The dynamic relationship between green tax incentives and environmental protection.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of green tax incentives such as investment tax credit and taxable income deductions related to the environmental sustainability and climate change which are becoming more popular in developing countries, whereas introducing green tax incentives related to the environment and climate change helps and meets the sustainability objectives of growth and development. For this purpose, we selected the top 100 listed companies on the Swedish stock market (SSM), Nasdaq Stockholm (SN), in order to better understand the real facts and figures of green tax environment. This study uses a longitudinal research design because sample observations vary across firms and over a short time and conducts probit and logistic regression to identify the beneficiaries of the tax incentives. The findings show that different firm-level characteristics significantly impact the probability of being an ITC beneficiary.

The effects of Agriculture Productivity, Land Intensification, on Sustainable Economic Growth: A panel analysis from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan Economies.

Population in South Asia is increasing ever than a faster rate, subsequently; food security, climate change, and capital intensive agro farming techniques are the prevailing challenges in this region. This is a tri-country penal analysis, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, and the study covers the data throughout (1973-2020). This study has used modern farm input data besides demographic variables in the study. In this study, we use panel data set, ARDL (PMG) approach, autoregressive distributed lag model pooled mean group, which is an extensively dynamic modeling technique for heterogeneous data. The results of the study explore that transition in the demographic pattern in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh is the real cause of low crop productivity and land intensification. Technology innovation is the only ray of hope to fulfill the food demand of the future ahead and climate agriculture practices can hamper the further deterioration of the small farmlands.

Does green environmental innovation really matter for carbon-free economy? Nexus among green technological innovation, green international trade, and green power generation.

This study examines the association among the green energy production (GEP), green technological innovation (GTI), and green international trade (GIT) on the ecological footprints (EFP). In addition, this research applies fully modified least square (FMOLS) to estimate the empirical outcomes, while dynamic least square (DOLS) is used to check the robustness of the outcomes. Although, the selection of the assessment technique depends on the order of integration of the selected series. Before estimation, some diagnostic tests are also performed to ensure the reliability of the data set. Furthermore, the empirical outcomes of the present analysis are twofold: at begin, this research discovered a negative relationship between GEP and EFP. Secondly, this research reveals that GTI has also an adverse impact on EFP along with GIT, which is unsurprising. Results imply that advancement in green technological innovations tends to improve the EQ by reducing the level of EFP.

The relationship between staple food crops consumption and its impact on total factor productivity: does green economy matter?

The agriculture sector is a key driver of economic growth and provides employment opportunities across the globe generally. However, in today's world, agricultural product demand is more influenced by taste, prices, and nutritional value due to climatic variation. The study has analyzed the current situation grain productivity by using the data of farm inputs and major grain crops of Pakistan from (1960-2020). The study consists of a two-stage analysis in the first stage, the total factor productivity (TFP) variable is obtained by using the parametric Tornqvisit-Theil index output-input-aggregation method separately for each crop; rice, maize, and wheat. After that, the unit root test is used to check the stationarity and trend of the variables in the long run. Subsequently, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is applied to check the existence of cointegration in the long run and short run among the variables. The results of the study disclosed that the consumption of rice has a positive relationship with its total factor productivity, but, wheat and maize have a negative long-run cointegration relationship with the respective productivities. The study results have shown that the consumption pattern of staple crops has substantially changed, due to climatic variation, and the current food consumption trend is revealing new dimensions and trends owing to variation in climate change and anthropogenic pressure which demands to adapt climate resilient farm practices.

Does environmental sustainability affect the renewable energy consumption? Nexus among trade openness, CO2 emissions, income inequality, renewable energy, and economic growth in OECD countries.

This study investigates the impact of carbon emissions, real oil prices, income inequality, economic growth, and trade openness on renewable energy consumption (REC) in twenty-three (23) OECD economies. The study employs the Westerlund panel cointegration technique to verify the existence of long-run equilibrium and the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator to assess the long-run relationship between the variables, which allows for slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency. Moreover, the panel causality test of Dumitrescu and Hurlin (DH) is utilized to gauge the causal relationship between the variables. The findings of our study reveal that REC is positively related to economic growth, real oil prices, income inequality, and trade openness, but negatively related to CO2 emissions in OECD countries. In addition, there is one-way causality from GDP per capita to renewable energy consumption and a bidirectional causality between income inequality and REC. Furthermore, the results indicate that OECD policymakers and governments should regard foreign trade as a "clean energy fostering mechanism" while developing energy demand policies that are environmentally friendly.

The dynamic impacts of environmental-health and MDR-TB diseases and their influence on environmental sustainability at Chinese hospitals.

