[Endovascular technologies in the treatment of patients with blunt abdominal trauma]. / Endovaskulyarnye tekhnologii v lechenii patsientov s zakrytoi travmoi organov bryushnoi polosti.

Trauma is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in working-age population. Abdominal injuries comprise 20-30% of traumas. Uncontrolled bleeding is the main cause of death in 30-40% of patients. Among abdominal organs, spleen is most often damaged due to fragile structure and subcostal localization. In the last two decades, therapeutic management has become preferable in patients with abdominal trauma and stable hemodynamic parameters. In addition to clinical examination, standard laboratory tests and ultrasound, as well as contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen should be included in diagnostic algorithm to identify all traumatic injuries and assess severity of abdominal damage. Development of interventional radiological technologies improved preservation of damaged organs. Endovascular embolization can be performed selectively according to indications (leakage, false aneurysm, arteriovenous anastomosis) and considered for severe damage to the liver and spleen, hemoperitoneum or severe polytrauma. Embolization is essential in complex treatment of traumatic vascular injuries of parenchymal abdominal organs. We reviewed modern principles and methods of intra-arterial embolization for the treatment of patients with traumatic injuries of the liver and spleen.

[Vacuum-assisted laparostomy for advanced peritonitisis]. / Rol' vakuum-assistirovannoi laparostomy v lechenii rasprostranennogo peritonita.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of negative pressure therapy in patients with peritonitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 127 patients with advanced secondary peritonitis between 2019 and 2022. All patients were divided into 2 groups. All ones underwent staged sanitation of the abdominal cavity. In the first group (n=76), re-laparotomies were accompanied by skin suture only and passive abdominal drainage. The second group included patients (n=51) with open abdominal cavity strategy and negative pressure therapy (vacuum-assisted laparostomy). We analyzed the number of surgeries, postoperative complications, duration of hospital-stay and mortality. RESULTS: In the second group, there were significantly lower morbidity, mean number of surgeries and hospital-stay. In addition, incidence of fascial closure of abdominal cavity was higher and mortality rate was lower in the same group. CONCLUSION: Vacuum-assisted laparostomy in patients with advanced peritonitis can reduce the number of secondary purulent complications and mortality, as well as increase the incidence of fascial closure of abdominal cavity. This approach reduces the number of surgical interventions and duration of in-hospital treatment.

[Method for evaluating effectiveness of simulation trainings in surgical manipulations].

Performance of varies surgical manipulations (SM) is a key skill in surgery. To develop such skills simulation trainings (ST) are used, followed by a training transfer, which is the ultimate goal of ST However, this training goal is not always achievable - the share of doctors using laparoscopic intracorporal suturing after the training ranges from 43.8% to 72.2%. Therefore, to improve training transfer it is necessity to evaluate effectiveness of such training programs. Current methods evaluate training results either outside real practice or in practice but in small groups due to high cost and efforts consumed. The paper presents a new method to evaluate effectiveness of SM simulation training programs in general population of the trainees, evaluate additional effects of the training and analyze personal factors affecting the training results. The method is based on a survey of the ST program participants, and tested at the Training and Accreditation Center «Medical Simulation Center of the Botkin Hospital¼ within the program on laparoscopic intracorporal suturing. The rate of training transfer added up to 88.9%. The suggested method makes it possible to evaluate effectiveness of SM simulation training in general population of the trainees, analyze factors affecting the training results and use findings for improving ST programs and methods in general. The method can be recommended for a large-scale implementation in simulation training programs.

[Recanalization of colon in the treatment of patients with acute malignant obstructive colonic obstruction]. / Metody rekanalizatsii tolstoi kishki v lechenii bol'nykh ostroi obturatsionnoi tolstokishechnoi neprokhodimost'yu zlokachestvennogo geneza.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze available literature data on the methods of colon recanalization in patients with acute malignant obstructive colonic obstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed literature data on the treatment of acute neoplastic colonic obstruction. RESULTS: We reviewed available national and foreign literature data on various methods of colon recanalization including various modern and hybrid techniques. CONCLUSION: Methods of colon recanalization with subsequent stenting are the most optimal for preoperative decompression of colon. These measures are effective and allow postponing radical surgery or avoiding it altogether without worsening the prognosis of the underlying pathology. However, there is a small amount of literature data on modern hybrid methods of recanalization.

