Resveratrol Promotes Autophagy to Improve neuronal Injury in Parkinson's Disease by Regulating SNHG1/miR-128-3p/SNCA Axis.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is seriously threatening the health and life quality of the elderly, who have a high incidence and high disability rate. Resveratrol (RES) was reported to play a protective role in PD. However, the functions and potential mechanism of RES in PD remain unclear, which need to be further explored. METHODS: Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH) were subjected to 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridium (MPP+) induction to construct a cell model of PD. Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8. The gene expression was evaluated using qRT-PCR and western blot. Luciferase activity assay and RIP were performed to validate interactions among SNHG1, miR-128-3p and SNCA. RESULTS: Our results exhibited that RES reduced SNHG1 and SNCA expression but elevated miR-128-3p expression in human neuroblastoma cells upon MPP+ induction. Functionally, RES resulted in the promotion of cell autophagy in MPP+-induced human neuroblastoma cells, while these influences were abolished by SNHG1 overexpression. Mechanistically, SNHG1 could indirectly elevate SNCA expression via sponging miR-128-3p. Moreover, SNCA overexpression reversed SNHG1 silencing-induced cell autophagy in MPP+-induced human neuroblastoma cells upon RES pre-incubation. CONCLUSIONS: RES prevented MPP+-induced repression of cell autophagy through inhibiting the SNHG1/miR-128-3p/SNCA axis, suggesting that RES might play a preventive effect on PD progression.

Protective Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Against Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Pathway in MPTP-Induced Parkinson Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and no disease-modifying medications are available. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been shown to prevent neuronal damage; however, the effect of UDCA on PD is unclear. This study aimed to the role of UDCA on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. METHODS: Mice were divided into 3 experimental groups: the control group, MPTP group, and UDCA-treat group. Mice were tested for behavioral impairments, and slices at the level of the ventral midbrain were collected to perform hematoxylin and eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining and immunohistochemistry. To evaluate the levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), antioxidant markers, and inflammatory cytokines, enzyme-linked immunoassays were carried out. The protein (α-synuclein, p38, phospho-p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK], and phospho-JNK) expression was examined adopting Western blot. RESULTS: We found that UDCA reduced the MPTP-induced degeneration of DA neurons, improved behavioral impairments, and decreased the protein level of α-synuclein, accompanied with increases of DA and 5-HT. In the present study, UDCA prevented DA neurons from MPTP toxicity with increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and decreased malondialdehyde levels. Ursodeoxycholic acid prevented DA neurons from MPTP toxicity with decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10. Our results demonstrated that UDCA inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK and p38MAPK. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed protective effects of UDCA against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways in MPTP-induced PD, suggesting that UDCA may be a novel therapeutic candidate for PD.

Ursodeoxycholic acid protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress via regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis in MPTP/MPP+-induced Parkinson's disease.

Neuroprotection targeting mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been shown to prevent neuronal damage; however, the role of UDCA in PD is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of UDCA on PD and its underlying mechanisms. We used MPTP/MPP+-induced PD models, including MPTP-induced mice, primary cultures of mice mesencephalic neurons and MPP+-treated neuro-2a cells to examine the effects of UDCA on PD pathogenesis. The results showed that UDCA improved behavioral performance and protected dopaminergic neurons in MPTP mice. UDCA improved cell viability and decreased cell death in MPP+-treated cells. UDCA inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and ATP depletion in neuro-2a cells. UDCA improved movement dysfunction, ameliorated autophagic flux and alleviated apoptosis. Furthermore, UDCA could activate the AMPK/mTOR and PINK1/Parkin pathways. In conclusion, UDCA may improve PD by regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis, involving AMPK/mTOR and PINK1/Parkin pathways. These results open new perspectives for pharmacological use of UDCA in PD.

