ABSTRACT
Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical and biochemical syndrome resulting from skeletal muscle injury, which may ultimately lead to acute renal failure (ARF) and death. Exertional rhabdomyolysis refers to skeletal muscle injury that is usually induced by strenuous eccentric exercises in a hot and humid environment. It is usually seen in marathoners and military personnel. We present the case of a 32-year-old Malaysian man who had rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria without ARF after two episodes of unaccustomed swimming. He was treated conservatively, and recovered uneventfully. A brief discussion on the pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis, the principles of management and recuperation is included.
Subject(s)
Rhabdomyolysis/etiology , Swimming , Adult , Humans , Male , Myoglobinuria/diagnosis , Myoglobinuria/etiology , Myoglobinuria/physiopathology , Myoglobinuria/therapy , Physical Exertion/physiology , Rhabdomyolysis/diagnosis , Rhabdomyolysis/physiopathology , Rhabdomyolysis/therapy , Swimming/physiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of musculoskeletal injuries sustained by Malaysian badminton players. METHODS: This is a retrospective case notes review of all badminton players who attended the National Sports Institute (NSI) Clinic, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and were diagnosed with musculoskeletal injuries. RESULT: In a two and a half year period, from January 2005 to June 2007, 469 musculoskeletal injuries were diagnosed among badminton players at the NSI Clinic. The mean age of the players who attended the clinic was 19.2 (range 13-52) years. Approximately 60 percent of the injuries occurred in players younger than 20 years of age. The majority of injuries (91.5 percent) were categorised as mild overuse injury and mostly involved the knee. CONCLUSION: The majority of the injuries sustained by badminton players in this study were due to overuse, primarily in the knee. The majority of the injuries were diagnosed in younger players and occurred during training/practice sessions. There was no difference in terms of incidence and types of injuries between the genders.
Subject(s)
Cumulative Trauma Disorders/epidemiology , Musculoskeletal Diseases/etiology , Racquet Sports/injuries , Adolescent , Adult , Cumulative Trauma Disorders/etiology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Malaysia , Male , Middle Aged , Musculoskeletal Diseases/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Sports , Sports Medicine/methods , Young AdultABSTRACT
Our recent studies have shown that co-activation of Gq and Gi proteins by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and adrenaline show synergism in human platelet aggregation. This study was conducted to examine the mechanism(s) of synergistic interaction of 5-HT and platelet activating factor (PAF) in human platelets. We show that PAF, but not 5-HT, increased platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, low concentrations of 5-HT (2 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation induced by subthreshold concentration of PAF (40 nM) indicating a synergistic interaction between the two agonists and this synergism was blocked by receptor antagonists to either 5-HT or PAF. 5-HT also potentiated the effect of PAF on thromboxane A2 (TXA2) formation and phosphorylation of extracellularly regulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1/2). The synergism of 5-HT and PAF in platelet aggregation was inhibited by calcium (Ca2+) channel blockers, verapamil and diltiazem, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, indomethacin, and MEK inhibitor, PD98059. These data suggest that synergistic effect of 5-HT and PAF on human platelet aggregation involves activation of PLC/Ca2+, COX and MAP kinase pathways.