[Stomach and spleen preserving total pancreatectomy]. / Total'naya duodenopankreatektomiya s sokhraneniem zheludka, selezenki, zheludochnykh i selezenochnykh sosudov.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic surgery expands the indications and the use of total pancreatectomy. Considering a rather high rate of postoperative complications, the search for the ways to improve its outcomes is extremely relevant. The purpose of this study is justification and implementation of organ-preserving variants of total pancreatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of treatment results after classic and modified total pancreatectomy in the surgical clinic of Botkin Hospital was performed from September 2010 to March 2021. During the development and implementation of pylorus-preserving total pancreatectomy with preservation of the stomach, spleen, gastric and splenic vessels, we thoroughly analyzed aspects of exocrine/endocrine disorders and changes of the immune status after performing the modified technique. RESULTS: We performed 37 total pancreatectomies, including 12 pylorus-preserving total pancreatectomies with preservation of the stomach, spleen, gastric, and splenic vessels. General and specific postoperative complication rate in patients after the modified operation was significantly lower compared to the results of classic total pancreatectomy with gastric resection and splenectomy. CONCLUSION: Modified total pancreatectomy is a method of choice for pancreatic tumors of low malignant potential.

[Preoperative radiation navigation in determining surgical strategy for liver echinococcosis]. / Predoperatsionnaya luchevaya navigatsiya v opredelenii khirurgicheskoi taktiki pri ekhinokokkoze pecheni.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the technology for diagnostic modeling of liver echinococcosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the Botkin Clinical Hospital, we developed a theory of diagnostic modeling of liver echinococcosis. Treatment outcomes were analyzed in 264 patients who underwent various surgical interventions. RESULTS: A retrospective group enrolled 147 patients. When comparing the results of diagnostic and surgical stages, we identified 4 models of liver echinococcosis. The choice of surgical intervention in the prospective group was based on previous models. Diagnostic modeling reduced the number of general surgical and specific complications, as well as mortality in the prospective study group. CONCLUSION: The technology for diagnostic modeling of liver echinococcosis made it possible not only to identify 4 models of liver echinococcosis, but also determine the most optimal surgical intervention for each of model.

[Spleen-preserving total pancreatectomy for low-grade tumors]. / Pilorosokhranyayushchaya pankreatektomiya s sokhraneniem selezenki pri opukholyakh s nizkim potentsialom zlokachestvennosti.

OBJECTIVE: To justify organ-preserving variants of total pancreatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the results of classic and modified total pancreatectomy between September 2010 and March 2021. Implementing pylorus-sparing total pancreatectomy with preservation of stomach, spleen, gastric and splenic vessels, we thoroughly analyzed exocrine/endocrine disorders after total pancreatectomy and changes in immune status after splenectomy. Serum C-reactive protein and ferritin were assessed in 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 days after surgery in both groups. We also estimated daily glycemic profile after total pancreatectomy in classical and organ-preserving modifications. RESULTS: We performed 37 total pancreatectomies including 12 pylorus-preserving total pancreatectomies with preservation of stomach, spleen, gastric and splenic vessels. General and specific postoperative complication rate was significantly lower after modified surgery compared to classic total pancreatectomy with gastric resection and splenectomy. CONCLUSION: Modified total pancreatectomy is preferable for low-grade pancreatic tumors.

[Prognostic factors of dehydration and renal damage in patients with formed preventive ileostomy during rectal resection for cancer]. / Prognosticheskie faktory degidratatsii i pochechnogo povrezhdeniya u patsientov so sformirovannoi preventivnoi ileostomoi pri rezektsii pryamoi kishki po povodu raka.

Despite the potential advantages of a preventive intestinal stoma after the formation of a low colon anastomosis during rectal resections, the formation of a preventive loop ileostomy is associated with a significant frequency of complications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential prognostic factors of complications associated with ileostomy dysfunction in patients who have undergone rectal resection for cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients over the age of 18 who underwent open and laparoscopic resection of the rectum with the formation of a preventive ileostomy from January 2015 to May 2022. To determine the influence of potential predictors on the frequency of complications associated with large ileostomy losses, a single-factor logistic regression analysis was used. Complications associated with large ileostomy losses were primarily water-electrolyte disorders, dehydration and acute renal failure, which required intensive therapy and re-hospitalization. RESULTS: Of the 120 patients included in the study, 26 (21.7%) suffered complications associated with large losses of fluid and electrolytes in the stoma. In this group of patients, at least one repeated emergency hospitalization to a medical institution was required (average value 1.6). Factors associated with ileostomy dysfunction in a single-factor analysis were: the presence of signs of intestinal obstruction (OR=2.6; p=0.047), the development of postoperative complications (OR=3; p=0.024), steroid use (OR=4.3; p=0.010), smoking (OR=4.8; p=0.017) the average amount of discharge from the stoma at discharge is more than 1000 ml/24 h (OR=3.2; p=0.016) and the need for Loperamide at the time of discharge (OR=2.8; p=0.032). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed an independent risk factor for complications leading to re-hospitalization: ileostomy losses at discharge ≥1000 ml/24 h (OR=3.3 (1.18-9.37); p=0.023). CONCLUSION: In our study, those patients whose ileostomy discharge exceeded 1000 ml/24 h at discharge were at increased risk of dehydration, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, acute prerenal renal failure, which led to repeated hospitalization to correct these disorders, sometimes in the intensive care unit.