The purpose of this study is to identify at what extent multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) diseases effect on environmental health issues in selected provinces of Chinese hospitals. In survival analysis approach, this study employs the Cox proportional hazard model (CPM) to incorporate the duration of event, probability of occurrence of an event, and the issue of right censoring. An advantage of using CPM is that one does not need to specify the distribution of baseline hazard H0 (t) as it considers a common value for all units in population. The results indicate that male and travel expenditures have negative association with the duration of cure. Furthermore, the medical expenditures and the spatial characteristic of time expenditure have positive association with the duration of cure of MDR-TB patients. The inconsistent behavior of males in taking medicines as compared to females and males is also more prone to tuberculosis (TB).

Nexus between non-renewable energy production, CO2 emissions, and healthcare spending in OECD economies.

The present study investigates the dynamic relationships between non-renewable energy production from fossil resources, healthcare expenditures, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the OECD region. This study has used the balanced panel of 38 OECD countries spanning from 2008 to 2018. This study is employing panel vector auto-regression econometric approach based on generalized method of moment. The study reveals the following interesting outcomes: The response of energy production from fossil resources to healthcare expenditures is positive; energy production has a positive unidirectional causal relationship with CO2 emissions, whereas CO2 emissions have insignificant relation with energy production. There is a positive bidirectional relationship between healthcare spending and CO2 emissions, but there is no evidence that healthcare spending causes energy production. Furthermore, the outcomes present the essential policy consequences.

Does sustainable environmental agenda matter in the era of globalization? The relationship among financial development, energy consumption, and sustainable environmental-economic growth.

The purpose of this research is to explore the connection of financial development, sustainable environmental-economic growth, and energy consumption among the South Asian Nations. This research examines a combine influence on energy consumption, financial development on sustainable environmental economic growth regarding south Asian economies. This study has used autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) and panel data set from World Development Indicators (WDI) start from 1980 to 2018. The findings of this study indicate a significant and positive effect of financial development toward economic growth of selected south Asian economies. However, energy consumption has also positive impact toward sustainable environmental-economic growth, which further leads toward sustainable environmental agenda progress. Finally, energy consumption results have positive effect on sustainable economic growth among mean group (MG), pooled mean group (PMG), and common correlated effect mean group (CMEMG) results.

Does foreign private investment affect the clean industrial environment? Nexus among foreign private investment, CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade openness, and sustainable economic growth.

This study examines to what extent foreign private investment (FPI) affects the clean industrial environment and sustainable economic growth through developed countries investment in China. Moreover, this study investigates an association among FPI, CO2 emission, energy consumption, trade openness, and sustainable economic growth. This study uses random effects and generalized least squares (GLS) and panel VAR estimators for data analysis. The results show that China's economy has a great positive impact on the location and choice of investment in domestic markets in emerging countries and developed countries. In addition, investment in emerging and developed economies has increased the contribution of domestic enterprises and environmental sustainability to the national economy. The further results show that foreign private investment and gross domestic investment have positive impact on sustainable economic growth.

The mediating role of green creativity and the moderating role of green mindfulness in the relationship among clean environment, clean production, and sustainable growth.

This study aims to focus on Pakistan's fertilizer industry and investigate the causal relationships among environmental consciousness (ECO), green creativity (GCR), green mindfulness (GMD), and energy efficiency (EE), which are all essential mechanisms as well as circumstances that control the situation in well-developed manners. This study consists of a sample regarding four hundred and four (404) employees from seven companies by using partial least squares (PLS) and structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The results indicate that environmental consciousness significantly and positively affects employee energy efficiency directly and indirectly in the presence of green creativity as a mediator. Moreover, the moderating effect of green mindfulness persisted only in the association between energy efficiency and green creativity. In the appropriate literature, this empirical investigation is the first of its kind which does not only provide an organized way to examine the effects of environmental consciousness on energy efficiency but also recommend the most effective means for employees and associations to embrace the best policies. This study has important policy implications for promoting clean production, clean environment, and sustainable development for developed and developing economies.

The dynamic impact of renewable energy sources on environmental economic growth: evidence from selected Asian economies.

The linkage between renewable energy resources and environmental influences on economic growth among selected Asian economies play a vital role in sustainable economic development. This study encompasses the panel data sets for eight selected Asian countries, and the period starts from 1990 to 2018. This research relies on the panel vector error correction model (PVECM) for data estimation. The overall findings indicate that biomass, geothermal, and wind power sources of energy have a positive and significant impact on the economic advancement of Asian economies. Besides that, as opposed to the other two renewable energy sources, windpower has a greater impact on economic development. Furthermore, the empirical findings of current research have significant implications towards selected Asian countries' energy policy related to both private and public sector enterprises as it helps in identifying the industrial sectors which have greater contribution towards the economy and their energy requirements in long term.

Can money supply endogeneity influence bank stock returns? A case study of South Asian economies.