Astaxanthin suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress and protects against neuron damage in Parkinson's disease by regulating miR-7/SNCA axis.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that featured by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Astaxanthin (AST), an important antioxidant, is demonstrated to be a neuroprotective agent for PD. However, the underlying mechanisms of AST in PD remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that AST treatment significantly not only abolished the cell viability inhibition and apoptosis promotion induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in SH-SY5Y cells via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but also reversed the MPP+ caused dysregulation of miR-7 and SNCA expression. MiR-7 knockdown and SNCA overexpression were achieved by treating SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7 inhibitor and pcDNA3.1-SNCA plasmids, respectively. MiR-7 could bind to and negatively regulate SNCA in SH-SY5Y cells. Treated SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7 inhibitor or pcDNA3.1-SNCA abrogated the protective effects of AST on MPP+ induced cytotoxicity. Knockdown of miR-7 aggravated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced neuron injury in vivo suggested by athletic performance, histopathological morphology, expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and TUNEL positvie cells, however, AST treatment could reverse these effects of miR-7 knockdown. Collectively, AST suppressed ER stress and protected against PD-caused neuron damage by targeting miR-7/SNCA axis, implying that AST might be a potential effective therapeutic agent for PD.

Identification of the Prognostic Value and Clinical Significance of Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) in Colon Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the most common malignant tumors and has high incidence and mortality rates. The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family is known as a key transcription factor in the IFN signaling pathway and cellular immunity. This research explored the relationship between the IRF family and COAD through use of bioinformatics technology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the UALCAN and GEPIA databases, we analyzed the transcription and prognostic value of IRFs in COAD, and GSCALite was used in cancer genomics analysis. TIMER, LinkedOmics, and Metascape were used to assess the potential function of IRFs in COAD. RESULTS The transcription levels of IRF3 were elevated in COAD tissues, while IRF2/4/6 were downregulated compared with normal patients in subgroup analyses of race, age, weight, sex, nodal metastasis, individual cancer stages, TP53 mutation status, and histological subtypes. IRF3 and IRF7 in COAD were significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed that the expression level of IRF2/4/8 was negatively associated with drug resistance. A significant correlation was found between the IRF family and immune cell infiltration. Moreover, enrichment analysis revealed that the IRFs were associated with response to tumor necrosis factor, transcription misregulation in cancer, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We also identified several kinase and miRNA targets of the IRF family in COAD. CONCLUSIONS We identified IRF3 and IRF7 as prognostic biomarkers in COAD, and the IRF family was associated with immune cell infiltration and gene regulation networks, providing additional evidence showing the significant role of the IRF family in COAD.

Probable RBD Associates with the Development of RLS in Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) and exploring the contributing factors that affect the development of RLS in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted consisting of 178 consecutive PD patients from our hospital between October 2015 and August 2016. We divided the participants into two groups, which were PD with RLS and PD with non-RLS. Then, we recorded their demographics and clinical data to draw a comparison between PD with RLS and PD with non-RLS. RESULTS: 23 (12.92%) were diagnosed with RLS among all the enrolled PD patients. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS III) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores, probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (PRBD), and daily levodopa equivalent dose (LED) in the PD with the RLS group were significantly different from those in the PD with the non-RLS group. Daily LED and the scores of UPDRS III and HAMD in PD patients with RLS were all higher than those in PD patients with non-RLS. PRBD, daily LED, and HAMD scores were significantly independent factors contributing to the development of RLS (OR = 4.678, 95% CI 1.372~15.944, P = 0.014; OR = 1.003, 95% CI 1.001~1.005, P = 0.019; OR = 1.094, 95% CI 1.002~1.193, P = 0.045). The severity of RLS was positively correlated with the duration of PD and daily LED (r = 0.438, P = 0.036; r = 0.637, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: PRBD existence, daily LED, and HAMD scores are independent factors for developing RLS in PD patients. PRBD existence is firstly proposed as an independent factor in developing RLS among PD patients. RLS severity in PD patients are positively associated with the duration of PD and daily LED.