[Management of a patient with diabetes mellitus after total pancreatectomy. Case report].

In modern diabetology, the most important condition for a personalized approach to patient management is to determine the type of diabetes mellitus. Particular attention is drawn to a large, but at the same time insufficiently studied group of patients with diabetes mellitus due to diseases of the pancreas or as a result of surgical interventions on the pancreas, in particular, patients who, for a number of vital indications, undergo total pancreatectomy and the mechanism of development of impaired glucose homeostasis have not been studied in these patients. To date, there are no specific algorithms for managing this category of patients. This clinical example emphasizes that the management of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus as a result of total pancreatectomy is an extremely difficult task that requires a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of this category of patients, the participation of an endocrinologist at all stages of patient treatment.

[Selecting the most appropriate surgical treatment of true splenic artery aneurysm]. / Vybor sposoba khirurgicheskogo lecheniya istinnykh anevrizm selezenochnoi arterii.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of diagnosis and treatment of true splenic artery aneurysms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed the results of diagnosis and treatment of 27 patients with true splenic artery aneurysm. All ones underwent surgical treatment at the Botkin Municipal Clinical Hospital between 2017 and 2021. Splenic artery aneurysm >1 cm was an indication for surgical treatment. Surgical option depended on aneurysm location. Laparoscopic splenectomy and aneurysmectomy were performed in 4 cases (14.8%), 5 (18.5%) patients underwent endovascular intervention, laparoscopic clipping was performed in 18 (66.7%) cases. Methods of surgical treatment, general and specific postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo and ISGPS classifications were analyzed. RESULTS: Laparoscopic clipping was accompanied by fewer general and specific postoperative complications. Specific complications after laparoscopic splenectomy occurred in 2 patients (BL according to the ISGPS 2016 classification). There was one case of acute pancreatitis after endovascular interventions. In long-term postoperative period, aneurysm recanalization after endovascular intervention was observed in 1 case. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of splenic artery aneurysms requires a differentiated approach based on topographic and anatomical assessment of aneurysm relative to the arterial vessel.

[Modern approaches to the treatment of patients with a complicated form of gallstone disease in the Botkin hospital]. / Protokol lecheniya bol'nykh s oslozhnennoi formoi zhelchnokamennoi bolezni v khirurgicheskoi klinike Botkinskoi bol'nitsy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with gallstone disease complicated by cholelithiasis after endoscopic retrograde papillosphincterotomy with lithoextraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed treatment outcomes in 229 patients with gallstone disease complicated by cholelithiasis between 2016 and 2020. Simultaneous surgery was performed in 31 patients, early cholecystectomy (after 1-3 days) - in 78 cases, delayed cholecystectomy (after 4-7 days) - in 35 cases and delayed cholecystectomy in 14-30 days after endoscopic retrograde papillosphincterotomy with lithoextraction in 85 cases. RESULTS: Simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy and surgery in early period after endoscopic retrograde papillosphincterotomy with lithoextraction are followed by less surgery time, few postoperative complications and less hospital-stay. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy and early surgery after endoscopic retrograde papillosphincterotomy with lithoextraction are preferred for patients with complicated gallstone disease. However, this requires adherence to strict criteria for patient selection.

[Preoperative biliary drainage for malignant biliary obstruction: to drain or not to drain? And if drain, in what way?] / Predoperatsionnaya biliarnaya dekompressiya pri opukholevoi zheltukhe: drenirovat' ili net? I esli drenirovat', to kakim sposobom?