This study tests the Post-Keynesian theory regarding bank stock returns and money supply endogeneity in the context of South Asian countries. This study uses panel data set from different sources over twenty-eight (28) years. The research uses different econometric techniques before switching to the generalized method of moments (GMM). The empirical results indicate a significant positive effect of net interest rate margins on bank loans in South Asian countries, whereas a positive relationship exists between foreign to local interest rates and the money supply. The findings depict that positive associations exist between inflation and money supply of banks, and between the money supply and bank stock returns. More specifically, the GMM results show that the money supply has positively affected the stock prices of banks suggesting strong policies for the stakeholders of these economies for the sake of economic growth and sustainable development.

Does globalization affect the green economy and environment? The relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth.

This study analyzes the relationship between globalization, energy consumption, and economic growth among selected South Asian countries to promote the green economy and environment. This study also finds causal association between energy growth and nexus of CO2 emissions and employed the premises of the EKC framework. The study used annual time series analysis, starting from 1985 to 2019. The data set has been collected from the World Development Indicator (WDI). The result of a fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) method describes a significantly worse quality environment in the South Asian region. The individual country as Bangladesh shows a positively significant impact on the CO2 emissions and destroys the level of environment regarding non-renewable energy and globalization index. However, negative and positive growth levels (GDP) and square of GDP confirm the EKC hypothesis in this region. This study has identified the causality between GDP growth and carbon emission and found bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy use.

The relationship between renewable energy sources and sustainable economic growth: evidence from SAARC countries.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy sources and sustainable economic growth of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries. This study uses three main renewable energy sources such as geothermal, hydro and wind. This study collects dataset from SAARC countries from 1995 to 2018. This study applies a fixed-effect test and panel vector error correction model (PVECM) test for data analysis. The overall results show that all three renewable energy sources have positively significant impacts on economic development among SAARC countries' economies. Moreover, the hydropower renewable energy source has more effects and influences on economic growth as relatively compared with the rest of the two individual sources of renewable energy.

The relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance: a moderate role of fintech technology.

This study explores the new area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance in the context of the fintech technology. The fintech technology is currently a very interesting and growing area in the financial organization and how it affects financial performances in different dimensions of banking sector. This study investigates the linear and non-linear relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and banking performance (BP) by using the dataset of Chinese banks from 2009 to 2018. The results indicate that the interactive variable of CSR (GOV*SOC) shows insignificant influence on the returns on assets (ROA), returns on equity (ROE), and nominal interest margin profit (NIMP) from dependent variable. Moreover, the other CSR variable such as GOV*ENV significantly positively influences ROA and ROE. The square value of the GOV "governance disclosures scores" shows insignificant influence regarding ROA, ROE, and NIMP. Finally, the fintech technology (fintech) positively and significantly impacts on ROE and NIMP and positively but insignificantly affects on ROA in both linear and non-linear models of the study. This study is a roadmap for the financial firms to improve their sources through modern fintech technology regarding financial sector.

Nexus between willingness to pay for renewable energy sources: evidence from Turkey.

The willingness to pay (WTP) plays a central role in directing appropriate policy regarding ambitious renewable energy targets. Based on this discrepancy, this study intends to investigate the willingness to pay (WTP) for Turkish citizens regarding green electricity by using a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). The interviews were conducted comprising 2500 households in 12 major metropolitan cities of Turkey, which is based on the contingent valuation method and consists of 26 questions. The results indicate that for a 20% share of renewable energy, middle-income groups are willing to pay higher than lower and upper-income groups. Moreover, highly environmentally conscious people tend to pay more for a 20% share of green energy. On the other hand, high-income groups and old age groups indicated a positive and high willingness to pay for a 30% share of renewable energy (RE) sources. In addition, primary school and undergraduate educational groups recorded highly significant results for willingness to pay. The results also indicate that Turkish citizens are willing to pay 9.25 Turkish liras (TL) per month for a 20% share and 4.77 Turkish liras per month for a 30% share of renewable energy in total energy production.

The relationship between corporate social responsibility, environmental investments and financial performance: evidence from manufacturing companies.

The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the relationship between corporate social responsibility, environmental investments and financial performance in Nigerian manufacturing firms. The hypotheses are tested on internal environmental investments and external environmental investments on firm's financial performance. It further determines if there is a significant difference between the profitability of environmentally conscious and environmentally non-conscious firms in Nigeria. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the variables applied and panel regression analysis is used to find out if there exists a relationship between internal environmental investments (employee benefits, staff training cost), external environmental investments (donations) and firm's financial performance. The results indicate a positive and significant relationship exists between internal environmental investments and firm's financial performance. It is also found a positive but insignificant relationship between external environmental investments and firm's financial performance. Furthermore, paired sample t tests are used to reveal that there was a significant difference between the profitability of environmentally conscious and environmentally non-conscious firms. The finding of this study explains that firms with higher environmental investments have a higher profitability level than environmentally non-conscious firms.