Feasibility of a telehealth breathing intervention for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a restrictive chronic lung disease that results in scarring of the tissue due to an unknown cause. Dyspnea is experienced by 90 % of patients and is correlated with reduced quality of life and survival times. Breathing techniques can improve perceived dyspnea, however, are not readily taught outside of inpatient hospital settings and pulmonary rehabilitation programs, the latter being accessed by only 3 % of patients with chronic lung disease. Telehealth may be an option to increase access to this imperative symptom management education to improve symptom management and patient outcomes. AIMS: 1) To determine the feasibility of a telehealth breathing intervention for patients living with IPF; 2) To determine the usability of the telehealth system; 3) To describe within-group changes in dyspnea, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. DESIGN: A single-group, pre-post intervention. METHODS: Study participants were recruited from community-dwelling patients living with IPF. Pre-intervention data was collected on symptoms using standardized questionnaires. Participants enrolled in one telehealth Zoom session per week over the course of four weeks and practiced breathing exercises 10-minutes per day. Following the intervention, participants completed post-intervention, feasibility, and usability questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: All feasibility benchmarks were met. Following the intervention, mean symptom scores improved, however were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that a telehealth breathing intervention is a feasible option to increase access to the symptom management strategy of breathing techniques to manage perceived dyspnea to positively influence symptoms experienced by patients living with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

A latent class analysis of factors influencing preferences for infant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) preventives among pregnant people in the United States.

A maternal vaccine and long-acting monoclonal antibody (mAb) were recently approved to protect infants against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We identified subgroups of pregnant people with different preferences for RSV preventives and respondent characteristics associated with subgroup membership. An online survey, including a discrete choice experiment (DCE), was conducted among US pregnant people. RSV preventive attributes included effectiveness, duration of protection during RSV season, injection recipient/timing, preventive type (vaccine or mAb), and type of visit required to receive injection. In DCE choice tasks, pregnant people selected between two hypothetical preventive profiles with varying attribute-levels and a no-preventive option. Logistic regression, including latent class analysis (LCA), was used to analyze the data. Of 992 pregnant people (mean age: 30.0 years), 60.3% were expecting their second/later birth. LCA identified three preference subgroups: 'Effectiveness' (preventive choice mostly driven by increases in effectiveness; 51.4% class membership probability), 'Season' (preventive choice mostly driven by improvement in duration of protection during the RSV season; 39.2% class membership probability), and 'No Preventive' (frequently chose no-preventive option; 9.4% class membership probability). 'Effectiveness' and 'Season' preferred maternal vaccine over mAb; mAb was preferred by 'No Preventive.' Perceiving RSV as serious for infants, higher health literacy, and lower household income were associated with 'Effectiveness.' Perceiving RSV as serious for pregnant people was associated with 'Season.' Perceiving RSV to not be serious for pregnant people and not being employed were associated with 'No Preventive.' Subgroups of pregnant people vary in preferences for RSV preventives. Most pregnant people preferred a maternal vaccine, although some may be more willing to accept alternative preventive options.

Healthcare Providers' and Pregnant People's Preferences for a Preventive to Protect Infants from Serious Illness Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

We assessed the impact of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) preventive characteristics on the intentions of pregnant people and healthcare providers (HCPs) to protect infants with a maternal vaccine or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Pregnant people and HCPs who treated pregnant people and/or infants were recruited via convenience sample from a general research panel to complete a cross-sectional, web-based survey, including a discrete choice experiment (DCE) wherein respondents chose between hypothetical RSV preventive profiles varying on five attributes (effectiveness, preventive type [maternal vaccine vs. mAb], injection recipient/timing, type of medical visit required to receive the injection, and duration of protection during RSV season) and a no-preventive option. A best-worst scaling (BWS) exercise was included to explore the impact of additional attributes on preventive preferences. Data were collected between October and November 2022. Attribute-level preference weights and relative importance (RI) were estimated. Overall, 992 pregnant people and 310 HCPs participated. A preventive (vs. none) was chosen 89.2% (pregnant people) and 96.0% (HCPs) of the time (DCE). Effectiveness was most important to preventive choice for pregnant people (RI = 48.0%) and HCPs (RI = 41.7%); all else equal, pregnant people (RI = 5.5%) and HCPs (RI = 7.2%) preferred the maternal vaccine over mAbs, although preventive type had limited influence on choice. Longer protection, protection starting at birth or the beginning of RSV season, and use for both pre-term and full-term babies were ranked highest in importance (BWS). Pregnant people and HCPs strongly preferred a preventive to protect infants against RSV (vs. none), underscoring the need to incorporate RSV preventives into routine care.

Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners experiencing therapeutic alliance while using tele-mental health: A phenomenological study.

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners have rapidly adopted and implemented tele-mental health in their practice; however it is unclear how this modality of care affects the experiential quality of therapeutic alliance, simply defined as the interpersonal working bond between provider and patient. OBJECTIVE: This study is the first to explore how psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners experience therapeutic alliance while using tele-mental health. DESIGN: Husserlian phenomenological qualitative study. PARTICIPANTS: A purposive, convenience sample of 17 American psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners who engaged in tele-mental health care were recruited online and interviewed. METHODS: Phenomenological interview transcripts recorded and later thematically coded in the qualitative software MaxQDA. RESULTS: From 1426 individual codes, five major themes and 16 subthemes were discovered. Overall, themes illuminated that psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners could build therapeutic alliance over tele-mental health using inherent interpersonal skills that had to be adapted to the technology. Adaptions included working with patient environmental factors, individual patient considerations, provider ambivalence, and technological observation shifting awareness and communication patterns. CONCLUSIONS: When adapting for the tele-mental health environment, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners experienced building and sustaining therapeutic alliance with most patients. Unparalleled aspects of tele-mental health allowed for a fuller clinical picture and logistical convenience to see patients more often with ease for both the provider and patient. However, experiential aspects of therapeutic alliance created during in-person care could not be replaced with tele-mental health. In conclusion, participants concluded that a hybrid care model would enhance therapeutic alliance for most patients.

Impact of including productivity costs in economic analyses of vaccines for C. difficile infections and infant respiratory syncytial virus, in a UK setting.

OBJECTIVES: It has been estimated that vaccines can accrue a relatively large part of their value from patient and carer productivity. Yet, productivity value is not commonly or consistently considered in health economic evaluations of vaccines in several high-income countries. To contribute to a better understanding of the potential impact of including productivity value on the expected cost-effectiveness of vaccination, we illustrate the extent to which the incremental costs would change with and without productivity value incorporated. METHODS: For two vaccines currently under development, one against Cloistridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection and one against respiratory syncytial disease (RSV), we estimated their incremental costs with and without productivity value included and compared the results. RESULTS: In this analysis, reflecting a UK context, a C. difficile vaccination programme would prevent £12.3 in productivity costs for every person vaccinated. An RSV vaccination programme would prevent £49 in productivity costs for every vaccinated person. CONCLUSIONS: Considering productivity costs in future cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccines for C. difficile and RSV will contribute to better-informed reimbursement decisions from a societal perspective.

Attributable Cost of Adult Respiratory Syncytial Virus Illness Beyond the Acute Phase.

Background: Estimates of the cost of medically attended lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults, especially beyond the acute phase, is limited. This study was undertaken to estimate the attributable costs of RSV-LRTI among US adults during, and up to 1 year after, the acute phase of illness. Methods: A retrospective observational matched-cohort design and a US healthcare claims repository (2016-2019) were employed. The study population comprised adults aged ≥18 years with RSV-LRTI requiring hospitalization (RSV-H), an emergency department visit (RSV-ED), or physician office/hospital outpatient visit (RSV-PO/HO), as well as matched comparison patients. All-cause healthcare expenditures were tallied during the acute phase of illness (RSV-H: from admission through 30 days postdischarge; ambulatory RSV: during the episode) and long-term phase (end of acute phase to end of following 1-year period). Results: The study population included 4526 matched pairs of RSV-LRTI and comparison patients (RSV-H: n = 970; RSV-ED: n = 590; RSV-PO/HO: n = 2966). Mean acute-phase expenditures were $42 179 for RSV-H (vs $5154 for comparison patients), $4409 for RSV-ED (vs $377), and $922 for RSV-PO/HO (vs $201). By the end of the 1-year follow-up period, mean expenditures-including acute and long-term phases-were $101 532 for RSV-H (vs $36 302), $48 701 for RSV-ED (vs $27 131), and $28 851 for RSV-PO/HO (vs $20 523); overall RSV-LRTI attributable expenditures thus totaled $65 230, $21 570, and $8327, respectively. Conclusions: The cost of RSV-LRTI requiring hospitalization or ambulatory care among US adults is substantial, and the economic impact of RSV-LTRI may extend well beyond the acute phase of illness.

