ABSTRACT
Objectives: The first onset of many psychiatric disorders usually occurs in childhood or adolescence. The structured interview of Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) was developed in response to the need for a standardized and reliable method to assess psychiatric disorders in preschool-age children. This study aimed to translate DSM-5-based PAPA into Farsi and evaluate its face and content validity and reliability. Materials & methods: The procedure was a forward translation of PAPA to Farsi, evaluation for face and content validity, finalization of items within the expert panel, backward translation to English, matching the original PAPA with randomly selected items from the backward translation version, and revision as needed, and finally evaluation for the validity of the changes for localization and cultural considerations. The interviews based on the final Farsi version were performed on thirty parents of children from two to five years old (chosen from Tabriz health centers) to determine the reliability and were repeated at an interval of two weeks. Results: The mean of CVI=0.91 and Modified Kappa=0.90 were obtained, and reliability with Cronbach's alpha was 0.89. Conclusion: The Farsi version of the DSM-5-based PAPA diagnostic interview has good face and content validity and reliability.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Stuttering is a common problem at all ages that is required to be treated since childhood. Atomoxetine is currently used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It can be effective for the treatment of stuttering due to its selective inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake and dopaminergic properties. Therefore, this randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effect of atomoxetine on children's stuttering. Materials & Methods: The children aged 4-12 years and diagnosed with stuttering, referred to Pediatric Neurology and Psychology clinics , were randomly divided into experimental (n=50) and control (n=50) groups. One group received atomoxetine plus speech therapy, and the other group received only speech therapy. Both groups completed the Stuttering Severity Instrument-Fourth Edition at the baseline (on the first visit) and 3 months after the intervention. The results were compared between the two groups using SPSS software (version 21). Results: Most of the children (67%) were male. Moreover, 24%, 46%, and 30% of the subjects were within the age ranges of < 60, 60-95, and > 95 months, respectively. Nearly half of the patients (52%) had a positive family history of stuttering. Stuttering severity was the highest within the age range of 60-95 months, in left-handed children, in those who used formula, and in those who felt insecure in the family; however, there was no difference in stuttering severity based on child's gender, concomitant ADHD, multilingualism, facial or movement tics, sleeping hours, and using teats. The mean stuttering severity reduced in both groups (P<0.001), with a greater decrease in the experimental group, compared to that of the control group (P=0.011). Conclusion: Atomoxetine plus speech therapy is effective for the treatment of children's stuttering and can be used as a complementary treatment strategy in such patients.
ABSTRACT
Childhood and adolescence psychiatric disorders affect subsequent stages; early diagnosis of these disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is necessary. There is no reliable and valid diagnostic interview for ADHD in Asian Persian or Farsi speaking countries. The DSM 5-based version of the interview was sent to the 14 child and adolescent and general psychiatrists to ensure the validity of the ADHD section of the PAPA interview through an online website. Out of 59 health centers, 15 centers were selected via systematic random sampling. Three hundred children participated in the study. ADHD questions of the PAPA had the power to differentiate, with a sensitivity of 0.92, a specificity of 0.01. It had positive diagnostic value = 95.83 %, negative diagnostic value = 98.91 %, negative correlation ratio = 0.12, overall diagnostic accuracy = 98.67 % and diagnostic chance ratio = 2085.35. ADHD questions of the PAPA diagnostic interview can diagnose ADHD in preschool as a reliable tool based on DSM-5.
