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Due to the advancement of 16S rRNA sequencing technology, the lower respiratory tract microbiota, which was considered non-existent, has been revealed. The correlation between these microorganisms and diseases such as tumor has been a hot topic in recent years. As the bacteria in the surrounding can infiltrate the tumors, researchers have also begun to pay attention to the biological behavior of tumor bacteria and their interaction with tumors. In this review, we present the characteristic of the lower respiratory tract bacteria and summarize recent research findings on the relationship between these microbiota and lung cancer. On top of that, we also summarize the basic feature of bacteria in tumors and focus on the characteristic of the bacteria in lung cancer. The relationship between bacteria in lung cancer and tumor development is also been discussed. Finally, we review the potential clinical applications of bacterial communities in the lower respiratory tract and lung cancer, and summarize key points of sample collection, sequencing, and contamination control, hoping to provide new ideas for the screening and treatment of tumors. .
Subject(s)
Humans , Lung Neoplasms , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Bacteria/genetics , Microbiota , Respiratory System , Lung/microbiologyABSTRACT
Objective:To summarize and analyze the clinical outcome of minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who received minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2017 to December 2022. Improved anesthesia methods, monitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve, minimally invasive gastrostomy, and jejunostomy techniques were introduced in surgical procedure. We evaluated perioperative data and long-term follow-up survival in these patients.Results:A total of 226 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled, of which 48.2% received neoadjuvant therapy. The mean operation time was( 327 ± 68) min, with a total of 40.5(33, 50) lymph nodes and 27(19, 33) thoracic lymph nodes harvested. The postoperative hospital stay was 9(7, 12) days, and the postoperative complication rate was 36.3%. In terms of learning curve, after 50 patients intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury rate were significantly decreased. The number of total lymph nodes, thoracic lymph nodes, and the 106tbl harvested was significantly increased. The median follow-up time was 23.5(14, 47) months, with a loss of follow-up rate of 3.5%. The overall 2-year and 5-year survival rates were 82.6% and 71.8%, respectively.Conclusion:Improved minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are safe and acceptable. Learning curve can be shortened, with increased lymph node harvested and decreased postoperative complications, which improving the short-term and long-term outcomes of patients.
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Minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules (MPMNs) are benign small lesions in the lungs, with similar pathological characteristics to the meningeal epithelium. MPMNs have similar imaging manifestations to malignant tumors, which can lead to misdiagnosis in clinical practice. There is no consensus on the pathogenesis of MPMNs, with some suggest that MPMNs derive from reactive proliferation, while others suggest that MPMNs share a common origin and molecular mechanism with meningiomas in the central nervous system. Understanding the characteristics of MPMNs and studying their pathogenesis will help improve the understanding and diagnosis of MPMNs. In this article, we reviewed the clinical, pathological, imaging characteristics, differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of MPMNs. We also analyze the existing research advances regarding the pathogenesis and propose prospects for further research. .
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@#Objective To systematically review the clinical utilization of robotic bronchoscopes in diagnosis of pulmonary nodules, including MonarchTM and IonTM platforms, and then evaluate the efficacy and safety of the procedure. Methods PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched by computer for literature about the biopsy of pulmonary nodules with robotic bronchoscope from January 2018 to February 14, 2022. The quality of research was evaluated with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RevMan 5.4 software was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Results Finally, 19 clinical studies with 1 542 patients and 1 697 targeted pulmonary nodules were included, of which 13 studies used the IonTM platform and 6 studies used the MonarchTM platform. The overall diagnostic rate of the two systems was 84.96% (95%CI 62.00%-95.00%), sensitivity for malignancy was 81.79%(95%CI 43.00%-96.00%), the mean maximum diameter of the nodules was 16.22 mm (95%CI 10.98-21.47), the mean procedure time was 61.86 min (95%CI 46.18-77.54) and the rate of complications occurred was 4.76% (95%CI 2.00%-15.00%). There was no statistical difference in the outcomes between the two systems. Conclusion Robotic bronchoscope provides a high efficacy and safety in biopsy of pulmonary nodules, and has a broad application prospect for pulmonary nodules diagnosis.