Deviation of Spatial Representation and Asymmetric Saccadic Reaction Time in Hemi-Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly show spatially asymmetric behaviors, such as veering while attempting to walk in a straight line. While there is general agreement that the lateral motor dysfunction contributes to asymmetric behaviors in PD, it is dispute regarding whether the spatial perception is also biased. In addition, it is not clear whether PD impairs the speed of spatial information process, i.e., the efficiency of information process. Objectives: To assess the visuospatial representation and efficiency of spatial information processing in hemi-PD. Methods: Two saccadic tasks were employed: non-spatial cue evoked saccade and spatial cue evoked saccade. In the former task, an identical visual stimulus (appeared on the body mid-sagittal plane) was artificially associated with a fixed saccadic target (left or right) in a given session. In the latter task, subjects were instructed to make a rightward or leftward saccade based on the perceived location of a visual cue (left vs. right side of the body mid-sagittal plane). We estimated the location of subjective straight ahead (SSA) for each subject by using a psychometric fitting function to fit the location judgment results, enabling evaluation of the symmetry of representation between the left and right hemifields. In addition, since the locations of saccadic targets were same in these two tasks, thus, for each individual subject, the elongated saccadic reaction time (SRT) in the latter task, comparing with the former one, mainly reflects the time spent on judgment of the spatial location of visual cue, i.e., spatial perception. We also assessed the efficiency of spatial perception between two hemispheres, through comparing the normalized SRT (i.e., SRT difference between two tasks) between trials with leftward and rightward judgments. Results: Compared with healthy control subjects (HCs), the SSA was shifted to the contralesional side in both left onset PD (LPD, lesion of right substantia nigra) and right onset PD (RPD, lesion of left substantia nigra) patients. The process of spatial information was significantly longer when a spatial cue appeared in the contralesional hemifield. Conclusions: Patients with hemi-PD showed biased visuospatial representation between left and right hemifields and decreased the efficiency of spatial information processing in the contralesional side. Such results indicate that the hemi-PD impairs both spatial representation and the efficiency of spatial information process, which might contribute to asymmetric behaviors.

Effects of Hypercapnia on Acute Cellular Rejection after Lung Transplantation in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Hypercapnia alleviates pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury, regulates T lymphocytes, and inhibits immune reaction. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypercapnia on acute cellular rejection in a rat lung transplantation model. METHODS: Recipient rats in sham-operated (Wistar), isograft (Wistar to Wistar), and allograft (Sprague-Dawley to Wistar) groups were ventilated with 50% oxygen, whereas rats in the hypercapnia (Sprague-Dawley to Wistar) group were administered 50% oxygen and 8% carbon dioxide for 90 min during reperfusion (n = 8). Recipients were euthanized 7 days after transplantation. RESULTS: The hypercapnia group showed a higher oxygenation index (413 ± 78 vs. 223 ± 24), lower wet weight-to-dry weight ratio (4.23 ± 0.54 vs. 7.04 ± 0.80), lower rejection scores (2 ± 1 vs. 4 ± 1), and lower apoptosis index (31 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 4) as compared with the allograft group. The hypercapnia group showed lower CD8 (17 ± 4 vs. 31 ± 3) and CD68 (24 ± 3 vs. 43 ± 2), lower CD8 T cells (12 ± 2 vs. 35 ± 6), and higher CD4/CD8 ratio (2.2 ± 0.6 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4) compared to the allograft group. Tumor necrosis factor-α (208 ± 40 vs. 292 ± 49), interleukin-2 (30.6 ± 6.7 vs. 52.7 ± 8.3), and interferon-γ (28.1 ± 4.9 vs. 62.7 ± 10.1) levels in the hypercapnia group were lower than those in allograft group. CD4, CD4 T cells, and interleukin-10 levels were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hypercapnia ameliorated acute cellular rejection in a rat lung transplantation model.

Mechanistic evaluation of neuroprotective effect of estradiol on rotenone and 6-OHDA induced Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: The present study was intended to investigate the protective effect of estradiol against Parkinson's disease through the use of rotenone-induced neurotoxicity model. METHODS: To define the effect on the behavioral function, Tail suspension test, morris water maize test and cylinder tests were performed. Several biochemical and histological markers related to Parkinson's disease was determined in animal and cell culture models. To evaluate the effect of estradiol on the cellular architecture in rotenone-induced brain tissue, the histopathological examination was carried out by using Haemotoxylin and Eosin staining. Moreover, estradiol effect was also been investigated for its protective effect against Parkinson's disease using cell culture model with use of brain endothelial cells. The flowcytometric analysis was carried out to measure apoptosis in cell culture model. RESULTS: The abnormal level of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were regulated toward the normal intensity under the influence of estradiol. Furthermore, intracellular ROS level and apoptosis were found to be reduced following estradiol treatment. During the 6-OHDA induced PD, the level of antioxidant marker such as GSH, ROS and TRAP, found to be significantly modulated by the estradiol. CONCLUSION: In view of the above results, it may be suggested that the estradiol may be as a useful therapeutic agent against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity such as Parkinson's disease.

Effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor doxycycline and CD147 antagonist peptide-9 on gallbladder carcinoma cell lines.

Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common and aggressive malignancy of the biliary tree and highly expresses CD147, which is closely related to disease prognosis in a variety of human cancers. Doxycycline exhibited anti-tumor properties in many cancer cells. CD147 antagonist peptide-9 is a polypeptide and can specifically bind to CD147. The effect of these two drugs on gallbladder cancer cells has not been studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of doxycycline and antagonist peptide-9 on gallbladder carcinoma cells and the possible mechanism of inhibition on cancer cell of doxycycline. To investigate the effects of doxycycline and antagonist peptide-9 on gallbladder carcinoma cells (GBC-SD and SGC-996), cell proliferation, CD147 expression, and early-stage apoptosis rate were measured after treated with doxycycline. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activities were measured after treated with different concentrations of doxycycline, antagonist peptide-9, and their combination. The results demonstrated that doxycycline inhibited cell proliferation, reduced CD147 expression level, and induced an early-stage apoptosis response in GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells. The matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activities were inhibited by antagonist peptide-9 and doxycycline, and the inhibitory effects were enhanced by combined drugs in gallbladder carcinoma cell lines. Taken together, doxycycline showed inhibitory effects on gallbladder carcinoma cell lines and reduced the expression of CD147, and this may be the mechanism by which doxycycline inhibits cancer cells. This study provides new information and tries to implement the design of adjuvant therapy method for gallbladder carcinoma.

Effect of Melatonin and Resveratrol against Memory Impairment and Hippocampal Damage in a Rat Model of Vascular Dementia.

OBJECTIVES: This study was intended to investigate whether treatment with resveratrol and melatonin alone or in combination can exert neurorestorative effects in a rat model of vascular dementia. METHODS: Briefly, male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) by surgery. After 4 weeks, the cognitive deficits were assessed using the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. The biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation were also assessed. RESULTS: Rats in the BCCAO group showed cognitive deficits, accompanied by oxidonitrosative stress, neuroinflammation, and a reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus region. Moreover, the acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus was found to be increased in the BCCAO group compared to the sham group. The 4-week treatment with melatonin (10 mg/kg) and resveratrol (20 mg/kg) alone and in combination (melatonin 5 mg/kg and reseveratrol 10 mg/kg) caused a significant improvement in the cognitive deficits induced by BCCAO, accompanied by a reversal of oxidonitrosative stress, neuroinflammation, and BDNF depletion in the hippocampus region. Additionally, the treatment with melatonin and resveratrol significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase activity compared to in the BCCAO group. Melatonin and resveratrol ameliorated the BDNF expression of hippocampal protein. CONCLUSION: These results emphasize that coadministration of melatonin and resveratrol can be beneficial in BCCAO-induced vascular dementia through changes in BDNF expressions.

Effect of ginkgolide B on brain metabolism and tissue oxygenation in severe haemorrhagic stroke.

Ginkgolide B, a diterpene, is an herbal constituent isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba tree. The present study demonstrates the effect of ginkgolide B in osmotherapy on brain metabolism and tissue oxygenation. Multimodality monitoring including intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2), lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) and microdialysis were employed to study the effect of ginkgolide B osmotherapy. The results demonstrated that administration of 15% solution of ginkgolide B to the comatose patients with raised ICP (> 20 mm Hg) and resistant to standard therapy led to a significant decrease in ICP. The cerebral microdialysis was used to compare mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), ICP, CPP, PbtO2, brain lactate, pyruvate and glucose level after hourly intervals starting 3 h before and up to 4 h after hyperosmolar therapy. There was a decrease in ICP in 45 min from 23 ± 14 mm Hg (P < 0.001) to 18 ± 24 mm Hg and increase in CPP after 1 h of gingkolide B infusion from 74 ± 18 to 85 ± 22 mm Hg (P < 0.002). However there was no significant effect on MAP but PbtO2 was maintained in the range of 22-26. The peak lactate/pyruvate ratio was recorded at the time of initiation of osmotherapy (44 ± 20) with an 18% decrease over 2 h following gingkolide B therapy. Also the brain glucose remained unaffected.

