs + anti-OX40 Ab (G3), anti-OX40 (G4) or PBS (G5). In each case, we assessed the efficacy of these groups against one another. The intratumor administration of all of the substances and therapies was performed. CINP-PTT + anti-OX40 Ab and CINP + anti-OX40 Ab (particularly CINP-PTT + anti-OX40 Ab) induced significant tumor regression in treated (breast) and non-treated (flank) tumor, and completely inhibited lung metastasis, thereby inducing a higher survival rate in mice in comparison to CINP-PTT, anti-OX40 Ab, or PBS. This was the case because in CINPs-treated tumors, particularly those treated with CINPs-PTT, intratumoral injection of CINPs increased the frequency of OX40, CD8 double-positive T cells. CINPs improved the conversion of the macrophage phenotype from M2 to M1 in vitro, which is significant from an immunological point of view. In addition, anti-OX40 Ab combined with CINPs or, more specifically, CINPs-PPT produced a larger frequency of preexisting and newly formed tumor-specific CD8 T cells, as well as an enhanced frequency of CD8 T cells infiltrating non-treated tumors, in comparison to respective monotherapies. When the data were taken into consideration as a whole, it seemed that CINPs-based PTT may effectively enhance the antitumor response effectiveness of anti-OX40 Ab.