Rates of Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in US Adults by Age and Comorbidity Profile.

INTRODUCTION: While it is widely recognized that older adults, adults with chronic medical conditions (CMC), and adults with immunocompromising conditions (IC) are at increased risk of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI), evidence of the magnitude of increased risk is limited. This study was thus undertaken to characterize rates of hospitalized and ambulatory LRTI among United States (US) adults by age and comorbidity profile. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design and US healthcare claims database (2016-2019) were employed. Study population included adults aged ≥ 18 years and was stratified by age and comorbidity profile (CMC-, CMC+ , IC). LRTI was ascertained overall and by pathogen pathogen (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]), and was classified by care setting (hospital, emergency department [ED], physician office/hospital outpatient [PO/HO]). RESULTS: Relative rates (RR) of LRTI generally increased with older age across care settings (vs. 18-49 years), with the most marked increase for hospitalizations: for LRTI-hospitalized, RRs ranged from 3.3 for 50-64 years to 46.6 for ≥ 85 years; for LRTI-ED and LRTI-PO/HO, RRs ranged from 1.0 to 2.7 and from 1.3 to 1.5, respectively. Within age groups, LRTI rates were also consistently higher among CMC+ and IC adults (vs. CMC- adults). Age-specific RRs of LRTI patients hospitalized due to RSV were largely comparable to overall LRTI; age-specific RRs for other care settings, and RRs for CMC+ and IC adults (vs. CMC- adults), were generally higher for LRTI due to RSV. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of LRTI, including that due to RSV, especially for events requiring acute inpatient care, is markedly higher among older adults and adults of all ages with CMC or IC.

Episodic Cost of Lower Respiratory Tract Illness due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among US Infants During the First Year of Life.

A study of 2 health care claims databases (commercial, Medicaid) was undertaken to estimate the episodic cost of lower respiratory tract illness due to respiratory syncytial virus among infants aged <12 months overall, by age, and by birth gestational age. Among commercial-insured infants, mean costs were $28 812 for hospitalized episodes, $2575 for emergency department episodes, and $336 for outpatient clinic episodes. Costs were highest among infants aged <1 month and infants with a gestational age ≤32 weeks and were comparable among Medicaid-insured infants, albeit somewhat lower. The cost of lower respiratory tract illness due to respiratory syncytial virus during the acute phase of illness is high, especially among the youngest infants and those born premature.

A virtual dissemination framework to inform and evaluate a neonatal project ECHO (NeoECHO).