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@#Objective To assess the safety and clinical outcomes of segmentectomy in one- or two-staged video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for bilateral lung cancer. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 100 patients who underwent VATS segmentectomy for bilateral lung cancer at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from December 2013 to May 2022. We divided the patients into two groups: a one-stage group (52 patients), including 17 males and 35 females with a mean age of 55.17±11.09 years, and a two-stage group (48 patients), including 16 males and 32 females with a mean age of 59.88±11.48 years. We analyzed multiple intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes. Results All 100 patients successfully completed bilateral VATS, and at least unilateral lung received anatomical segmentectomy. Patients in the one-stage group were younger (P=0.040), had lower rate of comorbidities (P=0.030), were less likely to have a family history of lung cancer (P=0.018), and had a shorter interval between diagnosis and surgery (P=0.000) compared with patients in the two-stage group. Wedge resection on the opposite side was more common in the one-stage group (P=0.000), while lobectomy was more common in the two-stage group. The time to emerge from anesthesia in the one-stage group was longer than that in the first and second operations of the two-stage group (P=0.000, P=0.002). Duration of surgery and anesthesia were similar between two groups (P>0.05). Total number of lymph node stations for sampling and dissection (P=0.041) and lymph nodes involved (P=0.026) were less in the one-stage group. Intraoperative airway management was similar between two groups (P>0.05). The one-stage group was associated with lower activities of daily living (ADL) scores. Conclusion Segmentectomy is safe in one- or two-staged VATS for bilateral lung cancer, including contralateral sublobectomy and lobectomy. Duration of surgery and perioperative complications are similar between two groups, but the one-stage group is associated with lower ADL scores. On the basis of comprehensive consideration in psychological factors, physical conditions and personal wishes of patients, one-staged sequential bilateral VATS can be the first choice.
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Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of arthroscopic minimally invasive reduction in the treatment of talus posterior process fractures.Methods:The clinical data were retrospectively studied of the 42 patients with talus posterior process fracture who had been admitted to Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Wuhan from January 2010 to June 2021. There were 25 males and 17 females, aged from 21 to 60 years (average, 40.5 years). They were assigned into 2 groups according to their different treatments. In the arthroscopic group of 15 cases, arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation (ARIF) were conducted via the posteromedial and posterolateral approaches; in the open reduction group of 27 cases, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were conducted via the posteromedial para-Achilles approach. The 2 groups were compared in terms of operation time, blood loss, hospital stay, fracture clinical healing time, postoperative complications, and the American Society for Foot and Ankle Surgery (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score at one year postoperation.Results:There was no significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P> 0.05). The arthroscopic group incurred significantly less blood loss [(32.0±11.5) mL], hospital stay [(5.3±1.8) d], and fracture clinical healing time [(4.6±1.0) months], and a significantly lower incidence of postoperative complications [20.0% (3/15)] than the open reduction group did [(80.0±15.2) mL, (8.4±2.4) d, (6.3±2.2) months, and 29.6% (8/27)], but significantly longer operation time [(74.0±8.9) min] than the open reduction group [(62.9±5.1) min] ( P<0.05). The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores at one year postoperation in both groups were higher than those before operation. The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores in the arthroscopic group [(83.0±13.0) points] were significantly higher than those in the open reduction group [(72.3±16.0) points] ( P<0.05). Conclusion:ARIF is a preferred minimally invasive treatment for talus posterior process fractures, because it leads to a smaller incision, less blood loss, shorter hospital stay, quicker clinical healing, a lower incidence of postoperative complications, and better functional improvement of the ankle and hindfoot than ORIF.
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Objective:To investigate the efficacy of Masquelet induced membrane technique combined with an external locking plate in the treatment of infectious bone defects of the tibia.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the data of 32 patients with infectious bone defects of the tibia who had been treated by Masquelet induced membrane technique combined with an external locking plate at Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Wuhan from January 2011 to January 2021. There were 22 males and 10 females, with an age of (43.2±13.1) years. The length of bone defects was (5.1±1.3) cm. By the Cierny-Mader classification, there were 12 cases of type Ⅲ and 20 cases of type Ⅳ. The defects were located at the proximal tibia in 11 cases, at the middle tibia in 12, and at the distal tibia in 9. At the last follow-up, the lower limb function was evaluated by the Paley scale, and the quality of life by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36).Results:All the 32 patients were followed up for (21.2±5.7) months. Normal healing was achieved in 30 cases but delayed healing occurred in 2 cases. The external plate and screws were removed at (23.1±4.6) weeks after operation. There was no infection in the original surgical incision or no injury to the nerve, blood vessel or tendon after operation, but nail tract infection occurred more or less in 3 cases. According to the Paley scale at the last follow-up, the lower limb function was evaluated as excellent in 22 cases, as good in 8, and as fair in 2, giving an excellent and good rate of 93.75% (30/32). The SF-36 quality of life score was (88.9±3.8) points.Conclusion:In the treatment of infectious bone defects of the tibia, Masquelet induced membrane technique combined with an external locking plate can achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes due to its effective control of infection, reduction in delayed healing, good stability and good patient tolerance.