[Changes in plasma content of matrix metallo proteinase-9 in acute cerebral infarction patients before and after thrombolytic therapy and its significance].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in the content of plasma matrix metallo proteinase-9 (MMP-9) in patients with acute cerebral infarction before and after thrombolytic therapy and its clinical significance. METHODS: The levels of MMP-9 were determined in 34 patients with acute cerebral infarction before and after thrombolytic therapy, and 34 healthy individuals served as healthy control. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy controls, the levels of plasma MMP-9 before thrombolytic therapy were not significantly increased [(13.47±3.09) ng/L vs. (12.89±10.22) ng/L, P >0.05]. In contrast, MMP-9 values were significantly increased after thrombolytic therapy [(22.06±12.53) ng/L] compared with that in either before or healthy control group (both P<0.05). MMP-9 values were significantly higher in patients with hemorrhage after thrombolytic therapy (incidence rate was 26.5%, 9/34) compared with before treatment [(24.02±15.41) ng/L vs. (14.28±2.33) ng/L, P<0.05], and the values of MMP-9 were higher than those of patients without hemorrhage [(20.42±9.57) ng/L], but there was no statistically significant difference ( P >0.05). In patients with complete revascularization (revascularization rate was 58.8%, 20/34), MMP-9 level was markedly higher than before thrombolytic therapy after thrombolytic therapy [(19.26±7.94) ng/L vs. (13.63±3.02) ng/L, P<0.05], and the values of MMP-9 were higher than the no-revascularization patients [(18.97±4.23) ng/L], but there was no statistically significant difference ( P >0.05). CONCLUSION: Thrombolytic therapy activated MMP-9, and MMP-9 increased the risk of hemorrhage after thrombolytic therapy, and it participated in the mechanisms of hemorrhagic tendency after thrombolysis.

[Study of the protection and mechanism of IGF-1 on tau protein hyperphosphorylation in PC12 cells induced by Abeta(1-40)].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and the molecular mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on the level of tau protein phosphorylation in PC12 cells induced by aggregated beta-amyloid protein(1-40) (Abeta(1-40)). METHODS: MTT assay was used to measure the survival rate of PC12 cells, Western blot was applied to detect tau phosphorylation level, total tau, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), and phosphorylation of GSK-3beta Ser9 for observing the effect of IGF-1 or LiCl, a specific inhibitor of GSK-3beta, on Abeta-induced tau protein phosphorylation in PC12 cells. RESULTS: Different concentrations of IGF-1 could improve the survival rate of PC12 cells compared with that of Abeta(1-40) group (P < 0.05), and the best protective effect was observed in 1 microg/mL IGF-1 group. The levels of tau protein phosphorylation in the sites of Ser396, Ser(199/202) and the amount of whole tau increased after 3 h exposure and reached the maximum level after 12 h exposure to Abeta(1-40), meanwhile, the expressions of the amount of whole GSK-3beta was also increased (P < 0.05), but a decreased phosphorylation of GSK-3betaSer9 was observed (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with several dose of IGF-1 or LiCl, markedly reduced Abeta(1-40)-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and the expression of GSK-3beta (P < 0.05), but the expression of phosphorylation of GSK-3betaSer9 was increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The levels of tau protein phosphorylation in the sites of Ser396, Ser(199/202) and the amount of whole tau increased by Abeta(1-40) in PC12 cells, GSK-3beta activation by Abeta(1-40) may lead to extensive tau phosphorylation. IGF-1 could attenuate Abeta(1-40)-induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation by inhibiting the activation of GSK-3beta.