On the basis of the conducted literary search, a number of conclusions can be drawn. When performing preoperative biliary drainage (PBD), it is necessary to have a clear understanding: why is this procedure performed (severe liver failure, cholangitis, long preoperative preparation is required due to comorbid status, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is necessary, etc.)? Routine use of PBD is impractical. In the presence of indications for PBB in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, percutaneous decompression is preferable, in periampullary tumors, endoscopic. Moreover, both methods can be alternative (for example, in case of technical failure of the first priority). There is also no convincing evidence of the superiority of metal stents over plastic ones for PBD (except in cases of long-term preoperative preparation or neoadjuvate treatment) for periampular tumors. To date, a decrease in overall survival and a higher incidence of implantation metastases have not been proven when using the antegrade PBD method. Large multicenter studies are required with differentiation of patients according to the nosological principle in order to more accurately understand the place of each method, as well as to determine clear indications for PBD and those clinical situations when its implementation is impractical.

[Echinococcosis of the liver: evolution of surgical treatment]. / Ekhinokokkoz pecheni: evolyutsiya khirurgicheskogo lecheniya.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the development of surgical approaches for hepatic echinococcosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have analyzed diagnosis and treatment of 349 patients with liver echinococcosis; 97 patients were treated at the Botkin Clinical Hospital for the period from 2009 to 2019 and 252 patients were treated in surgical hospitals of Moscow city for the period from 2014 to 2019. RESULTS: General and specific postoperative complications, relapses and surgical approaches were assessed. The number of echinococcectomies performed in surgical hospitals of Moscow is 3 times higher compared to the Botkin Hospital. The number of liver resections is comparable in both groups. The number of pericystectomies is more than 2 times higher in the Botkin Hospital. PAIR technique was more common in surgical hospitals of Moscow. CONCLUSION: Evolution of surgical treatment from open echinococcectomy to anatomical liver resections and subsequent pericystectomy with PAIR technique becomes another round of evolutionary spiral in the development of surgical treatment of liver echinococcosis.

[Diagnostic and conservative treatment nuances in patients with obstructive jaundice: in the wake of Russian consensus].

The research was performed at the Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center. It is based on Russian obstructive jaundice (OJ) consensus results, considered at the 45th annual Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology Scientific session Oncological issues in the gastroenterologist practice (1 March 2019). The article objective is to note the diagnostic and conservative treatment current issues in patients with OJ. The increase in the number of patients with OJ of different etiology provides problem actuality. In a large number of cases, medical treatment is delayed due to inadequate diagnostic and management, while correct patients routing today can be provided regardless of medical institution level. In this article the examination steps and conservative treatment role in patients with biliary obstruction management are presented.

[Simultaneous laparoscopic bilateral nephrectomy as a preparation for kidney transplantation in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease].

AIM: to study the possibility and safety of performing simultaneous bilateral laparoscopic nephrectomy in symptomatic patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) as a preparation for kidney transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2018 to September 2019, six symptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease caused by ADPKD, who had hemodialysis, underwent simultaneous bilateral laparoscopic nephrectomy. The mean vertical kidney size according to CT data was 211.67+/-37.15 mm, the mean horizontal size was 145.36+/-19.53 mm. In 5 cases, the hand-assisted procedure was performed. RESULTS: The average duration of the procedure was 225.1+/-40.37 minutes. Postoperative complications were recorded in 2 (33.2%) patients. The average length of stay was 8.83+/-2.13 days. There were no clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency. All patients are alive. In two patients, cadaveric kidney transplantation was performed after laparoscopic bilateral nephrectomy. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic bilateral nephrectomy in patients with chronic renal failure associated with ADPKD is feasible, safe and is associated with a short length of stay. This procedure improves the quality of life of patients and facilitates subsequent kidney transplantation.

[Russian consensus on current issues in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive jaundice syndrome]. / Rossiiskii konsensus po aktual'nym voprosam diagnostiki i lecheniya sindroma mekhanicheskoi zheltukhi.

The Russian consensus document on topical issues of the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive jaundice syndrome was prepared by a group of experts in various fields of surgery, endoscopy, interventional radiology, radiological diagnosis and intensive care. The goal of this document is to clarify and consolidate the opinions of national experts on the following issues: timing of diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, features of diagnostic measures, the need and possibility of conservative measures for obstructive jaundice, and strategy of biliary decompression depending on the cause and level of biliary block.

[Mechanisms and prevention of biliary stent occlusion]. / Mekhanizmy okklyuzii biliarnykh stentov i vozmozhnye sposoby ee profilaktiki.