AIM: To present the development, implementation and evaluation of a theoretically grounded novel virtual dissemination evaluation (VDE) framework. BACKGROUND: Care of intensive care unit patients requires access to the most up-to-date knowledge and best practices. To address this challenge, we present the development, implementation and evaluation of a theoretically grounded novel VDE framework. This framework is applied to a dissemination strategy, NeoECHO, in neonatal intensive care units. Evidence-based virtual education is implemented to prevent, detect and treat necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. DESIGN: Research Methodology: Discussion Paper-Methodology. METHODS: The virtual dissemination evaluation framework is a sequential combination of Integration of Integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services and Moore's Expanded Outcomes frameworks. The framework's conceptual determinants, virtual facilitators and implementation evaluations were operationalized in the NeoECHO dissemination strategy and evaluated for feasibility. The virtual dissemination evaluation framework was conceptually mapped, and operational activities were examined including theoretical constructs drawing on insights of nursing theorists, especially Fawcett's criteria (2005) for frameworks with practical application (significance, internal consistency, parsimony, testability and design fit). The NeoECHO strategy was evaluated for virtual dissemination evaluation adherence, operationalization and feasibility of implementation evaluation. RESULTS: The virtual dissemination evaluation framework meets the criteria for a practical application and demonstrates feasibility for adherence and operationalization consistency. The implementation evaluation was usable in the virtual dissemination of best practices for neonatal care for necrotizing enterocolitis and healthcare providers were actively engaged in using NeoECHO as an implementation strategy. CONCLUSION: This examination of the foundational aspects of the framework underscores the rigour required for generalization of practical application. Effective virtual dissemination of evidence-based practices to hospital units requires structured delivery and evaluation, enabling engaged healthcare providers to actualize education rapidly. The virtual dissemination evaluation frameworks' potential for narrowing the evidence-based practice gap in neonatal care showcases its wider significance and applicability. IMPLICATIONS: Care of neonates in NICUs requires a multidisciplinary approach and necessitates access to the most up-to-date knowledge and best practices. More than traditional dissemination methods are required to bridge the implementation gap. IMPACT: The effective use of the VDE framework can enhance the design, implementation and evaluation of knowledge dissemination, ultimately elevating neonatal care quality. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This paper introduces the VDE framework, a sequential combination of the iPARIHS and Moore's EO frameworks-as a methodological tool for designing, implementing and evaluating a neonatal strategy (NeoECHO) for virtual dissemination of education in NICUs. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Maternal Tdap and influenza vaccination uptake 2017-2021 in the United States: Implications for maternal RSV vaccine uptake in the future.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of maternal vaccine coverage is important for understanding and quantifying the impact of currently recommended vaccines as well as modeling the potential impact of future vaccines. However, existing data lack detail regarding uptake according to week of gestational age (wGA). Such granularity is valuable for more accurate estimation of vaccine impact. OBJECTIVE: To summarize contemporary maternal Tdap vaccination uptake, overall, yearly, and by wGA, and maternal influenza vaccination uptake, overall, by influenza observation year, immunization month, and delivery month, in the US. METHODS: Female patients 18-49 years of age with a pregnancy resulting in a live born infant (i.e., delivery) between 2017 and 2021 were selected from the Optum electronic health records (EHRs) database. Recently published gestational age algorithms were utilized to estimate wGA. RESULTS: Of 1,021,260 deliveries among 886,660 women between 2017-2021, 55.1% had Tdap vaccination during pregnancy; vaccine coverage varied slightly by year (2017: 56.6%; 2018: 55.2%; 2019: 55.2%; 2020: 54.7%; 2021: 52.1%). Most (64.4%) maternal Tdap vaccinations occurred 27-32 wGA; 79.5% occurred during the entire 10-week recommended vaccination window (27-36 wGA). In the evaluation of influenza vaccination uptake (n=798,113 deliveries; 714,841 women), 33.5% of deliveries had influenza vaccination during influenza observation years 2017-2021, most (73.0%) of which occurred during influenza peak activity months (October-January) with approximately one-quarter (27.0%) of vaccinations having occurred during the off-peak months, mostly in September. CONCLUSIONS: In this large contemporary analysis of EHR data, uptake of Tdap vaccination during pregnancy was consistent with previously published estimates; notably, most vaccination occurred early in the recommended 27-36 wGA window. Maternal influenza vaccination uptake largely correlated with peak influenza activity months and not gestational age. These study findings may have important implications for estimating the potential uptake and impact of future maternal vaccines.

A Theoretical Framework for Conducting Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Virtual Care & Research.

Despite rapid adoption and implementation, theoretical research considerations for virtual care (VC), defined simply as healthcare delivered using technology, are lacking across psychiatric mental health nursing (PMHN) scholarship. By adapting Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory (IRT) and Media Richness Theory (MRT) using an intermodern and emancipatory knowing approach, a new framework was created for guiding modern PMHN VC research. Using this theoretical framework, readers can gain awareness of how the art and science of PMHN practice can be applied to VC scholarly endeavors in the modern healthcare space.