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@#Objective To analyze the research hotspots and progress of surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis. Methods The top 100 most cited articles on surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis were identified by searching the Web of Science database, and a bibliometric analysis was conducted. Results The publication year of the top 100 most cited articles ranged from 1939 to 2021, and the number of citations ranged from 55 to 850 per article. Most of the included articles were original research articles (75/100), which were mainly retrospective studies (64/75). The United States was the country with the most published articles and most citations, and Annals of Thoracic Surgery was the most sourced journal (n=20). Through VOSviewer analysis, high-density keywords were thymectomy, maximal thymectomy, extended thymectomy, transcervical thymectomy, thymoma, and autoantibodies. Conclusion The scope of surgical resection, surgical approach and pathogenesis are the current hotspots in the field of surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis. It is hoped that this paper can provide references for future researches in this field.
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@#Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of primary mediastinal yolk sac tumor (PMYST). Methods We collected the clinical data of PMYST patients who were admitted to the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2000 to September 2020. The clinical and pathological characteristics, treatment and prognosis of PMYST patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results Finally 18 patients were enrolled, including 17 males and 1 female with a median age of 22.0 (16.6, 26.2) years. Patients had increased level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP). The pathological type can be single yolk sac tumor or combined with other mediastinal germ cell tumors. Chemotherapy and radical surgery were the main treatment methods. Extensive resection was feasible for patients with tumor invasion of other organs. Seven patients developed lung or pleural metastasis after operation, and 3 of them had extrapleural metastasis. One patient recurred within 1 year after surgery. All patients were followed up by telephone or outpatient department. At the last follow-up, 5 patients survived, 9 died, and 4 were lost to follow up, with a median survival of 16.8 months. The median disease-free survival was 14.9 months. The survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 73.3%, 28.6% and 11.8%, respectively. Conclusion PMYST often occurs in young-middle aged male patients. Preoperative puncture can provide an effective diagnostic basis. R0 resection, AFP returning to normal after treatment and no metastasis may be potential indicators of good prognosis. The overall prognosis of PMYST is poor, and some patients can achieve long-term survival after treatment.
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Objective:To evaluate biplane osteotomy and bone transport combined external locking plating for sequential treatment of massive tibial bone defects.Methods:Twenty-eight patients with massive tibial bone defects were reviewed who had been treated at Department of Repair and Reconstruction, Wuhan Puai Hospital from October 2013 to October 2019. They were divided into a bone transport group and a combined bone transport group (bone transport combined external locking plating) according to their surgical methods. In the bone transport group of 14 cases, there were 10 males and 4 females with an age of (38.6±3.2) years and a bone defect of (8.0±0.5) cm; in the combined bone transport group of 14 cases, there were 9 males and 5 females with an age of (39.1±3.9) years and a bone defect of (8.3±0.3) cm. The time for wearing external fixator, fracture healing time, dock-in-site healing time, postoperative function assessment and complications were observed and compared between the 2 groups.Results:There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in their preoperative general data, showing they were comparable ( P>0.05). The bone transport group were followed up for 12 to 28 months (average, 18.4 months) and the combined bone transport group for 12 to 26 months (average, 16.8 months). The time for wearing external fixator in the combined bone transport group [(8.4±0.7) months] was significantly shorter than that [(13.3±1.4) months] in the bone transport group ( P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in either the fracture healing time [(8.4±1.3) months versus (7.4±1.2) months] or the dock-in-site healing time [(210.2±9.1) months versus (206.2±9.8) months] ( P>0.05). By the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI) scoring, the bone healing was excellent in 6, good in 5 and fair in 3 cases in the bone transport group while excellent in 8, good in 4 and fair in 2 cases in the combined bone transport group, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups in the excellent to good rate ( P>0.05). By the postoperative functional assessment of the lower extremity, there were 7 excellent, 3 good, 3 fair and one poor cases in the bone transport group while 8 excellent, 5 good and one poor cases in the combined bone transport group, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups in the excellent to good rate ( P>0.05). In the bone transport group, there were 3 cases of pin track infection, one case of dock-in-site nonunion, 2 cases of poor alignment of lower extremities, 2 cases of skin depression, one case of nail loosening, 5 cases of joint stiffness and 3 cases of delayed union of the distracted bone; in the combined bone transport group, there were one case of pin track infection, 2 cases of poor alignment of lower extremities, 3 cases of skin depression, 3 cases of joint stiffness, 2 cases of delayed union of the distracted bone and one case of refracture. Conclusion:In the sequential treatment of massive tibial bone defects, biplane osteotomy and bone transport combined external locking plating can reduce the time for wearing external fixator and increase the satisfaction of patients.
