The Management of Symptomatic Hydronephrosis in Pregnancy.

The aim of this article is to provide a literature review on the management of symptomatic physiological hydronephrosis in pregnancy and compare different modalities of intervention when needed. In this review, we conducted an electronic literature search of peer-reviewed journal articles. The PubMed, Research Gate, and Google Scholar databases were queried with the following search terms: "pregnancy", "obstruction," and "hydronephrosis"; the terms "urolithiasis" and "kidney stone" were excluded. As a result, conservative treatment was successful and more favored for most of the patients and the clinicians in the different studies we found. Conservative management will usually include regular analgesia, positioning, and antibiotics. Close follow-up with ultrasound is always recommended. Intervention with ureteric stent insertion or nephrostomy tube insertion was less favored and only triggered by certain clinical criteria. In conclusion, symptomatic hydronephrosis in pregnancy can be safely treated conservatively. However, ureteral double-J stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy are effective and safe treatment methods in the minority of patients with persistent symptoms not responding to conservative management.

Deletion of autophagy related, ATG1 and F-box motif encoding YDR131C, together, lead to synthetic growth defects and flocculation behavior in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy both pathways are involved in clearing the nonessential cellular components and also crosstalk during cellular response to normal and stress conditions. The F-box motif proteins constitute the SCF-E3 ligase complex of the UPS pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are involved in the substrate recruitment for ubiquitination. The ATG1 encoded Atg1p, a conserved serine-threonine kinase is crucial for the autophagy process. Here in this study, we report that loss of F-box motif encoding YDR131C and ATG1 together results in growth defects, floc formation, sensitivity to hydroxyurea, methyl methanesulfonate, and hydrogen peroxide. Both the genes also interact with the flocculation-related genes (FLO) and associate with gene ontology terms "ubiquitin-protein transferase activity" and "cellular catabolic process." Based on in silico analysis and experimental evidence we conclude that YDR131C and ATG1 function in parallel pathways to regulate the growth, flocculation, and stress response.

Nitrosoarene-Catalyzed HFIP-Assisted Transformation of Arylmethyl Halides to Aromatic Carbonyls under Aerobic Conditions.

A rare metal-free nucleophilic nitrosoarene catalysis accompanied by highly hydrogen-bond-donor (HBD) solvent, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), organocatalytically converts arylmethyl halides to aromatic carbonyls. This protocol offers an effective means to access a diverse array of aromatic carbonyls with good chemoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. The activation of arylmethyl halides by HFIP to generate stable carbocation and autoxidation of in situ generated hydroxylamine to nitrosoarene in the presence of atmospheric O2 are the keys to success.