Evaluation of Association Between Adenomyosis and Cesarean Scar Defect.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate and compare quantitative factors of the cesarean scar defect (CSD) in symptomatic patients with and without uterine adenomyosis. METHOD: This study was conducted as a case-control study. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups: with adenomyosis (case) and without adenomyosis (control). The demographic data, medical history, and sonohysterography findings were extracted from the patient's documents and archived images. RESULT: During 2 years, 310 symptomatic women with a history of previous cesarean section underwent sonohysterography. Among them, 204 patients met the inclusion criteria. The most common chief complaints were post-menstrual bleeding (34.3%) and prolonged bleeding (27%). Cesarean scar depth and width significantly differed between these two groups, and patients with underlying adenomyosis had significantly larger defects (P-value of .009 and .005, respectively). Mean RMT/AMT ratio was 31.83% in the case group and 42.88% in the control group. In our study, RMT/AMT ratios were significantly lower in the case group (P-value of .001). In addition, we performed analysis on a subgroup of patients with one prior cesarean section. Similar results were achieved with a lower RMT/AMT ratio in case group (mean of 31.20% in case group and 46.47% in control group; P-value of .000). CONCLUSION: Our study showed a strong association between the presence of adenomyosis and larger clinically more significant CSDs. To establish a causative relationship, we suggest a prospective cohort study to follow up the patients and compare the evolution of CSD in patients with and without adenomyosis.

The imaging findings and diagnostic value of radiology modalities to assess breast malignancy among women aged younger than 30 years.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer mainly affects women aged >50 years; however, younger women may also have advanced breast cancer, so early detection is important. PURPOSE: To collect and review the imaging findings of women aged <30 years with breast cancer to find better diagnostic approaches for the early diagnosis of breast cancer in young women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, 45 patients aged <30 years with a diagnosis of breast cancer were evaluated. Imaging assessments were performed based on ultrasound, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Finally, the findings were compared with the pathological results. RESULTS: Predominant findings in ultrasound included irregular spiculated mass in 59.4%. In mammography, irregular high-density mass (46.5%) and suspicious micro calcification (42.8%) were the most common findings. In MRI, the predominant feature was a heterogeneous enhancing mass with an irregular shape and irregular margin (81%) with a 45% plateau and 36% washout kinetic pattern. In the pathology assessment, invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common finding (84.4%). All three modalities-MRI, ultrasonography, and mammography-are valuable, with sensitivities of 100%, 93.3%, and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound, mammography, and MRI are highly sensitive and accurate tools for detecting breast cancer lesions in young women. Regular clinical breast examination with breast self-examination, and in suspected cases, ultrasound as the first imaging modality followed by mammography and/or MRI are the preferred diagnostic approach.

A simplified approach to ovarian lesions based on the O-RADS US risk stratification and management system.

Compared to the risk-oriented approach to ovarian lesions that is presented in the Ovarian- Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) US Risk Stratification and Management System as a guideline, a lesion-oriented flowchart is more user-friendly for radiologists. In the present article, the O-RADS guideline has been depicted in the form of a single flowchart to explain how to approach ovarian lesions in an algorithmic manner. In addition to providing a practical flowchart, this pictorial article contains some images of the related ovarian lesions.

Intra-familial Transmission of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study in Northern Iran.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the intra-familial transmission of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Golestan province, that has the highest prevalence of CHB in Iran. METHODS: The Golestan Cohort Study (GCS) is a population-based prospective study of 50045 individuals, 40 years or older, initially set-up to study upper GI cancers in Northern Iran. In 2008, a baseline measurement of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on the stored serum of all GCS participants identified 3505 HBsAg+ individuals. In 2011, we assessed HBV serological markers in 2590 initially HBsAg+ individuals and their first-degree relatives including spouses (1454) and children (3934). RESULTS: The median (IQR) age of spouses and children were 52 (12) and 25 (12) years respectively. Out of 5388 family members, 2393 (44.5%) had no HBV markers, indicating susceptibility to infection. Of these, 378 (15.8%) were fully-vaccinated children with no apparent response to primary immunization. HBsAg was positive in 2.2% (n = 33) of spouses and 8.2% (n = 325) of children (overall rate of 6.6%). HBcAb was positive in 761 (52.3%) and 914 (23%) spouses and children, respectively. The rate of spontaneous loss of HBsAg (HBsAg-, HBsAb+ and HbcAb+) was 41.3% and 13.9% in spouses and children, respectively. A higher rate of HBsAg+ children (10.2%) was found in families in which the mother was positive for HBsAg compared with families where the father was positive for HBsAg (6.3%) (P < 0.001). When both parents were positive for HBsAg, the rate of HBsAg positivity was high (23.5%, P < 0.001). Despite high virus exposure rates between spouses (52.6 %), the prevalence of HBsAg positivity among them was very low (2.3 %). CONCLUSION: Sexual and parent-to-child transmission are important routes of CHB spread in this population from northern Iran despite the fact that 24 years have passed since the beginning of hepatitis B vaccination in infants. Low percentage of HBsAg positivity in spouses is related to high HBsAg clearance rate among them.

Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsy Concomitant with Leptomeningeal Involvement in Multiple Myeloma: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Neurologic symptoms are quite common in multiple myeloma, but direct invasion of central nervous system is extremely rare. Leptomeningeal multiple myeloma, as a rare neurological manifestation of multiple myeloma, presents with impairment of consciousness, cranial nerve palsies and convulsions. Here, we describe a 52-year- old male patient, known case of multiple myeloma, who presented with bilateral visual loss and difficulty in swallowing.

Correlation between clinicians-assigned weights to findings and their diagnostic odd ratio; case of congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Incorrect estimation of pretest probability and misinterpretation of test results can change post-test probability in medical decision making. The aim of this study was to evaluate how physicians assess weight of findings of congestive heart failure (CHF) and how much their estimation is correlated with findings' Diagnostic Odd Ratio (DOR). METHODS: The participants were asked to answer a questionnaire based on a scenario of a patient having dyspnea. Eighteen findings in 3 categories including: history, examination and radiographic findings were inserted along a column and a row as a matrix. The respondents had to compare each finding in the column with all other findings in the row and insert a mark in boxes below the findings of the row that had greater weight compared to the finding in the column. The weight of each finding was considered as total number of "marked boxes" in front of that finding. DOR of findings was calculated using their positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs) based on current best evidence. Findings ranked in the order of their DOR and were compared with the ranking in the order of participants-assigned weights. We examined correlation between average weights assigned by physicians and DOR of findings. In subgroup analysis correlations between average weights assigned by physicians and DOR of history, examination and radiographic findings were examined. RESULTS: Seventy five physicians completed the questionnaire. Correlation between ranking in the order of findings' DOR and ranking in the order of clinicians-assigned weights was significant (p-value = 0.005 r = 0.64). In contrast correlations between participants-assigned weights and DOR of history, examination and radiographic findings were positive but non- significant (r = 0.181, p-value = 0.7, r = 0.343, p-value = 0.506 and r = 0.219, p-value = 0.723 respectively). CONCLUSION: Our result show that although correlation between clinicians-assigned weights and DOR of entire findings was significant, correlations between clinicians-assigned weights to the different categories of findings and their DOR were not significant. Reevaluating probabilistic reasoning by emphasis on using LRs can make pretest probability estimating and interpretation of test results more objective and would ultimate in more precise and homogenous post-test probabilities.