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Pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (PIMT) is a rare lung tumor that is poorly understood by clinicians. Based on the data of patients with PIMT in our center, a comprehensive search and a brief summary analysis of previous reports of the disease were carried out in this article. PIMTs were more likely to be present in male patients and in the right lung, and their clinical and radiographic findings were heterogeneous. Surgery is the most important treatment method, and complete resection is of great significance to the prognosis of patients. Targeted therapy represented by crizotinib may be helpful for patients with positive ALK mutations.
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Small cell lung cancer is a kind of malignant tumor with strong invasiveness and poor prognosis, and the classic therapeutic modality of the disease remains multidisciplinary and comprehensive treatment. Treatment options for small cell lung cancer have been stalled for a long time, and new opportunities have emerged in recent years due to the development and initial experience of immunotherapeutic drugs. Clinical trials of some selected immune checkpoint inhibitors have confirmed the efficacy and safety in small cell lung cancer. Based on the results of phase III clinical trials (Impower133 and CASPIAN), Atezolizumab or Durvalumab in combination with chemotherapy has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the first-line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Clinical trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors are being actively carried out and provide different perspectives for the management of small cell lung cancer. This article aimed to review the clinical progress in immunotherapy of small cell lung cancer. .
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Humans , Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Immunotherapy/methods , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/pathologyABSTRACT
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy, including neoadjuvant single- or dual-drug immunotherapy or combined immunotherapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, has witnessed a rapid development in non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical trials exhibited the encouraging pathological responses and certain clinical benefits in selected patients, with tolerable toxicity. Nivolumab with chemotherapy has been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first immunotherapy-based treatment for non-small cell lung cancer in the neoadjuvant treatment setting. There is the need for further evaluation of long-term efficacy, side effects or surgical issues for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. .
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Humans , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Immunotherapy/methods , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Neoadjuvant Therapy , Nivolumab/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Thymic epithelial tumor is a rare anterior mediastinal tumor. Surgery is the most important treatment for thymic tumors. However, non-surgical treatment is still an inevitable choice for unresectable advanced thymic tumors. The traditional treatment methods include chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but the effect is limited. With the development of immunotherapy therapy, some studies have attempted the exploration of immunotherapy for thymic tumors. Because of the low incidence rate of thymic tumors, these studies are mostly small retrospective analyses. This article review the clinical and basic research progress of immunotherapy for thymic tumors
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Lung cancer ranks the first cancer-related morbidity and mortality in China. With the development and penetration of imaging technology, increasing small pulmonary peripheral Nodules (SPPNs) have been detected. However, precise location and diagnosis of SPPNs is still a tough problem for clinical diagnosis and treatment in department of thoracic surgery. With the development of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB), it provides a novel minimally invasive method for the diagnosis and treatment of SPPNs. In this review, we summarized the application and progress of ENB in preoperative positioning, diagnosis, and local treatment, then, discussed the clinical application of ENB in the hybrid operating room. .