Clear integration of nursing and media theories to inform modern psychiatric mental health nursing virtual care and respective clinical vignetteDetails how the art and science of psychiatric mental health nursing can be applied to virtual care and researchFuture research applications regarding psychiatric mental health nursing virtual care are providedAmple review of interpersonal relations theory in psychiatric mental health nursing practice.

A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Nurse-Patient Relationships Near End of Life.

BACKGROUND: The end of life (EOL) period represents a challenging time for patients with cancer as they face disruptions in their relationships with their oncology healthcare providers (HCPs) when moving toward hospice care. Poor communication and severed or altered relationships in physician-patient relationships have been shown to occur near EOL, leading to perceptions of abandonment and other negative consequences for quality EOL care. Little is known, however, about nurse-patient relationships near EOL in the cancer setting. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe the relationships between patients with cancer and their cancer nurses near EOL. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive methodology was used via semistructured interviews. A total of 9 participants with advanced cancer were enrolled in and completed the study. Data analysis occurred through qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The overarching theme woven throughout the narratives was "Good Communication Fosters Nurse-Patient Relationships." Three additional themes emerged from this main theme: 1) "Valuing Professionalism in the Relationship," 2) "Embracing Personhood in the Relationship," and 3) "An Unimaginable Termination." CONCLUSION: Patients with cancer continued to perceive good communication and strong relationships with their cancer nurses even as EOL approached. Themes consistent with negative alterations in these relationships or perceptions of abandonment were not identified. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Cancer nurses can foster nurse-patient relationships through patient-centered communication techniques. Spending adequate time engaging with patients as individuals is also recommended. Perhaps most importantly, nurse-patient relationships should continue to be supported as EOL approaches.

Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights.

Although SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, is primarily a respiratory infection, a broad spectrum of cardiac, pulmonary, neurologic, and metabolic complications can occur. More than 50 long-term symptoms of COVID-19 have been described, and as many as 80% of patients may develop ≥1 long-term symptom. To summarize current perspectives of long-term sequelae of COVID-19, we conducted a PubMed search describing the long-term cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurologic effects post-SARS-CoV-2 infection and mechanistic insights and risk factors for the above-mentioned sequelae. Emerging risk factors of long-term sequelae include older age (≥65 years), female sex, Black or Asian race, Hispanic ethnicity, and presence of comorbidities. There is an urgent need to better understand ongoing effects of COVID-19. Prospective studies evaluating long-term effects of COVID-19 in all body systems and patient groups will facilitate appropriate management and assess burden of care. Clinicians should ensure patients are followed up and managed appropriately, especially those in at-risk groups. Healthcare systems worldwide need to develop approaches to follow-up and support patients recovering from COVID-19. Surveillance programs can enhance prevention and treatment efforts for those most vulnerable.

Advancing Liver Cancer Prevention for American Indian Populations in Arizona: An Integrative Review.

Liver cancer is a highly fatal condition disproportionately impacting American Indian populations. A thorough understanding of the existing literature is needed to inform region-specific liver cancer prevention efforts for American Indian people. This integrative review explores extant literature relevant to liver cancer in American Indian populations in Arizona and identifies factors of structural inequality affecting these groups. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines informed the methodology, and a literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycInfo for articles including Arizona American Indian adults and liver disease outcomes. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria in the final review. Five of the studies used an observational study design with secondary analysis. One article used a quasiexperimental approach, and another employed a community-engagement method resulting in policy change. The results revealed a lack of empirical evidence on liver cancer prevention, treatment, and health interventions for American Indian populations in Arizona. Research is needed to evaluate the high rates of liver disease and cancer to inform culturally relevant interventions for liver cancer prevention. Community-engaged research that addresses structural inequality is a promising approach to improve inequities in liver cancer for American Indian people.

Exploring Internal Facilitators' Experience With NeoECHO to Foster NEC Prevention and Timely Recognition Through the iPARIHS Lens.