One of significant achievements of modern endoscopy is development of retrograde biliary stenting for obstructive jaundice. This method ensured widespread application of endoscopic decompression in the treatment of patients with malignant biliary obstruction as preparation before radical surgery and final palliative care. Endoscopic retrograde transpapillary stenting firmly took its place together with antegrade and percutaneous stenting. There are certain advantages of this technique including minimally invasiveness and favorable quality of life. However, this approach is associated with some drawbacks associated with stent occlusion and difficult correction of this complication. The maximum diameter of the plastic stent (PS) is determined by the width of the working channel of the duodenoscope. In this regard, self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) were developed to increase the diameter of bile drainage channel. SEMS are associated with prolonged function. However, there is another problem. It is a germination of SEMS followed by impossible removal of the stent for its subsequent replacement. A further step in development of endoscopic biliary stents was the use of special SEMS coating to exclude tumor or granulation ingrowth. The problem of biliary stent occlusion remains relevant despite some improvement of stenting results. Mechanisms of occlusion of biliary stents and prevention of these events are discussed in this review.

[Specific complications of liver resection and their prevention]. / Rezektsiia pecheni. Spetsificheskie oslozhneniia i ikh profilaktika.

AIM: To improve the results of treatment of patients with focal liver formations by preventing the development of postoperative complications after liver resections. METHODS: The study included 304 patients with benign and malignant liver lesions. In 196 (64.4%) patients, resections were performed for malignant liver damage, in 108 (35.6%) - for a benign process. To assess the impact of ongoing measures to prevent the development of postoperative complications, patients were divided into two time periods: from 2007 to 2012 and from 2013 to 2018. RESULTS: The introduction of a protocol of preoperative examination of patients for whom resection of 3 or more liver segments is planned, with the inclusion of SPECT/CT, which allows determining the volume of the remaining functioning liver parenchyma, allowed to reduce the percentage of development of acute post-resection liver failure from 11.6% to 3.6% during the second time period (p=0.0064). The use of modern suture material, surgical binocular loops, as well as the use of the concept of predominantly performing parenchyma-saving resections, reduced the number of biliary complications from 8.1% to 5.7% (p=0.1). The use of a proprietary dissection algorithm for the liver parenchyma significantly reduced hemorrhagic complications from 5.3% to 1.04% (p=0.0074). CONCLUSION: The use of modern pre- and intraoperative technologies has reduced the number of postoperative complications after liver resections from 38.3% to 20.9% (p=0.018) and mortality from 2.6% to 0.5% (p=0.004), thereby improving the results of liver resections.

[Optimization of surgical care for the hemorrhagic colorectal cancer]. / Optimizatsiia khirurgicheskoi pomoshchi bol'nym kolorektal'nym rakom, oslozhnennym krovotecheniem.

AIM: To optimize surgical care for the hemorrhagic colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 77 patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic colorectal cancer were reviewed: 9 patients of them were efficaciously treated with conservative therapy (I group); 47 - underwent successful endoscopic coagulation (I); 4 - arterial embolization (I), 2 - ligation of internal iliac arteries (I), 15 - acute resection (II group). 20 of 62 patients I group underwent plan surgery and radiation or chemotherapy during 7-10 days after hemostasis and normalization hemoglobin. The 3-year cumulative survival after resections (acute versus plan) was plotted on a Kaplan-Meier chart in 31 patients. RESULTS: Complications and postoperative mortality was significantly higher after acute resection (II group) compared with plan resection (I): 33,3% vs 20%; 15% vs 5%, respectively. The survival rate was higher after plan than acute resections: 0,8882 and 0,3571, respectively. CONCLUSION: Acute surgery for hemorrhagic colorectal cancer should only be carried out by appropriately trained surgeons in multi-specialty hospital. Endoscopy and arterial embolization are the most effective means of successfully controlling hemorrhage while minimizing potential complications. A bridging strategy may be a valid alternative in some of patients with hemorrhagic colorectal cancer, because a significantly lower postoperative mortality rate.

[Conservative treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia in ambulatory practice (in Russian only)]. / Konservativnoe lechenie khronicheskoi ishemii nizhnikh konechnostei v praktike ambulatornogo khirurga.

Peripheral artery disease is still one of the most important surgical problems. General surgeons treat the majority of patients with chronic lower limb ischemia due to the lack of specialized surgical care. Current methods for risk factors adjustment, exercise therapy and the most common drugs for intermittent claudication management are reviewed in the article. The effect of these medicines on subjective (pain-free walking distance, maximal walking distance, etc.) and objective (ankle-brachial index) parameters and the incidence of complications are analyzed.