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Humans , Bronchoscopy/methods , Electromagnetic Phenomena , Lung Neoplasms/surgery , Multiple Pulmonary Nodules/diagnosis , Thoracic SurgeryABSTRACT
@#Thymic neuroendocrine tumors (TNETs) are a series of rare diseases with aggressive biology and poor prognosis. Clinical manifestations of TNETs are atypical, and ectopic secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone can be found in some cases, resulting in associated endocrine symptoms. Due to the low morbidity and strong heterogeneity, it’s difficult to diagnose, treat and obtain new treatment regimen. Early complete surgical resection is an effective treatment. For advanced cancer, clinical trials of new drugs are expected to improve the survival of patients.
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Small cell lung cancer carries the worst prognosis among lung cancer. The current guidelines only recommend surgical treatment for patients in the Ⅰ-ⅡA stage, but surgical treatment is often in a neglected position in clinical practice. More and more recent studies have focused on this aspect. This article reviews the recent research literatures and reviews the progress of surgery in the multidisciplinary treatment of small cell lung cancer.
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Objective:To evaluate the treatment strategy of primary shortening plus secondary lengthening for Gustilo ⅢC open fractures in the lower limb.Methods:From January 2010 to January 2018, 12 patients (8 males and 4 females) with complex Gustilo ⅢC open fracture in the lower limb received emergency treatment at Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital. Their ages ranged from 22 to 67 years (average, 41.2 years). All patients were complicated with bone and soft tissue defects associated with nerve and vascular injury in the lower limb. The sizes of soft tissue defects ranged from 4 cm × 2 cm to 17 cm × 12 cm; the main arteries were shortened after debridement by an average of 4.2 cm (from 1.2 cm to 8.3 cm); the broken nerves were shortened after debridement by an average of 4.0 cm (from 1.0 cm to 8.1 cm); the tibial shaft defects averaged 6.3 cm in length (from 2.0 to 9.6 cm). All cases were treated at the first stage by emergency debridement and shortening at the fracture site to directly repair the damaged bone, blood vessels and nerves before the wound was covered. After the limb survived and the wound completely healed, an Ilizarov external fixator was installed to lengthen the limb by bone transport. Recorded were speed of bone lengthening, time with external fixation and complications. The lower limb functions were evaluated at the last follow-up by Paley criteria.Results:The 12 patients were followed up for 14 to 32 months (average, 19.1 months). All the limbs survived with no serious infection. The shortening ranged from 2.0 to 8.2 cm (average, 3.6 cm); the mean speed of bone transport was 0.87 mm/day; the time with external fixation ranged from 11 to 16 months (average, 13.2 months); the bony union was achieved after 10 to 14 months (average, 11.2 months). Postoperative horseshoe inversion was reported in 7 patients, and needle tract infection below Dahl grade 3 in 2 cases. According to Paley criteria, the function of lower limb was rated as excellent in 8 cases, as good in 3 cases, and as fair in one.Conclusion:The treatment strategy of primary shortening plus secondary lengthening using Ilizarov technique has lowered the risk for limb salvage and the surgical difficulty, leading to fine clinical outcomes.
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@# Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death all around the world. Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapies have significantly improved the outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in recent years. However, the objective response rate in non-screened patients is only about 20%. It is very important to screen out the potential patients suitable for immunotherapy. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissue biopsies with PD-L1 antibodies can predict the therapeutic response to immunotherapy to some extent, but it still has some limitations. Recently some clinical studies have shown that PD-L1 expression in circulating tumor cells (CTC-PD-L1) is a potential independent biomarker and may provide important information for immunotherapy in NSCLC. This article will review technology for CTC-PD-L1 detection and the predictive value of CTC-PD-L1 for immunotherapy in NSCLC and review the latest clinical research progress.
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@#With the broad application of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and high rates of early lung cancer screening, the number of patients diagnosed with synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC) has been increasing. It becomes of great prominence to distinct sMPLC from intrapulmonary metastases in clinical practice. An increasing number of studies have developed high-throughput sequencing based genetic approaches to specify the molecular characteristics of sMPLC, which contributes to a better understanding of its tumorigenesis. The genetic profile of sMPLC also benefits its diagnosis, which mainly relies on its clinicopathological criteria. Here, we summarize the progresses on the diagnostic criteria for sMPLC, and also molecular features of sMPLC from the perspective of clonality analysis.