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a major complication in the neonatal population. Standard practices regarding the care of premature infants and attitudes toward NEC prevention strategies vary across neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Evidence-based best practice dissemination was presented through the NEC-Zero bundle. To close gaps between evidence and practice, a telehealth-delivered intervention (ie, NeoECHO) was provided to NICUs. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to enable adoption of best practice for NEC prevention using NeoECHO through describing the local volunteer unit leaders', or internal facilitators' (IFs'), experiences in participating in NeoECHO and identifying the extent to which the facilitation activities within the NeoECHO experience were consistent with constructs from the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (iPARHIS) framework. METHODS: The design of this study was qualitative descriptive. Six IFs were recruited in the Southwest. After 6 NeoECHO sessions, individual interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was applied. Codes were informed by the iPARIHS framework. RESULTS: Major themes were (1) Innovation: Quality Improvement Projects, Bundles of Care, and Huddle; (2) Recipient: Reluctant Stakeholders and Technical Modalities; (3) Context: Buy-In, Timing, Resources, Leadership, and Blame; (4) Facilitation: Betterment, Buddy System, Passionate Care, and Empowerment; and (5) Adoption: Continuous Quality Improvement, Evidence-Based Practice, and Honest Discussions. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: NeoECHO fostered a learning community to share current practices, policies, and strategies for NEC prevention, but the IFs were essential to foster local participation. The long-term impacts of NeoECHO are the focus of current research.Video Abstract available athttps://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx.

Continued need for non-pharmaceutical interventions after COVID-19 vaccination in long-term-care facilities.

Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) bear disproportionate burden of COVID-19 and are prioritized for vaccine deployment. LTCF outbreaks could continue occurring during vaccine rollout due to incomplete population coverage, and the effect of vaccines on viral transmission are currently unknown. Declining adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against within-facility transmission could therefore limit the effectiveness of vaccination. We built a stochastic model to simulate outbreaks in LTCF populations with differing vaccination coverage and NPI adherence to evaluate their interacting effects. Vaccination combined with strong NPI adherence produced the least morbidity and mortality. Healthcare worker vaccination improved outcomes in unvaccinated LTCF residents but was less impactful with declining NPI adherence. To prevent further illness and deaths, there is a continued need for NPIs in LTCFs during vaccine rollout.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Neonatal Project ECHO (NeoECHO) as a Dissemination and Implementation Strategy to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

BACKGROUND: Caregivers in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) often determine care practices in silos, although access to learning communities can improve quality. Project ECHO, a telehealth-delivered mentoring intervention, provides specialists' expertise but not in the NICU until now. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) prevention and timely recognition is one area where specialist support and engaging with a learning community could improve outcomes. NEC-Zero is one care bundle that aims to improve care quality by providing tools to implement NEC prevention in family-engaged ways. AIMS: To examine the feasibility and acceptability of NeoECHO to disseminate NEC-Zero education and describe the intentions of internal facilitators (IFs) and clinicians to initiate quality improvement changes. METHODS: This was a convergent mixed-methods study. Our team delivered the first neonatal adaptation of Project ECHO called "NeoECHO" to leverage facilitation as an implementation strategy to disseminate NEC-Zero evidence and support practice change. RESULTS: Six IFs and seven NICUs participated. All units and IFs that began the series finished it. Of the 261 session attendees, 206 (79%) study evaluations were completed. Of those who completed evaluations, 89 (100%) completed at least one session and 29 (33%) completed three or more. Satisfaction was high. Participants appreciated the engaged and accessible format to learn from experts using real case examples and didactic sessions. Individuals and IFs reported intentions to adopt evidence based on NeoECHO. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: NeoECHO was an acceptable and feasible way to engage under-resourced NICUs and share NEC-Zero evidence and tools. More research is needed to examine the impact of NeoECHO on care processes and patient outcomes.

Health outcomes and economic burden of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate health outcomes and the economic burden of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States. METHODS: Hospitalized patients with a primary or secondary discharge diagnosis code for COVID-19 (ICD-10 code U07.1) from 1 April to 31 October 2020 were identified in the Premier Healthcare COVID-19 Database. Patient demographics, hospitalization characteristics, and concomitant medical conditions were assessed. Hospital length of stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, hospital charges, and hospital costs were evaluated overall and stratified by age groups, insurance types, and 4 COVID-19 disease progression states based on intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) usage. RESULTS: Of the 173,942 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the median age was 63 years, 51.0% were male, and 48.5% were covered by Medicare. The most prevalent concomitant medical conditions were cardiovascular disease (73.5%), hypertension (64.8%), diabetes (40.7%), obesity (27.0%), and chronic kidney disease (24.2%). Approximately one-fifth (21.9%) of the hospitalized COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU and 16.9% received IMV; most patients (73.6%) did not require ICU admission or IMV, and 12.4% required both. The median hospital LOS was 5 days, in-hospital mortality was 13.6%, median hospital charges were $43,986, and median hospital costs were $12,046. Hospital LOS and in-hospital mortality increased with ICU and/or IMV usage and age; hospital charges and costs increased with ICU and/or IMV usage. Patients with both ICU and IMV usage had the longest median hospital LOS (15 days), highest in-hospital mortality (53.8%), and highest hospital charges ($198,394) and hospital costs ($54,402). LIMITATIONS: This retrospective administrative database analysis relied on coding accuracy and a subset of admissions with validated/reconciled hospital costs. CONCLUSIONS: This study summarizes the severe health outcomes and substantial hospital costs of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the US. The findings support the urgent need for rapid implementation of effective interventions, including safe and efficacious vaccines.

Development of an Intentional Telehealth Viewing Guide for Home-Based Patient Assessment.

Background: The increased use of telehealth to visit patients in their home permits greater access to care, and also increases the opportunity for whole-person assessments that improve individualized care. The videoconferencing camera is a proxy for home visit provider's eyes. However, cameras limit views, thereby reducing environmental cues. The Novice to Expert Theory of skill acquisition supports the use of an intentional viewing guide to assure a comprehensive patient assessment using telehealth in the home (CPATH). This study advances the development of a CPATH framework to guide providers to be intentional when using televideo technology. Methods: A quantitative content validity approach was used to determine the validity of a priori items within domains that were in the original protocol framework. A content validity determination requires 5-10 experts to rate agreement (range 1-5) on items within domains. Our sample was composed of seven expert home health providers. More than five experts had to agree to achieve statistical significance (p < 0.05) for validity. Results: Of the 15 items in the protocol, only 8 items had significant agreement for the sample size. These items were breathing, nonverbal gesturing, positioning, oxygen, safety, and types, dosages, and administration guidance of medication. Other items were added within the existing domains of Patient Characteristics, Treatment and Equipment Functioning, Medications and Environmental Quality, with the exception of Caregivers. Conclusion: The domains triggered considerations for existing or additional items that require assessment, thereby developing the intentional guide framework that permits individualization of a telehealth home-based visit.

Advanced Practice Registered Nurses Using Synchronous Telepsychiatry: An Integrative Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Despite wide-spread use, telepsychiatry use among psychiatric mental health advanced practice nurse practitioners (PMH APRNs) has not been systematically explored in the literature. AIMS: Systematically review the PMH APRN usage of live-time, synchronous telepsychiatry including audiovisual teleconferencing technology. METHOD: A comprehensive, systematic search was performed with no publication date restriction across CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on July 30, 2019, by a medical librarian. Each citation was blinded and independently reviewed by three reviewers, and consensus was reached for inclusion. Eligible articles were peer-reviewed research or quality improvement articles available in full-text, written in English, including real-time, synchronous, audiovisual telepsychiatry services with PMH APRN providers. Discussion articles and literature reviews were excluded. Article quality and bias were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment tool. RESULTS: The search yielded a total of 342 articles, and only nine articles met full inclusion criteria. Overall, risk of bias was high in all studies, and the GRADE rating consisted of three "very low," five "low," and one "medium" quality article. However, considering the collectively positive outcomes from PMH APRN telepsychiatry use, the overall GRADE recommendation was to "probably do it" for seven studies and "do it" for two studies. CONCLUSIONS: Though existent literature is low quality and sparse, evidence supports that PMH APRNs can feasibly and successfully provide telepsychiatry services across a wide range of demographic patients and locations. PMH APRNs should contribute more original evidence to guide telepsychiatry implementation and adoption as the service expands.